山东省引种乌桕的生态适应性分析

山东省引种乌桕的生态适应性分析王华田杨锦（山东农业大学,泰安２７１０１８）（山东日照港务局,２７６８２６）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳａｐｉｕｍｓａｂｉｆｅｒｕｍＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｔｏＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉ...     

生态交错带与生态流

生态交错带与生态流王庆锁（中国农业科学院畜牧研究所,北京１０００９４）冯宗炜罗菊春（中国科学院生态环境中心,１０００８０）（北京林业大学,１０００８３）ＥｃｏｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｌｏｗｓ．ＷａｎｇＱｉｎｇｓｕｏ（ＡｎｉｍａｌＨｕｓ...     

试论湖北省农业发展中的环境问题与对策

试论湖北省农业发展中的环境问题与对策洪班望（湖北省农业生态环境保护站,武汉４３００７０）ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｌｎｅｎｔｏｆＨｕｂｅｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＣｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ￥．ＨｏｎｇＢａｎｗａｎｇ（ＨｕｂｅｉＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎＳｔａｔｉｏｎ,Ｗｕｈａｎ４３００７０）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：５１—５２．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈ,ｄｒｏｕｇｈｔａｎｄｆｌｏｏｄｉｎｇｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉ－ｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎＨｕｂｅｉｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｔａｎｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆ＂ｔａｋｉｎｇａｎｏｖｅｒａｌｌｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｏｔｈｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓａｎｄｐｌａｉｎａｒｅａｓ＂,ｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｆｏｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｈａｒ     

医学上的磁共振成像与激光成像

医学上的磁共振成像与激光成像张新明（华侨大学医院泉州市３６２０１１）关键词磁共振成像激光成像对比分辨率临床应用ＭｅｄｉｃａｌＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃＲｅｓｏｎｃｍｃｅａｎｄＬａｓｅｒＩｍａｇｉｎｇｓＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｍｉｎｇ（ＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌｏｆＨｕａＱｉａｏ...     

水稻内生联合固氮细菌的筛选,鉴定及其分布特性

利用乙炔还原法和固定１５Ｎ２ 活性测定法对分离自水稻（ Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）“越富”种子、根、茎和叶的内生细菌进行了筛选,获得２９ 株具有体外固氮能力的水稻内生联合固氮细菌。鉴定结果表明它们分属于根癌土壤杆菌（ Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ （Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ,放射土壤杆菌（ Ａ． ｒａｄｉｏｂａｃｔｅｒ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ ｅｔ ｖａｎ Ｄｅｌｄｅｎ） Ｃｏｎｎ） ;阴沟肠杆菌（ Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｃｌｏａｃａｅ （Ｊｏｒｄａｎ） Ｈｏｒｍａｅｃｈｅ ｅｔ Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ） ,成团肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｎｓ （Ｂｅｉｊｅｒｉｎｃｋ） Ｅｗｉｎｇ ｅｔ Ｆｉｆｅ） ,坂崎肠杆菌（ Ｅ． ｓａｋａｚａｋｉｉ Ｆａｍｅｒ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ;皮氏产碱菌（ Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｐｉｅｃｈａｕｄｉｉ Ｋｉｒｅｄｊｉａｎ ｅｔ ａｌ．） ,反硝化产碱菌（ Ａ． ｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｎｓ （Ｌｅｉｆｓｏｎ ｅｔ Ｈｕｇｈ） Ｒｕｇｅｒ ｅｔ Ｔａｎ） ;类产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ Ｓｔａｎｉｅｒ） ,产碱假单胞菌（ Ｐ． ａｌｃａｌ     

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量与生理特性的影响陈国林王人民王兆骞（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＩｒｒｉｇａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｅｒｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＹｉｅｌｄａｎｄＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＲｉｃ...     

蒲洼生态系统的规划与分析

蒲洼生态系统的规划与分析徐明（北京市气象局农气中心,１０００８１）ＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＰｕｗａＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｎ．￥ＸｕＭｉｎｇ（ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ,１０００８１）...     

