垦殖对沼泽湿地CH4和N2O排放的影响

三江平原是我国最大的沼泽化低平原,同时也是受人类活动影响最剧烈的区域之一。选取三江平原两类典型湿地-常年积水的毛果苔草(Carexlasiocapa)沼泽和季节性积水的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)草甸及其垦殖水田和旱田为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法进行CH4和N2O的田间原位观测。研究结果表明,垦殖导致沼泽湿地CH4排放量大幅度降低,而N2O排放量有所升高。三江平原沼泽湿地、水田、旱田的CH4排放量分别为329.56、94.82kg.hm-.2a-1和-1.37kg.hm-.2a-1,N2O排放量分别为1.93、2.09kg.hm-.2a-1和4.90kg.hm-.2a-1。沼泽湿地垦殖使CH4和N2O的综合温室效应降低,在20a到500a的时间尺度上,水田综合GWP为沼泽湿地的30.8%~37.9%,旱田综合GWP仅为沼泽湿地的6.0%~28.7%。垦殖同时也改变了沼泽湿地对大气CO2的源汇功能,2004年,小叶章草甸、水田和旱田碳排放量分别为-3.08、1.79t.hm-2和3.35t.hm-2,沼泽湿地垦殖为旱田后碳源的功能较水田更强。     

植物对沼泽湿地生态系统CO2和CH4排放的影响

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法于2003~2005年在生长季对三江平原小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽化草甸和毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽地区CO2和CH4的排放通量进行野外对比观测实验。结果表明:2003~2005年生长季小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量分别是土壤CO2排放通量的1.65、2.06和2.01倍,毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量分别是土壤CO2排放通量的2.58、2.27和4.21倍,表明沼泽湿地土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量的主要贡献者是植物地上部分的呼吸作用,且3个生长季小叶章草甸CO2排放通量均显著大于毛果苔草沼泽,主要是由于植物生物量的差异以及土壤微生物活性的不同。2003~2005年植物生长季,小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统CH4排放通量分别是土壤的4.84、3.55和6.45倍,毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统CH4排放通量分别是土壤的2.60、1.25和3.22倍,且3个生长季小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽CH4排放通量均具有显著差异,这主要是由于水位的差异以及植物对CH4排放能力的不同造成的。     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地氧化亚氮通量

2002～2004年利用静态箱-气相色谱法对三江平原3种具有代表性的湿地类型(常年积水的毛果苔草沼泽、季节性积水的小叶章湿草甸和常年土壤过湿的灌丛湿地)进行了为期两年半的N₂O现场观测研究.结果表明,三江平原3种类型湿地N₂O通量均有明显的季节变化和年际变化,一般在非冰冻期表现为排放,冰雪覆盖期表现为微弱的吸收.生长季的N₂O通量以灌丛湿地N₂O排放通量最大,毛果苔草沼泽最小.全年平均N₂O交换通量: 毛果苔草沼泽为53.928 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,小叶章湿地为21.408 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,灌丛湿地为657.120 mg·m^-2·yr^-1,证明沼泽湿地是大气N₂O的源.3种类型湿地生长季N₂O通量无明显的日变化,与温度的相关性不大.     

三江平原典型湿地及其开垦后土壤中总硫变化的初步研究

以三江平原3种主要沼泽类型--小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)沼泽、毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽以及不同开垦年限的耕地为研究对象,对其土壤中总硫含量进行分析,3种沼泽中总硫量的顺序为小叶章沼泽(622．4mg·kg^-1)<乌拉苔草沼泽(820．5mg·kg^-1)、毛果苔草沼泽(1022．4mg·kg^-1),挠力河、鸭绿河、别拉洪河及浓江流域土壤中总硫量的顺序为挠力河(925．0mg·kg^-1)>鸭绿河(841．8mg·kg^-1)>浓江(636．5mg·kg^-1)>别拉洪河(520．8mg·kg^-1)沼泽湿地及耕地土壤总硫量在层次上具有明显的规律性,即由表土层向下,含量逐渐降低,1980～2000年开垦的耕地土壤中总硫含量平均值为180．5mg·kg^-1,而未开垦湿地中的总硫含量平均值为735．8mg·kg^-1。耕地中的总硫量显著低于湿地中的总硫量,并且开垦年限越长,土壤中的总硫量越低,表明湿地开垦导致土壤总硫明显流失。     

三江平原土地利用方式改变对湿地汞含量的影响

通过测定三江平原小叶章湿地、水稻田、玉米地土壤以及小叶章、乌拉苔草、毛果苔草、杨树叶及苔藓中的汞含量,探讨了湿地土壤和植物汞来源及分布特征,研究了土地利用方式变化对土壤汞含量的影响.结果表明,三江平原土壤汞含量0.006～0.208mg·kg-1,平均为0.053 mg·kg-1,高于黑龙江省土壤汞背景值含量.由表层至底层,小叶章湿地土壤中汞含量变化不大,水稻田及玉米地中汞含量变化较大.植物中汞含量表现为苔藓＞乌拉苔草＞小叶章＞毛果苔草>杨＞树叶,其中苔藓中汞含量高达0.132 mg·kg-1.相关分析表明,土壤中汞含量与可溶性有机碳含量呈显著正相关(r=0.269,P＜0.05).干湿沉降及植物对大气中汞的吸收可能是本地区土壤中汞的主要来源.湿地开垦为农田后,土壤中汞含量降低了45.6%,而旱田改为水田后,土壤中汞含量则增加了18.3%.     

