黄土丘陵区退耕还草植被恢复阶段优势种铁杆蒿的化感效应

为揭示黄土丘陵区退耕还草植被恢复阶段植被群落结构的形成与植物化感作用之间的关系,阐明退耕还草植被恢复阶段铁杆蒿群落形成的原因,采用种子萌发实验,对黄土丘陵区退耕还草中后期群落优势种铁杆蒿(恢复10 a、15 a、20 a、30 a)浸提液(水浸提液和甲醇浸提液)对其伴生种达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica,LD)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis,SV)、茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries,AC)以及铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum,AS)自身化感作用进行研究。结果表明:铁杆蒿浸提液对3种伴生种以及自身种子萌发的化感作用差异显著(P0.05),总体表现出低促高抑"浓度效应",且根受到的抑制作用要强于芽。茎叶浸提液的浓度为0.1 g/mL时,对茵陈蒿种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感指数RI为-1.00,达到完全抑制。铁杆蒿不同器官的化感作用差异显著(P0.05),茎叶及根系浸提液不同程度的抑制LD、AC种子的萌发和幼苗生长,且在同一浓度下抑制作用随着恢复时间的增长逐渐增强。根际土浸提液促进了伴生植物及铁杆蒿自身种子的萌发,抑制了LD和AC幼苗的生长。铁杆蒿种群的化感作用可能是导致铁杆蒿在退耕还草中后期成为优势种的原因之一。     

陕北黄土高原丘陵区撂荒演替及其过程中主要乡土牧草的确定与评价

用系统聚类、撂荒年限两种方法对陕北黄土高原丘陵区撂荒演替序列进行分析,结果基本一致：1～6a,1年生杂草类群落→1年生杂草类＋丛生禾草群落→1年生杂草类＋根茎禾草群落或多年生草本群落→7～16a,多年生草本群落→多年生草本＋小灌木群落→17～42a：根茎丛生型禾草＋小灌木群落或小灌木＋多年生草本群落→小灌木群落或多年生草本＋丛生禾草群落,代表性群落依次为猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia Waldstet.et kit）群落或猪毛蒿＋长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin.）群落→猪毛蒿＋铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum Leded.）群落或冰草（Agropyron cristatum（L.）Gaertn）群落→铁杆蒿群落→铁杆蒿＋达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza var.dahurica（Laxm.）Schindl）群落→白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum（L.）Keng）＋达乌里胡枝子群落或达乌里胡枝子＋铁杆蒿群落或铁杆蒿＋硬质早熟禾（Poa sphondylodes Trin.et Bge）群落.在此基础之上,提出将各物种在演替过程中重要值之和按大小排序,对前35位草种经适口性试验初步筛选后进行以粗蛋白、粗纤维等为指标的化学成分及以有效植被盖度为指标的生态效益的分析、评价,并依据两种评价结果对陕北黄土高原主要乡土牧草进行了综合评定,得出黄土高原23种乡土牧草具备较高的改良潜质,分为4类,主要归属于豆科（Leguminosae）、禾本科（Gramineae）、菊科（Compositae）等,并进一步探讨了黄土高原人工草场改良过程中不同荒地上草种的合理搭配.     

陇东黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然草地群落学特征研究

采用路线调查法和样方法研究了陇东黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然草地植物群落组成的特征.结果表明,该研究区地带性植被的主要类型为草甸草原和典型草原,草甸草原以蒿类、白羊草和白草为代表群落;典型草原以长芒草、蒿类、百里香和毛沙芦草等为代表群落.草地群落物种组成较为简单,优势种的优势度显著,其中长芒草、山蒿、冷蒿、牛枝子、糙隐子草、铁杆蒿、阿尔泰狗娃花、赖草、猪毛蒿、百里香等是群落物种组成中相对重要的物种;天然草地群落数量特征的平均值为:种数17.1、多度163.5、高度49.2 cm、盖度52.8%、鲜重284.9 g?m-2、干重151.8g?m-2;草甸草原群落的高度、盖度、生物量和物种丰富度值均大于典型草原.     

