镉胁迫对姬松茸生长和镉吸收累积的影响

利用外源镉添加的袋栽试验,系统研究了镉对姬松茸J37和J1两菌株农艺性状、子实体产量、氨基酸和镉含量的影响,以求为低富集镉的姬松茸品种选育和安全栽培提供科学依据。结果表明外源镉添加对姬松茸J37和J1品种子实体的农艺性状的影响各异,两菌株单个子实体重量、子实体高度、菌盖直径、菌盖厚度和菌柄直径等均与外源镉浓度具有显著的负相关性,其中子实体重量与外源镉浓度间的相关性最大;15 mg/kg镉水平是两菌株农艺性状发生显著变化的敏感点。不同镉水平下J37菌株单个子实体重量比J1菌株高10.9%—36.6%,表现为较强镉耐受性。姬松茸J37与J1菌株子实体产量、氨基酸和镉含量均随着潮次的增加而降低,子实体产量和氨基酸含量随着外源镉水平增加而降低,而镉含量随外源镉水平增加而增加。与外源镉0mg/kg处理相比,当外源镉水平达15 mg/kg时,J1和J37子实体总产量分别下降23.4%和13.4%以上,J1和J37子实体镉含量分别提高51.5%、13.7%以上,且J1子实体镉含量已达到食品卫生标准的临界值。当外源镉水平达到35 mg/kg时,J1和J37子实体产量分别下降45%、32%以上,J1和J...     

水稻根系响应镉胁迫的蛋白质差异表达

为探讨水稻根系对镉胁迫的分子生理响应,以抗镉水稻PI312777和镉敏感水稻IR24为材料,设置Cd~(2+)浓度为0、50和100μmol/L的水培试验,处理7 d后分析了水稻根系的蛋白质差异表达。结果表明,在镉胁迫下水稻PI312777和IR24根系有18个蛋白质发生了差异表达,其中的12个得到MALDI-TOF/MS鉴定。这些鉴定的蛋白功能可分四类:(1)与活性氧(ROS)胁迫相关的过氧化物酶(POD)、蛋氨酸腺苷转移酶(MAT)、类萌发素蛋白前体;(2)与谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成相关的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH);(3)与逆境胁迫相关的ABA胁迫诱导蛋白含HVA22域蛋白、ABA-胁迫-成熟诱导蛋白5(ASR5);(4)与细胞分裂调控相关的GTP结合核蛋白Ran-2。镉胁迫下SAMS和GTP结合核蛋白Ran-2在两种水稻根系均发生上调表达;MAT、POD、类萌发素蛋白前体和GS发生下调表达;依赖NADP-GDH、GDH和磷酸甘油酸变位酶在IR24根部均发生下调表达,在PI312777根部仅在100μmol/L Cd~(2+)处理发生下调表达;含HVA22域蛋白在PI312777根部上调表达,在IR24根部发生下调表达;ASR5在PI312777根部上调表达,在IR24根部的表达无显著差异;100μmol/L Cd~(2+)胁迫下60S酸性核糖体蛋白P0在水稻PI312777根部表达下调,在IR24根部表达上调。可见,镉胁迫使水稻根部ROS增加,形成氧化胁迫反应,造成毒害作用,而水稻根通过调节SAMS和GS提高GSH合成降低镉毒害。ASR5和HVA22蛋白等逆境胁迫蛋白的表达差异则是水稻品种间抗性差异的重要原因之一。     

镉在水生植物中的富集与亚细胞分布及其化学形态特征

以7种水生植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、黑藻、粉绿狐尾藻、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾、水葫芦)为研究材料,构建生物塘系统,通过差速离心法和五步提取法,提取植物各亚细胞组分和不同化学形态的镉,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定镉含量,分析镉在水生植物体中富集特征,揭示植物对镉的耐性机制。结果表明:(1)水生植物根中镉富集量大于茎和叶;3种类型水生植物富集镉能力表现为沉水植物(粉绿狐尾藻、黑藻)浮水植物(水葫芦)挺水植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾)。(2)镉在黑藻、水葫芦和花叶芦竹中的亚细胞分布量均呈现为细胞壁可溶组分原生质体线粒体,所占比例分别为37.16%~50.86%、20.69%~31.21%、10.81%~23.83%、8.15%~19.83%。(3)赋存化学形态表现为以氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态为主,所占比例分别为29.37%~56.27%和15.06%~36.19%。研究发现,粉绿狐尾藻、水葫芦、水生美人蕉和花叶芦竹4种植物为富集镉较好的植物,而黑藻、香根鸢尾和长苞香蒲3种植物的镉富集能力相对较弱;镉主要以果胶酸盐、蛋白质结合态或吸附态存在于植物根的细胞壁和液泡中,以减弱镉对根细胞器和植物地上部分的毒害。     