干旱年份三江平原沼泽甲烷(CH4)排放及影响因子

为了研究淡水沼泽CH4排放的影响因子及其机制,在中国东北部的三江平原样地观测了CH4排放通量以及部分影响因子.结果表明,在2003年4～10月生长季内,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量平均值为3.30 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为0.65 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为13.47 mg·m-2·h-1),低于小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量平均值4.91 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为-0.12 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为16.25 mg·m-2·h-1).在不同阶段,两种类型沼泽CH4通量有明显的变化,控制因子也不一样.4月份低温限制了CH4通量,两种类型沼泽差异很小.5～7月下旬,小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量显著高于毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量(P＜0.01),这种差异是由融冻作用造成的.8月份,植株密度和剖面中活性有机碳的浓度成为主要的影响因子,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量比小叶章沼泽化草甸高.     

三江平原自然湿地与人工湿地双向演替动态过程研究

基于遥感和GIS技术,分析1986～2005年三江平原自然湿地(湖泊、河流、沼泽湿地)与人工湿地(水田)的双向演替过程,统计分析自然地理环境背景(土壤类型、海拔高度、坡度和地貌类型)对此过程的影响。研究结果表明,1986～2005年间三江平原湿地双向演替过程以沼泽湿地与水田之间的相互转化为主。1986～1995年、1995～2000年和2000～2005年三时段内沼泽湿地转化为水田的面积占同期沼泽湿地转出总面积的比例分别为7.61%、37.99%和28.81%,相反,水田转化为沼泽湿地的面积占同期水田转出总面积的4.83%、13.69%和4.84%。三江平原发生沼泽湿地与水田双向演替过程的主要自然地理环境背景为土壤类型为草甸土和沼泽土,海拔高度为0～100 m,坡度为0～1°,地貌类型为低河漫滩、高河漫滩、洼地和一级阶地。     

三江平原湿地小叶章群落沿土壤水分梯度物种组成及多样性变化

水分是影响湿地生态系统植物多样性的重要因素之一。以三江平原湿地小叶章群落为对象,研究了沿土壤水分梯度的典型草甸、沼泽化草甸和沼泽3种生境中群落物种组成及多样性特征。结果表明,3种生境均以小叶章占优势,但是伴生物种组成分化明显,其中,典型草甸指示种为二歧银莲花和垂梗繁缕,沼泽化草甸指示种为灰脉苔草和五脉山黧豆,沼泽指示种为漂筏苔草和毛果苔草;非度量多维尺度分析结果表明,草甸的物种组成差异更大,而沼泽和沼泽化草甸的物种组成差异较小。随土壤水分含量增加,小叶章的优势度逐渐降低,群落物种丰富度和Simpson优势度均呈逐渐降低的趋势,而Shannon-Wiener多样性与Pielou均匀度均呈逐渐上升的趋势;群落相似性系数(CJ、CS)呈现逐渐升高的趋势,二者的最大值分别出现在沼泽化草甸和沼泽,最小值分别出现在典型草甸和和沼泽化草甸,而Cody指数的变化格局呈现渐低的趋势,群落间共有物种数逐渐减少,物种替代速率降低。研究认为,三江平原小叶章湿地植物群落物种组成、Pielou均匀度、Simpson优势度和Shannon-Wiener多样性的变化格局与水分密切相关,β多样性的格局与水分联系紧密,物种丰富度的变化格局与水分无相关性,可能与物种自身的生物学特性以及其它环境因子有关,尚需进一步探讨。     

异质生境水位差异对小叶章有性繁殖分配的影响

以三江平原湿地代表植物小叶章为对象,通过对杂类草草甸、典型草甸、沼泽化草甸、沼泽生境中小叶章个体大小与生物量差异及繁殖构件与植株生物量之间相关关系的分析,研究不同生境中水位对小叶章个体生物量与繁殖分配的影响。结果表明: 小叶章个体大小、高度及有性繁殖特征随水位升高而显著降低;杂类草草甸、典型草甸、沼泽化草甸和沼泽中小叶章的繁殖阈值分别为0.245、0.149、0.148和0.157 g;除沼泽化草甸外,其他3种生境中小叶章植株个体大小与繁殖分配均呈显著负相关;相较于个体大小,土壤含水量对于小叶章有性繁殖分配影响更大,不同生境中小叶章对个体大小和繁殖分配的差异投资是其具有良好生态适应性的基础条件。     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤氮素净矿化与硝化作用

2004年6月—2005年7月,利用PVC顶盖原位培育法研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤(0~15cm)无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率动态、影响因素及年净矿化/硝化量.结果表明:两种湿地土壤的无机氮均呈明显的动态变化特征,其NH4 -N、NO3-N含量均表现为典型草甸小叶章湿地>沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地.两种湿地土壤的净矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化,生物固持作用、反硝化作用以及雨季较多降水是导致净矿化/硝化速率出现负值的主要原因.温度、降水、土壤有机质含量、C/N和pH是引起二者土壤无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率存在明显差异的重要原因.典型草甸小叶章湿地的年净矿化量(19.41kg·hm-2)、年净硝化量(4.27kg·hm-2)以及净硝化量占净矿化量的百分比(22.00%)明显高于沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地(5.51kg·hm-2、0.28kg·hm-2和5.08%),说明前者的氮有效性以及维持可利用氮的能力明显高于后者.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.