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应

小麦秸秆的生化他感效应马永清,毛仁钊,刘孟雨,刘小京,张玉铭（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＡｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＷｈｅａｔＳｔｒａｗ￥ＭａＹｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ;ＭａｏＲｅｎｚｈａｏ;ＬｉｕＭｅｎｙｕ;ＬｉｕＸｉａｏｊｉｎｇ（ＳｈｉｊｉａｚｈｕａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＭｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,０５００２１）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）;３６－３８。Ｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ－ｗｉｄｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗａｒｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｕａ－ｔｉｏｎｏｎｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｆｒｏｍｉｔｉｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ．ｗｈｉｃｈｗｉｌｌｇｉｖｅａｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｉｎｏｕｒｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ。Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ,ａｌｌｅｌｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓ,ｗｈｅａｔｓｔｒａｗ。     

松滋县发展生态农业的调查与思考

松滋县发展生态农业的调查与思考熊邦卫（湖北省松滋县委宣传部,４３４２００）ＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｏｍｅＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＳｏｎｇｚｉＣｏｕｎｔｙ．...     

生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例

生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例魏斌张霞吴热风（北京大学环境科学中心,１００８７１）ＴｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＤｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｉｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．ＷｅｉＢｉｎ,ＺｈａｎｇＸｉａａｎｄＷｕＲｅｆｅｎｇ...     

不同耕作方式对陇中旱农区春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布及产量的影响

依托陇中旱农区长期的保护性耕作定位试验,对不同耕作方式下春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布特征及作物产量进行研究,以探索耕作措施影响作物产量的机制.结果表明: 随着生育期的推进,春小麦和豌豆的总根长、根表面积呈先增后减的趋势,开花期达到最大;春小麦根系苗期以0～10 cm最多,花期、成熟期10～30 cm最多;而豌豆根系苗期和成熟期均以0～10 cm最多,花期10～30 cm最多.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜增加了根长和根表面积,春小麦和豌豆各生育时期的根长较传统耕作增加了35.9%～92.6%,根表面积增加了43.2%～162.4%.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜优化了春小麦和豌豆根系分布,与传统耕作相比,增加了春小麦和豌豆苗期0～10 cm土层根长和根表面积分布比例,花期和成熟期深层次根系分布也显著增加,免耕秸秆覆盖在开花期30～80 cm土层根长和根表面积的分布比例分别比传统耕作提高了3.3%和9.7%.春小麦各生育期的总根长、根表面积与产量呈显著正相关,豌豆各生育期的总根长与豌豆产量呈极显著正相关.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜较传统耕作春小麦和豌豆产量增加23.4%～38.7%,水分利用效率提高了13.7%～28.5%.在陇中旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜可以增加作物根长和根表面积,优化了根系在土壤中的空间分布,增强作物根层吸收能力,从而提高作物产量和水分高效利用.     

Photosynthesis,root respiration,and grain yield of spring wheat in response to surface soil drying

The aims of this research were to test the influence of surface soil drying on photosynthesis, root respiration and grain yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to evaluate the relationship between root respiration and grain yield. Wheat plants were grown in PVC tubes 120 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter. Three water regimes were employed: (a) all soil layers were irrigated close to field water capacity (CK); (b) upper soil layers (0–40 cm from top) drying (UD); (c) lower soil layer (80–120 cm from top) wet (LW). The results showed that although upper drying treatment maintained the highest root biomass, root respiration and photosynthesis rates at anthesis, the root respiration of the former was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the latter at the jointing stage. There were no differences in water use efficiency or harvest index between plants from the upper drying and well-watered treatment. However, the grain weight for plants in the upper drying treatment was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of in well-watered control. The results suggest that reduced root respiration rate and the amount of photosynthates utilized by root respiration in early season growth may also have contributed to improve crop production under soil drying. Reduced root activity and root respiration rate, in the early growth stage, not only increased the photosynthate use efficiency (root respiration rate: photosynthesis ratio), but also grain yield. Rooting into a deeper wet soil profile before grain filling was crucial for spring wheat to achieve a successful seedling establishment and high grain yield.     

渭北旱塬小麦的耗水特性与抗旱增产措施

本文系根据1981—1982年,作者在陕西省蒲城县建立了33个试验点的实验研究,结果表明：小麦整个生活期的耗水量界于303—476mm之间,每亩产量约为45—333公斤,水分利用效率为0.38—1.15。说明了小麦产量与耗水量或水分利用效率两者之间是密切相关的,而这又和小麦早春再生长以前的幼苗生长率之间成正相关。在非灌溉条件下,小麦的生长与产量显著地依赖于雨季保存在根层的土壤有效水。为了在不同的水分条件下提高旱地小麦生产力,本文介绍了能够促使小麦的根茎向较深的土层发展的措施,以提高抗旱能力。     