重金属镉胁迫对白纹伊蚊幼虫海藻糖代谢的影响

【目的】深入了解镉对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus的毒害作用机理和白纹伊蚊对极端环境的适应机制,揭示重金属胁迫对白纹伊蚊种群发生、疾病传播等可能存在的影响,为卫生害虫防控等提供参考依据。【方法】分别用200 mL配制好的50, 100, 200, 300和400 mg/L镉溶液对放置于320 mL一次性杯中长势一致的白纹伊蚊3龄末至4龄初幼虫急性染毒12 h,以双蒸水养殖幼虫作为对照。通过生化方法测定处理后12 h白纹伊蚊幼虫体内海藻糖、葡萄糖和总糖原含量以及可溶性海藻糖酶(TRE1)和膜结合型海藻糖酶(TRE2)活力,并采用qRT PCR测定这些幼虫体内海藻糖合成酶基因(TPS), TRE1和TRE2表达量。【结果】在200和300 mg/L重金属镉处理12 h时白纹伊蚊幼虫海藻糖含量显著增加,在高镉浓度(300和400mg/L)处理时葡萄糖含量显著下降,而不同镉浓度急性处理对总糖原含量没有影响。TRE1和TRE2活力在高镉浓度(300和400 mg/L)处理时显著下降。300 mg/L镉处理组TPS相对表达量达到最高值,TRE1和TRE2相对表达量在高镉浓度(300和400 mg/L)处理时显著下降,与酶活力变化趋势表现一致。【结论】当镉浓度低于半致死浓度(217 mg/L)时,镉急性胁迫使白纹伊蚊幼虫TPS基因表达上调,而TRE基因则表达量下降,TRE活力降低,从而促使葡萄糖转化为海藻糖,通过海藻糖的积累来应对镉胁迫压力。这些结果说明海藻糖在白纹伊蚊在重金属应激中起一定作用,白纹伊蚊幼虫可以通过合成海藻糖从而提高应对镉胁迫的抗逆能力。     

霞多丽苗木中镉的积累、亚细胞分布及化学存在形态

以一年生盆栽葡萄品种霞多丽(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Chardonnay)自根苗及SO4砧嫁接苗为试材,采用CdCl2和CaCl2根部灌入的方法,研究了镉在霞多丽植株内的亚细胞分布和存在形态,以及外源添加氯化钙对植株镉吸收的影响.结果表明:大部分镉积累在霞多丽自根苗及嫁接苗的地下部器官;4 mmol·L-1浓度的CdCl2处理下,镉在自根苗根及根颈部分的积累量占77.1％,在叶片中的积累量占1.4％,而嫁接苗中镉在嫁接口以下部分的积累量高达93.9％,叶片中的积累量仅占0.1％;5 mmol·L-1外源钙缓解了植株对镉的吸收积累,而10mmol ·L-1外源钙则显著增加了植株对镉的吸收积累.镉在根系和叶片中的亚细胞分布规律为细胞壁＞可溶性部分＞细胞器,且在细胞壁中积累50％以上;镉在根系中主要以氯化钠提取态存在,其次为乙酸提取态,去离子水提取态含量最少.随着镉处理浓度的增加,各提取态含量有所变化.     

镉胁迫下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用

对镉处理下活性炭对小麦幼根的保护作用进行了研究。在小麦幼根的水培环境中加入镉导致了小麦幼根根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。将小麦幼根置于加入活性炭的水培环境中并未对小麦幼根的根长、干重、鲜重、细胞死亡水平和可溶性蛋白的含量造成不良的影响,且在一定程度上促进了根的生长并降低了细胞的死亡水平。而在镉处理下加入活性炭则明显减缓了小麦幼根的根长的降低、干重及鲜重的下降、细胞死亡水平上升和可溶性蛋白含量的增加。上述观察表明,活性炭的加入对于镉和氯苯胁迫下小麦幼根具有一定的保护作用。     

干旱胁迫下镉处理对互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、镉积累及光合生理的影响

为探究干旱条件下,互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.)幼苗对重金属镉胁迫的生长及光合生理响应机制,以两年生互叶醉鱼草幼苗为试验材料,设置对照与干旱两个水分处理组(土壤相对含水率分别为:65%—60%,35%—30%),每个水分处理条件下再分别设置3个镉处理浓度(0.28、(0.6+0.28)、(1.2+0.28)mg/kg),共6个处理。测定不同水分及镉处理对互叶醉鱼草生长、生物量、光合参数及体内重金属含量的影响。结果表明:干旱与镉复合胁迫下植物的存活率为100%。镉胁迫、干旱与镉复合胁迫均不同程度抑制了互叶醉鱼草幼苗生长、生物量积累、植株的光合作用及叶绿素含量,且其光合和叶绿素含量的降幅明显大于单一镉胁迫。镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草幼苗单株最高镉富集量为69.33 mg/kg,而复合胁迫下单株最高镉富集量为50.68 mg/kg。以上结果表明:干旱胁迫能够加重镉胁迫对植物的影响,使复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草生长、光合生理及镉富集能力下降。但单一镉胁迫下,互叶醉鱼草对镉具有更强的耐受性,并有较高的生物富集能力,且干旱与Cd复合胁迫下互叶醉鱼草幼苗仍有一定的镉积累量。因此在干旱半干旱区园林绿化以及Cd污染地区的生态建设中,互叶醉鱼草是一种具有巨大应用潜力和前景的灌木树种。     