施肥干扰对陕北黄土丘陵区三个典型群落结构组成的影响

在陕北黄土丘陵区,为了加快当地植被的恢复速度,结合当地条件,通过小区施肥实验与野外调查,研究了施肥对不同演替阶段的3个典型群落:猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)和铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)结构组成的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,施肥后3个群落中物种的重要值发生改变。猪毛蒿群落中,1年生植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)重要值减小,而多年生植物阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)等重要值增大,成为群落中的主要物种;长芒草群落,与对照相比,施肥降低了优势种长芒草的重要性,而达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza dahurica)的重要值明显增大;铁杆蒿群落则随着肥量增加,铁杆蒿的重要值表现为逐渐上升,与对照相比,群落中的伴生种二裂萎陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)、茭蒿(Artemisia giraldii)在处理区的平均重要值有所下降,而演替后期物种达乌里胡枝子的重要值增大。(2)与对照相比,通过施肥,除铁杆蒿群落高肥区密度外,3个群落的高度、生物量和密度均有显著提高,表现为高度和生物量在高肥区达最大,密度在中肥区达最高。3个群落相比,演替前期的猪毛蒿群落提高幅度最大,长芒草次之,铁杆蒿最小。(3)施肥改变了3个群落的物种多样性。群落类型不同,其变化趋势亦不同。猪毛蒿和铁杆蒿群落Patrick丰富度指数在中肥区达最高,随着施肥量的增加,Margalef(Ima)、Shannon-Wiener(Isw)和Pielou(J)指数产生不同程度的下降,而Berger-Parker优势度指数(I)逐渐增大;长芒草群落则随着施肥量的增加,Patrick指数、Ima、Isw和J均有不同程度的上升,而优势度指数I呈下降趋势。     

基于生态位理论的典型草原铁杆蒿种群化感作用

运用改进的Levins生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数,研究了典型草原草地建群种与优势种之间的生态竞争关系;并利用建群种(铁杆蒿)茎叶浸提液对不同优势种的化感种子进行发芽试验,分析铁杆蒿的化感潜力及其在封育草地中的生态地位.结果表明:封育草地中,本氏针茅的生态位最宽(0.99),其次为百里香(0.94)、铁杆蒿(0.82)和大针茅(0.76),赖草最窄(0.73);铁杆蒿与本氏针茅、本氏针茅与百里香、百里香与大针茅、铁杆蒿与百里香之间的生态位重叠值分别为0.90、0.95、0.94和0.86.不同浓度的铁杆蒿浸提液对植物的化感作用强度不同,表现为“低促高抑”.铁杆蒿浸提液对本氏针茅幼苗根系生长的化感促进作用要强于百里香,而对百里香幼苗芽生长的抑制作用要强于本氏针茅.甲醇浸提液的化感作用要强于水浸提液.铁杆蒿、本氏针茅、百里香和大针茅之间高的生态位重叠,说明该草地群落将继续向本氏针茅群落演替,铁杆蒿群落仅是一个重要的过渡演替阶段.铁杆蒿的化感作用在其中担负着驱动力的角色.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带小流域植物群落特征的空间变异及其影响因素

小流域是黄土高原水土流失治理的基本单元,对其植被的空间分布特征和影响因素研究是该地植被恢复和重建的基础.为此,在黄土高原水土流失最为严重的水蚀风蚀交错带选取一小流域,调查了其植被分布与土壤性质等的变化,并用地统计学方法和冗余分析(RDA)方法研究了植物群落特征的空间变异特征及其主要影响因子.结果表明:该小流域共有植物27种,隶属于12科25属,以豆科、禾本科和菊科植物最多,占种总数的59.3%;总体上群落结构简单、组织水平低.群落地上生物量(AGB)和盖度(C)平均达到205.7 g·m^-2和57.7%,高于中国北方草地的平均值,但物种多样性水平较低.在空间尺度上,AGB为中等强度空间相关,丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(J)具有强烈的空间相关性;AGB呈斑块状和带状空间分布,在半阴坡和靠近小流域汇水口处最高;其余群落特征的空间分布较为破碎,R、H和J均在半阴坡坡顶较高.AGB和C主要受土壤有机碳、矿质氮、全氮、土壤含水量和海拔的影响,R、H、D和J主要受土壤饱和导水率、容重、砂粒和粉粒含量的影响.研究结果对于水蚀风蚀交错带植被恢复和生态系统结构与功能评估具有一定的指导价值.     

