广东省徐闻县药用植物资源调查

采用代表区域－样地－样方套－样方及样线调查的方法,通过野外调查、标本采集与鉴定等对广东省徐闻县药用植物资源的种类进行研究。结果表明,该县有药用植物100科469种,其中重点种类56种,广东省特色中药资源28种。野生药用植物资源的蕴藏量极少,应加强对资源的保护。     

陕西省金台区中药资源普查初报

目的:摸清陕西省金台区中药资源现状,为该区中药资源的保护与合理开发利用提供参考依据.方法:根据全国中药资源普查技术规范,对金台区野生中药资源、栽培药用植物、药材市场及中医药传统知识进行调查分析.结果:共调查28块样地,140个样方套,840个样方,采集药用植物标本2800份左右,共发现中药资源755种涉及127科424...     

四川省眉山市彭山区重点药用植物资源调查研究

目的：对四川省眉山市彭山区进行中药资源普查工作，调查彭山区的药用植物资源状况，为保护该区中药资源和开发利用提供基础依据。方法：通过野外样方调查、标本采集、栽培药材及市场走访调查等，对该地区的药用植物资源进行调查，统计分析其药用植物种类。结果：彭山区此次普查共采集431种中药资源，隶属于90科122属，其中重点药用植物有半夏、川楝、黄皮树、积雪草及淡竹叶等78种。结论：彭山区药用植物资源丰富，适宜中药材种植的面积广阔，应充分利用其自身优势，提高其利用率。此次调查结果为彭山区的中药材产业发展和中药资源的开发利用提供基础依据和科学参考。     

福建省安溪县药用植物资源调查与分析

依托第四次全国中药资源普查,采用代表区域-样地-样方-样方套,结合样线调查方法,通过野外调查、走访调查及查阅相关资料等,对福建安溪药用植物资源种类和分布进行分析。结果显示,安溪县药用植物有1515种,隶属215科844属,草本为主要生活类型,药用部位主要以根及根茎类和全草类为主;其中福建重点药材115种、特色药材46种。安溪县药用植物资源丰富,物种多样性高,今后应加强资源保护与规划,合理开发利用该地药用植物资源。     

陕西省永寿县药用植物资源调查分析

依托第四次全国中药资源普查，采用野外踏查、样线调查和样方调查的方法对陕西省永寿县药用植物资源进行调查与分析；查清永寿县药用植物资源分布情况，为该县药用植物资源保护、开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明，永寿县现有药用植物276种，隶属79科222属，科组成以菊科、豆科为优势科，分别包含36种和22种药用植物；草本植物为永寿县药用植物的主要类型，占总数的72.83%；野生重点调查药用植物65种，隶属35科61属，其中以根及根茎类入药的药用植物占比为最高（46.15%）；同时，调查还发现了甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.）、杜鹃兰[Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino]等10种珍稀濒危药用植物。综上所述，永寿县药用植物资源种类丰富、耐旱喜阳药用植物居多、中药资源开发利用前景广阔。通过本次中药资源普查，基本摸清了永寿县中药资源家底，可为当地中药产业的可持续发展提供参考。     

福建省沙县第四次中药资源普查成果分析

依照《第四次全国中药资源普查(试点)实施方案》调查福建省沙县中药资源本底情况,对一般种类进行普查,对重点种类进行样方、样线调查,并与第三次中药资源普查结果进行比较。调查表明,第四次中药资源普查中,沙县药用植物有180科638属1032种,其中重点种类92种,特色种类41种,显著高于第三次中药资源普查结果。沙县药用植物资源丰富,应合理保护、开发利用药用资源,带动全县中药材产业发展。     

福建泉州市泉港区药用植物资源初报

采用代表区域—样地—样方套—样方结合样线的调查方法,通过野外调查,标本采集、鉴定,市场调查,走访调查等对泉港区内药用植物资源多样性进行研究。结果表明,泉港区有药用植物196科1166种,其中重点品种58种,福建省特色中药资源49种。泉港区药用植物种质资源较丰富,部分野生药用植物有一定蕴藏量,但开发利用率较低。     

四川省通川区药用植物资源调查

目的：依托第四次全国中药资源普查（试点）,采用野外样地调查和查阅文献资料等方法,对通川区中药植物资源进行调查,并对科、属组成类型、生活类型、组成特点、药用功效等多方面进行分析,旨在全面系统了解通川区中药材资源的分布情况。方法：通过选择双龙镇、盘石镇等共7个镇、3个乡、1个街道社区等区域,由全国中药资源普查信息管理系统随机生成41个样地,通过调查样方180个,样方套1 080个,全面掌握通川区中药材资源的分布情况。结果：共完成36个样地调查,统计到通川区药用植物共775种,隶属于154科,533属,其中被子植物719种,蕨类植物44种,裸子植物12种。结论：通川区中药资源丰富,了解通川区中药材资源分布,可为持续开发利用提供了参考依据。     

南京市浦口区野生药用植物资源现状调查与建议

目的:为了摸清南京市浦口区近年来中药资源的变化情况,以及目前药用植物资源的种类、蕴藏量、分布、生态特征,以及开发利用情况等。方法:采用样方、样线等调查方法,在南京市浦口区展开了药用植物资源的普查工作。结果:经调查,南京浦口区主体即老山山脉药用植物种类约有676种,隶属于139科,444属。结合调查所得到的数据结果,初步分析了当地药用植物资源的实际情况与蕴藏量,总结了资源的水平与垂直分布情况,并对当地中药材资源合理开发利用提出了建议。结论:南京市浦口区中药资源种类丰富,太子参、紫花前胡、延胡索、老鸦瓣、连钱草、何首乌、杜仲、明党参、益母草等常用中药材蕴藏量较大。     

泸定县药用植物资源现状调查与分析

目的:对泸定县中药资源的现状进行普查,促进中药及民族药资源有效利用与可持续发展提供依据.方法:以全国第四次中药资源普查技术规范为指导,通过外业调查、内业整理等方法,对泸定县现有中药资源进行普查、统计分析.结果:本次调查共完成样地41个、样方套205个,采集标本5028份.调查的野生药用植物共837种、179科,重点药用...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...