碳酸钙对土壤镉吸附及解吸的影响

采用等温吸附法,并以1mol/L KNO3进行解吸试验,研究CaCO3对3种土壤镉吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的原状土样对镉吸附总趋势为：栗钙土＞棕壤＞淋溶褐土,均符合Langmuir方程、Frenudlich方程和Temink方程,其中以Freumdlich方程最佳。镉的专性吸附量表现为栗钙土＞淋溶褐土＞棕壤。添加CaCO3使3种土壤中镉的吸附量增加,增加幅度棕壤为4％－11％,淋溶褐土2％－11％,栗钙土2％－8％。外界加入的镉浓度越高,增加幅度越大。Freundlich方程（lgX=lgK lgC/n）拟合的参数结果表明：加入CaCO3后,K和n值均下降;Langmuir方程中镉最大吸附值增加,吸附平均常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用增加,吸附平衡常数减小。可以推测,CaCO3的存在之所以能够使土壤体系吸附镉能力增加,除CaCO3本身的吸附作用外,还可能影响反应体系的平衡系数。加入CaCO3,土壤对镉的专性吸附明显增加,尤其以棕壤专性吸附的镉最多,淋溶褐土其次,而栗钙土增加较少,栗钙土去除CaCO3后,镉的吸附减少了2.0%-26.0%,土壤专性吸附的镉减少4.0%-38.2%。3种土壤镉的解吸能力表现为：棕壤＞淋溶褐土＞栗钙土。添加CaCO3,土壤镉的解吸量下降。去除CaCO3后,栗钙土匐解吸量明显增加。     

镉锌复合污染对龙葵苗期生长和镉锌累积特性的影响

采用营养液培养法研究了苗期龙葵(Solanumnigrum L.)对镉锌复合污染的反应及其对镉锌的吸收和积累特性.结果表明:(1)高浓度镉(200μmol·L-1)、锌(500μmol·L-1)胁迫使苗期龙葵植株生长受到严重抑制,但低浓度镉锌复合处理的部分植株生物量甚至超过了对照.(2)添加锌对苗期龙葵地上部镉积累有显著的影响(P<0.05);当锌浓度为100μmol·L-1时,镉积累量达到峰值,其中的100Cd/100Znμmol·L-1处理组合的镉积累量为所有处理中的最大值(地上部积累量高达171.31μg·plant-1);当锌浓度增加到500μmol·L-1时,植株体内镉积累量则呈现下降趋势.(3)添加镉对苗期龙葵地上部锌积累也有显著的影响(P<0.05);当镉浓度达50μmol·L-1时,根、茎、叶中锌积累量均达到最高值;当镉浓度为200μmol·L-1时,各处理单株地上部锌积累量最低.(4)从植株整体的镉、锌积累量来看,苗期龙葵地上部镉积累量最高达根系的14.67倍,而其锌积累量最高达根系的13.59倍.研究发现,龙葵幼苗根系、茎和叶中镉、锌含量随营养液中镉、锌浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05);添加锌在一定程度上缓解了镉对苗期龙葵的毒害效应,低浓度锌还可以提高植株对镉的吸收和积累;添加镉在一定程度上增强了植株对锌的耐受性和吸收富集能力;植株地上部的镉、锌积累量明显高于根系.     

秋茄对镉的吸收、积累及净化作用的研究

采用砂培研究红树植物秋茄幼苗在含镉0.0025—25ppm海水培养液中对镉的吸收积累、净化作用以及镉对秋茄的毒害作用。试验结果表明：秋茄植物体镉含量大小顺序为：根>胚轴>茎>叶．各器官镉含量(y)随培养液镉浓度(x)的增加而增加,两者呈显著的双对数线性正相关,根与培养液镉含量的回归方程为;logy=1.8039+0.4311logx。在含镉培养液中培养4个星期,不同器官对镉的富集作用明显,镉处理2.5ppb,叶、茎、胚轴、根的富集系数分别为62.4、113.6、187.2、705.2．吸收的镉主要积累于根部。25ppm镉处理组每株幼苗(干重6.18g)吸收镉量为239.47μg,其中根占植物体总镉量的75.6%．在所有浓度处理中,秋茄植物体对镉的吸收量为培养液总加镉量的2.4—36%。2.5ppm镉处理组10个星期内,根部镉积累量为538.74μg／g,未见明显受害,表明秋茄对镉的吸收积累能力和耐性都较强。幼苗受镉的毒害程度主要与根部镉含量有关。从天然条件生长的红树植物器官镉积累量来看,也表明秋茄群落对镉污染的吸收净化效果显著。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.