科尔沁沙地不同演替阶段冷蒿群落的结构特征

采用空间序列替代时间序列的方法,对科尔沁沙地不同演替阶段3个冷蒿群落的物种组成和物种多样性进行研究.结果表明:处于3个演替阶段的冷蒿群落为杠柳-冷蒿群落、杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落及冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落均以菊科、禾本科和藜科植物占优势.随着群落的演替,群落植物种数和科数逐渐减小,禾本科植物的种数逐渐减小,但菊科和禾本科植物种数所占比例逐渐增大.3个冷蒿群落中物种多样性顺序为:杠柳-冷蒿+差巴嘎蒿群落>杠柳-冷蒿群落>冷蒿-糙隐子草群落.3个冷蒿群落间的物种组成差异不大,群落间物种相似度较高.3个群落中冷蒿的盖度最大,其盖度随着群落的演替逐渐增大.     

西北干旱区孑遗濒危植物蒙古沙冬青群落特征及与环境因子的关系

蒙古沙冬青是我国西北干旱区植物群落主要建群种之一,对维持西北干旱区脆弱的生态系统起着重要作用。本研究通过样方法对蒙古沙冬青群落物种组成、盖度、多度等植被特征进行了调查与统计分析,并采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和冗余分析法（RDA）对其群落特征与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明：（1）蒙古沙冬青群落主要由藜科、禾本科、豆科、菊科和蒺藜科树种组成,分属21科50属70种,区系组成以温带、地中海及西亚至中亚分布为主;（2）通过双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）,将17个蒙古沙冬青群落划分为6个群丛类型,分别是蒙古沙冬青-白刺-猪毛蒿群丛、蒙古沙冬青-柠条锦鸡儿-碱蓬群丛、蒙古沙冬青-蒙古扁桃-阿尔泰狗娃花群丛、蒙古沙冬青-酸枣-沙葱群丛、蒙古沙冬青-驼绒藜-黄花蒿及蒙古沙冬青-霸王-骆驼蓬群丛;（3）通过冗余分析法（RDA）,排序得到环境因子与蒙古沙冬青植物群落物种多样性的关系,环境因子的交互作用是影响蒙古沙冬青群落物种多样性的主要原因。     

山西霍山植被分类及不同演替阶段群落物种多样性的比较分析

采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)对山西霍山植被群落(12个样地56个样方)进行分类,并利用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对不同演替阶段的群落物种多样性进行了比较分析.结果显示,用TWIN-SPAN法可将56个样方划分为10组,命名为10个群丛:山核桃+毛白杨-虎榛子-唐松草群丛(Ⅰ)、山核桃-虎榛子-白莲蒿群丛(Ⅱ)、车前+艾+乌头群丛(Ⅲ)、山核桃+油松-土庄绣线菊-细秆羊胡子草群丛(Ⅳ)、油松-绣线菊-细秆羊胡子草群丛(Ⅴ)、油松-沙棘-白茅群丛(Ⅵ)、辽东栎+山核桃-黄刺玫-细秆羊胡子草群丛(Ⅶ)、华北落叶松-鹅耳枥-蛇莓群丛(Ⅷ)、山梅花-石防风群丛(Ⅸ)和绣线菊-白茅群丛(Ⅹ).10个群丛可划分为6个演替阶段:弃耕地先锋群落阶段(群丛Ⅲ)、草本群落阶段(群丛Ⅹ)、灌木群落阶段(群丛Ⅸ)、先锋乔木群落阶段(群丛Ⅰ和Ⅱ)、混交林过渡群落阶段(群丛Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅷ)和顶级群落阶段(群丛Ⅶ).随着演替的进行,霍山植被的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数都呈增加的趋势,并在演替的中后期(混交林过渡群落阶段)达到最大值;而在不同的演替阶段,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数的变化趋势也不同.各物种多样性指数中,Margalef丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数间有极显著的相关性(P<0.01),其余的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数间也有显著的相关性(P<0.05).说明山西霍山植被演替序列完整,在植被演替过程中,物种的种类和个体数量以及群落结构的复杂程度明显增加.     

