细胞分裂素和钾离子对离体黄瓜子叶扩张和代谢变化的比较研究

10 ppm的BA(相当于0.044mM)在暗中强烈地促进离体黄瓜子叶扩张、类胡萝卜素积累及核酸合成,相同条件下,单用KCl(75mM)则没有作用或作用很小。但在光下,KCl明显地促进子叶扩张、核酸合成和叶绿素积累,BA在光下对前两种反应比KCl强得多。看来钾离子的单独作用与光有密切关系,而BA的作用在光下仅略大于暗中。KCl与BA引起子叶扩张的形态变化及对叶绿素合成的影响也是不同的。无论是在暗中或是光下,KCl与BA合用,对离体黄瓜子叶扩张、类胡萝素或叶绿素积累及核酸合成,均有明显的增效作用。实验表明:BA和钾离子在调节黄瓜子叶扩张及代谢变化中的关系十分密切,但它们的作用方式却不相同。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤促进黄化小麦叶片叶绿体的发育——Ⅱ.红光对叶绿素形成的影响

整体黄化小麦叶片经5～10分钟红光预照射并置暗处2小时以上,其在连续光下的叶绿素积累受到明显促进。红光的作用表现在消除照光初期叶绿素积累的滞后期和促进叶绿素积累稳定期的增长速度两个方面。红光也能促进叶绿素前体——δ氨基乙酰雨酸(ALA)的形成,说明红光可能是通过促进ALA的合成而影响体内叶绿素的形成。 红光对叶绿素积累和ALA形成的效应可被远红光所逆转,暗示了光敏色素参与红光的这一调节过程。另外红光还直接作用于前叶绿素,使其光转化为叶绿素而增加体内叶绿素的含量,同时也解除了前叶绿素对ALA形成的反馈抑制。这些结果指出红光的作用可能是通过体内的两个色素系统——光敏色素和前叶绿素而实现的。 红光和6BA对叶绿素积累和 ALA形成具有加成作用,在6BA作用的最适浓度(5ppm)下,二者的加成作用不变,并且这种加成作用与二者施加的先后顺序无关,看来二者在叶绿素形成中的作用可能是相互独立的。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤促进黄化小麦叶片叶绿体的发育——Ⅰ.6-苄氨基嘌呤对叶绿素形成的影响

6-BA(6-苄氨基嘌呤)能促进整体黄化小麦叶片光下的叶绿素积累,它的作用包括两个方面:1)消除照光初期叶绿素积累的滞后期,2)促进叶绿素积累稳定期的增长速度。6-BA的作用只表现在叶绿素量上的增加,而在质上无影响。6-BA处理后的暗保温(2小时以上)对其发挥作用是必需的,若处理后立即照光,则无效应。6-BA的作用与其浓度和小麦苗龄有关,在0.01 ppm时已表现促进作用,至5ppm达最高。6-BA对三天苗龄的小麦叶片已有促进,对七天苗龄的叶片促进最大。6-BA能克服环己酰亚胺对叶绿素积累的抑制作用,与脱落酸之间亦存在拮抗作用。 在转绿过程中叶绿素降解是很弱的,6-BA对此无影响。进一步对叶绿素前体——ALA(δ-氨基乙酰丙酸)的分析表明6-BA对其在光下的形成有明显促进,说明6-BA可能是通过促进ALA的形成而影响叶绿素的合成过程。     

低pH对水稻黄化叶片硝酸还原酶活性暗诱导的调节

在低pH条件下,水稻离体黄化叶片的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性能在暗中诱导产生,其诱导过程约有2h的滞后期,亚胺环已酮(CHI,5ppm)和Na_2WO_4(25 mmol/L)能完全抑制这种诱导作用。在最适pH 3.0时,H~3标记氨基酸掺入NR的量比pH 7.0时约高2倍,表明酶活性的产生与酶蛋白的重新合成有关。 当低pH暗诱导时,BA(5ppm)和ABA(15ppm)能使酶活性分别提高约30％和80％,但它们都不能取代低pH在NR活性暗诱导中的作用。当存在1ppm CHI的时候,BA仍促进NR活性,而ABA则加强CHI对酶活性的抑制作用,这提示BA与ABA在低pH暗诱导条件下促进NR活性的机制是不同的。在pH 7.0的光诱导条件下,ABA对NR活性起抑制作用。     