不同林龄刺槐林下植物群落物种组成及功能多样性差异分析

群落物种组成与功能多样性动态变化反映了种群的现状及未来群落的演替趋势。本文选取不同林龄刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的林下草地植被为研究对象,通过群落特征调查和功能性状测定,分析不同林龄刺槐林林下植物的群落物种组成及功能多样性的差异与动态变化。结果显示：(1)林下草地植物群落主要以菊科、蔷薇科多年生杂类草为主,随林龄的增加,以菊科为主的植物群落逐渐演替为以禾本科为主的植物群落,双子叶植物数目逐渐减少,单子叶植物数目逐渐增加。(2)除群落总盖度外,林下植物群落各数量特征随林龄的增加而增加。(3)Rao二次熵指数随林龄的增加而逐渐降低,功能丰富度指数、功能均匀度指数和功能离散度指数随林龄的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,功能多样性动态变化主要归因于群落地上生物量及植物叶片面积和质量的改变。     

Environmental driving factors affecting plant biomass in natural grassland in the Loess Plateau,China

Plant biomass is a key parameter for estimating terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) stocks, which varies greatly as a result of specific environmental conditions. Here, we tested environmental driving factors affecting plant biomass in natural grassland in the Loess Plateau, China. We found that above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) had a similar change trend in the order of Stipa bungeana > Leymus secalinus > Artemisia sacrorum > Artemisia scoparia, whereas shoot ratio (R/S) displayed an opposite change trend. There was a significantly positive linear relationship between the AGB and BGB, regardless of plant species (p < 0.05). Furthermore, more than 50% of the AGB were found in 20–50 cm of plant height in Compositae plants (A. sacrorum, A. scoparia), whereas over 60% of the AGB were found in 20–80 cm of plant height in Gramineae plants (S. bungeana, L. secalinus). For each plant species, more than 75% of the BGB was distributed in 0–10 cm soil depth, and 20% was distributed in 10–20 cm soil depth, while less than 5% was distributed in 20–40 cm soil depth. Further, AGB and BGB were highly affected by environmental driving factors (soil properties, plant traits, topographic properties), which were identified by the structural equation model (SEM) and the generalized additive models (GAMs). In addition, AGB was directly affected by plant traits, and BGB was directly affected by soil properties, and soil properties associated with plant traits that affected AGB and BGB through interactive effects were 9.12% and 3.59%, respectively. However, topographic properties had a weak influence on ABG and BGB (as revealed by the lowest total pathway effect). Besides, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and plant height had a higher relative contribution to AGB and BGB. Our results indicate that environmental driving factors affect plant biomass in natural grassland in the Loess Plateau.     

Biomass allocation and productivity–richness relationship across four grassland types at the Qinghai Plateau

Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB) allocation and productivity–richness relationship are controversial. Here, we assessed AGB and BGB allocation and the productivity–richness relationship at community level across four grassland types based on the biomass data collected from 80 sites across the Qinghai Plateau during 2011–2012. The reduced major axis regression and general linear models were used and showed that (a) the median values of AGB were significantly higher in alpine meadow than in other three grassland types; the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) was significantly higher in desert grassland (36.06) than intemperate grassland (16.60), alpine meadow (13.35), and meadow steppe (19.46). The temperate grassland had deeper root distribution than the other three grasslands, with about 91.45% roots distributed in the top 30 cm soil layer. (b) The slopes between log AGB and log BGB in the temperate grassland and meadow steppe were 1.09 and 1, respectively, whereas that in the desert grassland was 1.12, which was significantly different from the isometric allocation relationship. A competitive relationship between AGB and BGB was observed in the alpine meadow with a slope of ?1.83, indicating a trade‐off between AGB and BGB in the alpine meadow. (c) A positive productivity–richness relationship existed across the four grassland types, suggesting that the positive productivity–richness relationship might not be affected by the environmental factors at the plant location. Our results provide a new insight for biomass allocation and biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research.     

Above- and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands, Inner Mongolia

Above- and belowground biomasses of grasslands are important parameters for characterizing re- gional and global carbon cycles in grassland ecosystems. Compared with the relatively detailed in- formation for aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB) is poorly reported at the re- gional scales. The present study, based on a total of 113 sampling sites in temperate grassland of the Inner Mongolia, investigated regional distribution patterns of AGB, BGB, vertical distribution of roots, and their relationships with environmental factors. AGB and BGB increased from the southwest to the northeast of the study region. The largest biomass occurred in meadow steppe, with mean AGB and BGB of 196.7 and 1385.2 g/m2, respectively; while the lowest biomass occurred in desert steppe, with an AGB of 56.6 g/m2 and a BGB of 301.0 g/m2. In addition, about 47% of root biomass was distributed in the top 10 cm soil. Further statistical analysis indicated that precipitation was the primary determinant factor in shaping these distribution patterns. Vertical distribution of roots was significantly affected by precipitation, while the effects of soil texture and grassland types were weak.     

荒漠草原植物群落结构及其稳定性对增水和增氮的响应

通过在荒漠草原开展增水和增氮野外控制试验,研究增水和增氮对荒漠草原植物群落结构、物种多样性及群落稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）增水和增氮处理显著影响了荒漠草原植物群落结构和地上生物量,而对植物群落稳定性影响不显著（P>0.05）。增水处理显著增加了豆科和禾本科植物地上生物量（101.3%和57.9%）（P<0.05）;增水+增氮处理显著增加了植物群落盖度（43.2%）和地上生物量（112.4%）及不同功能群（禾本科和杂类草）植物盖度（75.5%和47.3%）和地上生物量（139.3%和85.7%）（P<0.05）。与增氮处理相比,增水+增氮处理显著增加了植物群落和不同功能群（禾本科和杂类草）植物高度、盖度和地上生物量（P<0.05）。（2）增水、增氮和增水+增氮处理均显著降低了植物群落Pielou指数（11.7%、8.7%和10.2%）（P<0.05）。（3）增水和增水+增氮处理提高了荒漠草原植物群落稳定性,而增氮处理降低了荒漠草原植物群落稳定性。增水处理荒漠草原植物群落稳定性效应大于增水+增氮处理。研究表明,荒漠草原植物群落结构受到氮沉降和降水增加的共同影响。增加降水对荒漠草原植物群落稳定性的积极效应可能会抵消部分氮沉降的消极影响,荒漠草原植物群落地上生物量及群落稳定性可能有所增加。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生物量动态变化及与环境因子的关系——基于模拟增温实验

以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究区,设置模拟增温实验样地,于2010年开始持续增温,2012和2013年调查植被地上-地下生物量,探讨气候变暖背景下高寒草甸生物量的动态变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)增温处理下地上-地下生物量与根冠比的中值和平均值大于对照,其中地下生物量(变异系数为0.30)的增加幅度大于地上生物量(变异系数为0.27),根冠比的变异系数(0.33)大于地上-地下生物量,这表明增温可导致高寒草甸植被生物量分配出现差异。(2)地上-地下生物量呈极显著的幂指数函数关系(R~2=0.147,P0.001),表现为异速生长,但在增温处理下异速生长出现减缓(R~2=0.102,P0.05)。(3)地上生物量受深层土壤水分和浅层土壤温度影响较大,地下生物量受深层土壤水分和深层土壤温度影响较大;土壤温度对地上-地下生物量的影响强于土壤水分,表现为20 cm深度土壤温度对地上生物量(R=0.582,P0.01)和根冠比(R=-0.238,P0.05)影响较大,60 cm深度土壤温度对地下生物量影响较大(R=0.388,P0.01),100 cm深度土壤水分对地上生物量(R=0.423,P0.01)和地下生物量(R=0.245,P0.05)影响较大,这说明增温导致浅层土壤温度对生物量分配产生影响,使生物量更多分配到地上部分,而冻土融化致使深层土壤水分对生物量产生影响。     