葡萄贮期脱落酸（ABA）变化的研究

试验研究了葡萄贮期脱落酸 ( ABA)的变化 ,结果表明 :葡萄贮期 ABA含量呈抛物线形变化 ,有明显的高峰出现 ,低温 ( 0± 0 .5℃ )贮藏具有推迟 ABA峰期和降低峰值的作用 ,经用 9种植物生长调节剂和 2种化学药品对葡萄果穗处理试验 ,三碘苯甲酸 ( TIBA)对 ABA的形成有极强的抑制作用 ,吲哚 - 3-乙酸 ( IAA)、赤霉素 ( GA3)、萘乙酸 ( NAA)和 6-苄基氨基嘌呤 ( 6- BA)对 ABA的形成也具有拮抗作用 ,矮壮素 ( CCC)、比久 ( B9)、乙烯利 ( CEPA)和外源脱落酸对 ABA的形成有促进作用。     

细胞分裂素对黄瓜子叶张开及其下胚轴倒钩伸直的影响

6-苄基嘌呤(BA),玉米素和激动素引起黄瓜(cucumsis sativus,品种:津研4号)子叶的张开。其它的植物生长调节剂,如赤霉酸(GA_3),吲乙酸(IAA),乙烯,脱落酸(ABA),以及有关化合物,如 KCl 和腺嘌呤均无此作用。BA 的浓度在0.01ppm 时也能产生这一效应。因此这一作用能作细胞分裂素生物鉴定的定性方法。KCl 对细胞分裂素诱导的子叶张开效应有增效的作用。在去根下胚轴倒钩基部供给 BA(10ppm)能促进留子叶倒钩的伸直,光照能促进这一效应。然而,BA 却抑制不留子叶的倒钩的伸直,特别在光下更明显。子叶的存在对倒钩维持弯曲是有利的。     

脱落酸和6-苄氨基嘌呤对离体小麦叶片 δ-氨基乙酰丙酸形成的调节作用

ABA能够明显地抑制Chl前体——ALA的生物合成,抑制效应随ABA浓度的提高而增强。6BA能够促进ALA的生物合成,并且能逆转ABA的抑制作用。ALA的合成在植物体内可能受ABA和细胞分裂素的调节。 在离体叶片衰老的最初阶段,6BA和ABA对Chl含量的影响可能与这两种物质通过ALA从Chl合成方面来起作用有关。     

细胞分裂素促进小麦硝酸还原酶的诱导

细胞分裂素促进硝酸还原酶的诱导,脱落酸强烈抑制该酶的诱导,并抵消细胞分裂素的作用。6-苄基腺瞟呤(6-BA)的促进效应与 NO_3~-的诱导作用有关。无 NO_3~-存在时,6-BA 无直接诱导作用,适宜浓度的 NO_3~-可诱导较高的酶活性,这时6-BA 的促进作用也较强。无光照时,NO_3~-只能诱导黄化叶片产生很低的酶活性,这时6-BA 的促进作用也很弱。在1—2小时的诱导期内,环己酰亚胺抑制酶的诱导。结果表明细胞分裂素对酶诱导的促进作用不仅与 NO_3~-的存在有关,还与 NO_3~-诱导硝酸还原酶的必要条件有关,即依赖于酶的诱导过程。     

Narciclasine与植物激素的相互作用研究

主要研究了天然生物活性物质Narciclasine(NCS)与植物激素的相互作用。发现NCS对于IAA刺激小麦胚芽鞘伸长过程、GA3对大麦胚乳中α-淀粉两诱导作用及6-BA对离体萝卜子叶光下增大以及转绿过程的促进作用,均显示出一定的抑制作用,而且其抑制强度均随浓度的增加而增加。对于不同的生理过程,NCS表现出不同的抑制强度,其中对离体萝卜子叶光下转绿过程的抑制作用较强。对于离体子叶的光下增大和转绿过程,不同植物激素的表现不同,6-BA和GA3对离体子叶增大及光下转绿具有促进作用;ABA和NCS则显示出一定的抑制作用。     

不同光质和钙对小麦幼苗硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响(简报)

蓝光、红光、远红光都可诱导小麦幼苗硝酸还原酶的活性。黄化苗经红光照射后立即照射远红光,可逆转红光对硝酸还原酶活性的诱导效应,钙可促进这一效应。绿苗在缺钙时没有光逆转效应,有钙时则表现部分逆转效应。谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和硝酸还原酶活性的变化趋势在总体上是一致的。两种酶活性受钙促进,与ＮＯ~(－)_３－Ｎ积累呈负相关。     

The effects of endogenous cytokinin content on benzyladenineenhanced nitrate reductase induction

Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) has been shown to enhance nitrate-dependent induction of nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) in etiolated wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Whether similar enhancement occurs in light-grown plants, or whether endogenous cytokinin content affects this enhancement is unknown. Since the cytokinin content of etiolated plants probably differs from that of light-grown seedlings, the NR response of each to exogenous root- or shoot-applied BA in wheat (cv. Red Bob) was examined. Endogenous cytokinins present in untreated control tissues prior to BA application and changes that occurred after a 22 h (12 h dark followed by 10 h of light) period were determined using a combined HPLC-immunoassay method. Shoot application of BA enhanced the induction of NR in etiolated seedlings in a concentration-dependent manner but failed to enhance NR induction in light-grown plants. Root-applied BA enhanced NR induction in both etiolated and light-grown seedlings. Endogenous root cytokinin levels were similar in both etiolated and light-grown plants. In contrast, shoots of 6 day-old light-grown seedlings contained at least 20 times the amount of total cytokinins measured in shoots from etiolated plants of the same age. Total cytokinin content of the light-grown plants diminished after the 22-h period while that measured in etiolated seedlings increased. The responsiveness of seedlings to BA was correlated with endogenous cytokinin levels in that enhancement of NR induction by exogenous BA was low in tissues which contained high concentrations of cytokinin at the time of BA application. These results may prove useful in interpretation of gene responses to exogenous plant growth regulators.     

Differential effects of benzyladenine and potassium on DNA, RNA, protein and chlorophyll contents and on expansion growth of detached cucumber cotyledons in the dark and light

Benzyladenine (BA) and KCl were applied to detached cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Ohio) cotyledons in continuous light or in the dark with subsequent light. BA brought about an increase in fresh weight and in DNA, RNA and carotenoid contents in both treatments. KCl did not cause an increase in fresh weight and cellular constituents in the dark, but it did result in an increased fresh weight and DNA content after illumination or in continuous light. BA + KCl treatment resulted in increased carotenoid and DNA contents in the dark, and in increases in fresh weight and all cellular constituents upon subsequent exposure to light. The effects of BA and BA + KCl on growth and chlorophyll synthesis decreased with cotyledon age.
BA pretreatment in the dark eliminated the lag phase in chlorophyll synthesis and increased the rate of synthesis. Treatment in continuous light had little effect. KCl did not shorten the lag phase in chlorophyll synthesis, but it stimulated the rate of synthesis in the light. Dark pretreatment with BA + KCl markedly increased the effect of BA on chlorophyll synthesis. Chlorophyll content and fresh weight were higher in cotyledons treated with BA followed by KCl than in cotyledons treated in the reverse order. These results suggest that growth and greening in cucumber cotyledons are primarily controlled by BA and that KCl intensifies the BA effect after irradiation.     

Light control of extractable nitrate reductase activity in higher plants

Light regulation of extractable nitrate reductase (NR) activity of higher plants is complicated by: 1) involvement of several photoreceptors, 2) differences in the relative importance of the several photoreceptors among species and among developmental stages of the same species, 3) two types of effects – alteration of activity of existing NR and influences on de novo synthesis of NR, and 4) differing forms of NR within the same species. The interrelationships of all of these factors are not clear. It may be that each system will have to be understood separately before a general model can be developed. Immunochemical quantification of NR from systems exposed to varied light regimes may enhance our understanding of this area. Currently few general conclusions can be made; however, we think that the following statements are true or are usually true: (1) Phytochrome influences extractable NR activity by the low irradiance response and high irradiance response in etiolated tissues. (2) In de-etiolated tissues phytochrome can influence NR activity decay at the end of a light period by the low irradiance response. (3) The phytochrome equilibrium or the absolute level of P_fr influences extractable NR activity in green tissues under white light. (4) Blue light influences extractable NR activity through phytochrome and another, unknown, blue light-absorbing pigment. Flavins may be involved in vitro in reactivation of inactivated NR. (5) Photosynthesis does not directly influence the induction of the forms of NR that require substrate and light for induction. (6) In some tissues there appears to be a close link between nitrite-reducing and nitrate-reducing capabilities. (7) Much circumstantial evidence from kinetic and protein-synthesis-inhibitor studies and the only available immunochemical data indicate that light induces de novo synthesis of NR, resulting in increased extractable activity.     

Effects of Irradiance and Copper on the Activity of Ascorbate Oxidase in Detached Rice Leaves

The effects of copper on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidasc (AAO) in detached rice leaves under both light and dark conditions and in etiolated rice seedlings were investigated. CuSO₄ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves in both light and darkness, however, the induction in darkness was higher than in the light. In the absence of CuSO₄, irradiance (40 μmol m^-2 s^-1) resulted in a higher activity of AAO in detached rice leaves than dark treatment. Both CuSO₄ and CuCl₂ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves, indicating that AAO is activated by Cu. Sulfate salts of Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe were ineffective in activating AAO in detached leaves. CuSO₄ was also observed to increase AAO activity in the roots but not in shoots of etiolated rice seedlings. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.