Patterns of Below- and Aboveground Biomass in Eucalyptus populnea Woodland Communities of Northeast Australia along a Rainfall Gradient

In vegetated terrestrial ecosystems, carbon in below- and aboveground biomass (BGB, AGB) often constitutes a significant component of total-ecosystem carbon stock. Because carbon in the BGB is difficult to measure, it is often estimated using BGB to AGB ratios. However, this ratio can change markedly along resource gradients, such as water availability, which can lead to substantial errors in BGB estimates. In this study, BGB and AGB sampling was carried out in Eucalyptus populnea-dominated woodland communities of northeast Australia to examine patterns of BGB to AGB ratio and vertical root distribution at three sites along a rainfall gradient (367, 602, and 1,101 mm). At each site, a vegetation inventory was undertaken on five transects (100 × 4 m), and trees representing the E. populnea vegetation structure were harvested and excavated to measure aboveground and coarse-root (diameter of at least 15 mm) biomass. Biomass of fine and small roots (diameter less than 15 mm) at each site was estimated from 40 cores sampled to 1 m depth. The BGB to AGB ratio of E. populnea-dominated woodland plant communities declined from 0.58 at the xeric end to 0.36 at the mesic end of the rainfall gradient. This was due to a marked decline in AGB with increased aridity whereas the BGB was relatively stable. The vertical distribution of fine roots in the top 1 m of soil varied along the rainfall gradient. The mesic sites had more fine-root biomass (FRB) in the upper soil profile and less at depth than the xeric site. Accordingly, at the xeric site, a much larger proportion of FRB was found at depth compared to the mesic sites. The vertical distribution patterns of small roots of the E. populnea woodland plant communities were consistently )-shaped, with the highest biomass occurring at 15–30-cm depth. The potential significance of such a rooting pattern for grass–tree and shrub–tree co-existence in these ecosystems is discussed. Overall, our results revealed marked changes in BGB to AGB ratio of E. populnea woodland communities along a rainfall gradient. Because E. populnea woodlands cover a large area (96 M ha), their contribution to continental-scale carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission can be substantial. Use of the rainfall-zone-specific ratios found in this study, in lieu of a single generic ratio for the entire region, will significantly improve estimates of BGB carbon stocks in these woodlands. In the absence of more specific data, our results will also be relevant in other regions with similar vegetation and rainfall gradients (that is, arid and semiarid woodland ecosystems).     

黄土丘陵区撂荒群落演替序列种根系对氮素施肥方式和水平的形态响应

采用盆栽试验,研究了黄土丘陵区撂荒群落演替序列种(即,黄土丘陵区摞荒群落演替主要阶段的优势种)根系对氮素施肥方式和水平的形态响应,对了解我国氮沉降增加背景下的群落生态效应及人为施肥干扰促进植被恢复具有较好的理论和实践意义。测试并分析了6个演替序列种在不同施氮方式(匀质和异质施氮)和水平(高、低和无氮对照)条件下植株个体生物量指标(地上及地下生物量和根冠比)、根系形态指标(根长、直径、表面积、比根长和比表面积)的变化及其差异显著性;并且利用根钻法和单样本T检验比较了异质施氮方式下施氮斑块与不施氮斑块根系形态指标的差异。结果表明:1)6种演替序列种地上、地下生物量和根冠比存在种间固有差别,施氮方式和水平整体上对三者无显著影响;施氮方式和植物种类对根冠比存在显著交互作用,说明个别种的根冠比对施氮方式响应明显,其中猪毛蒿根冠比在异质施氮方式下显著高于匀质施氮。2)6种演替序列种根系塑形指标包括比根长、比表面积和直径存在种间差别,并且施氮水平对比根长影响显著,高、低施氮水平下比根长都显著低于不施氮对照。3)狗尾草和铁杆蒿分别在异质高氮和异质低氮条件下施氮斑块根系生物量密度显著高于未施氮斑块;猪毛蒿在异质高氮条件下施氮斑块发生了更多的伸长生长,其根长、根表面积、比根长和比表面积在施氮斑块中的密度显著高于未施氮斑块;猪毛蒿和狗尾草在异质高氮条件下,以及白羊草在异质低氮条件下,其根系直径在施氮斑块显著小于未施氮斑块。从根系形态变化敏感性和施氮对促进植物生长来看,演替过程中演替序列种对施氮响应的敏感性总体上呈降低趋势,前期种对施氮响应更敏感,从施氮获利也更多,因而恢复前期进行人为干扰促进植被恢复效果也会更好。     

黄土高原典型草原优势种植物及其根际土壤化学计量对降雨变化的响应

为探讨黄土高原典型草原优势种植物及其根际土壤化学计量对不同降水量的响应,以宁夏固原云雾山封育20年典型草原为研究对象,利用遮雨棚技术模拟了3个不同的降水梯度(自然降水量的50%、100%和150%),测定了优势种长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)和白莲蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)的地上、地下全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及其根际土壤有机碳(RSOC)、全氮、全磷含量,分析了各个优势种及其根际土壤化学计量及其之间的相关性。结果表明：(1)3个优势种地上、地下总C含量、地上N含量均在50%降水下较高,星毛委陵菜地上和地下P含量及地上、地下总P含量均在100%降水处理下最高。(2)50%降水与150%降水处理相比较,长芒草地上C/N、C/P及白莲蒿、星毛委陵菜地下C/P均有显著差异(P<0.05),150%降水处理下优势种N/P显著高于50%降水处理(P<0.05)。(3) 3个优势种根际土壤C、N含量高于黄土高原土壤C、N含量且150%降水处理下根际土壤C含量显著高于50%降水处理(P<0...     

Syntaxonomical revision of the Triseto flavescentis-Polygonion bistortae alliance in the Carpathians

Abstract

This phytosociological study of the Carpathian species-rich mesophilous mountain hay meadows (Triseto flavescentis-Polygonion bistortae alliance, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class) presents the first unified large-scale classification system in four countries: Slovakia, Poland, Romania and Ukraine. The starting dataset contained relevés of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Mulgedio-Aconitetea and Nardetea strictae classes. Numerical classification and semi-supervised classification by K-means method were used for the analyses. An electronic expert system and diagnostic species for grassland vegetation served for identification of a priori groups in K-means method. The final dataset contained 612 relevés. Altitude, climatic data and Ellenberg indicator values were used for ecological differentiation of syntaxa. The main gradients in floristic composition were analysed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Finally, the eight well-differentiated associations and one newly described association were determined: Campanulo glomeratae-Geranietum sylvatici, Geranio sylvatici-Trisetetum flavescentis, Crepido mollis-Agrostietum capillaris, Geranio-Alchemilletum crinitae, Alchemillo-Deschampsietum caespitosae, Phyteumo (orbicularis)-Trifolietum pratensis, Astrantio-Trisetetum flavescentis, Trollio altissimi-Knautietum dipsacifoliae and Violo declinatae-Agrostietum capillaris ass. nova. The differences in vegetation diversity of mountain hay meadows between particular countries were confirmed: Alchemillo-Deschampsietum caespitosae occurs in all studied territories, Campanulo glomeratae-Geranietum sylvatici occurs predominantly in Slovakia and the newly described association Violo declinatae-Agrostietum capillaris ass. nova could be found only in Ukraine.