全膜微垄沟穴播对春小麦土壤水热环境的影响及其光合和产量效应

减弱春季寒旱生境限制是提高甘肃中东部旱地春小麦产量的关键要素之一。本研究于2016—2018年在甘肃中部半干旱旱作区开展大田试验,以‘陇春35号’为供试品种,设置全膜微垄沟穴播(PRF)、全膜覆土穴播(PMS)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,测定春小麦不同生育期0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量、0～25 cm土壤温度、叶片生物量、叶片叶绿素(SPAD)、光合速率、蒸腾速率和作物产量,从土壤水热-冠层发育-产量角度揭示PRF处理对土壤水热环境、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比,PRF和PMS处理0～25 cm土层的土壤温度在苗期分别提高2.8和2.5 ℃,灌浆-成熟期分别降低1.4和0.9 ℃;0～300 cm土壤贮水量在播前-苗期分别增加59.7和41.8 mm;0～300 cm耗水量在苗期-灌浆期分别提高46.1和39.8 mm。与PMS处理相比,PRF处理的小麦苗期温度提高0.3 ℃,灌浆-成熟期降低0.5 ℃;播前-苗期0～300 cm土壤贮水量增加18.0 mm,拔节-成熟期耗水量提高13.0 mm。基于对土壤水热条件的优化,PRF和PMS处理的叶片生物量、SPAD值、苗期-灌浆期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率均显著高于CK,且PRF处理均显著高于PMS处理。PRF处理比PMS处理和CK分别增产9.1%和36.5%,WUE分别提高5.9%和30.8%。因此,PRF处理能提高苗期地温,降低灌浆-成熟期地温,促进春小麦苗期-灌浆期的耗水,提高了春小麦叶片SPAD值和生物量,增强春小麦苗期-灌浆期旗叶的光合功能,从而实现增产和水分高效利用,而且这一优势在欠水年份(2016和2017年)更加明显。     

Density, distribution and dispersal of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis in two adjacent cereal fields

The distribution of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis was monitored in the summer during a period of declining activity associated with aestivation in a hedgerow. After emergence from aestivation, population density, distribution and dispersal of N. brevicollis were studied during autumn 1994 in a mark‐recapture experiment. 3560 beetles were marked and 1887 were recaptured in a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 32 m either side into two recently harvested cereal fields. Population size, estimated from a Lincoln index, increased slightly with time with a mean population density of approximately 0.9 beetles m^?2. Activity‐density varied during the experiment and was significantly related to maximum temperature. The population was aggregated within the hedgerow during aestivation and in several spatially stable hot‐spots of activity‐density within the field during autumn. There was considerable movement within fields but the hedgerow was a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with potential effects on the metapopulation structure of the species.     

土壤水分亏缺对春小麦根系干物质累积和分配的影响

在人工气候室中进行实验,实施光、温自动控制,研究了土壤水分对春小麦根系干物质积累和分配的影响,３个处理是春小科整个生长发育期内土壤水分分别控制在田间持水量的３０％,６０％,９０％,实验结果表明,在四叶一心－抽穗开花期间,３个处理气孔阻力逐渐降低,光合速率蒸腾速度逐渐上升,其中,中等水分条件下蒸腾速率明显低于充分供水,而光合速率则接近或显著高于是。抽一开花期,下层以根长,根竽中等水分处理显著高于其余     

黄土高原土壤水分变化的时空特征分析

对晋西北砖窑沟流域荒地7年土壤水分定位观测表明,生长期土壤水分动态主要受降水量及其分配的影响．一般年份生长期土壤水分动态可分为3个时段：1)春末夏初土壤水分消耗期;2)夏末秋初土壤水分蓄积期和3)秋末冬初土壤水分消耗期．0-300cm土层水分含量的季节变化与测定序号的关系方程为：1)直线型(1988,1990),2)指数型(1992,1995)和3)抛物线型(1993)．以150cm为界,下部土壤水分与上部的比大于1．不同降水年土壤湿度与土层深度的关系方程均为三次抛物线型．土壤水分的变异系数随深度的增加而减小．0-300cm内的土壤水分剖面可分为活跃层(200cm以上)、过渡层(200-250cm)和稳定层(250cm以下)．各层深度随降水量及其分配的不同而变化．不同降水年荒地土壤水分的方差分析总体差异显著,但各组间的均值配对比较结果不同．特涝年的荒地土壤水分与其它年份差异均显著．荒地与柠条林地的土壤水分差异显著,但与河北杨林地和小叶杨林地的土壤水分差异不显著．本文采用的定量研究方法有助于黄土高原不同地区和不同植被条件下土壤水分的定量比较．     

有限灌溉对半干旱区春小麦根系发育的影响

 对半干旱区旱地春小麦(Triticum aestivum)的有限灌溉试验表明,苗期灌溉显著减少春小麦三叶期—抽穗期总根量和根密度,并促使开花期根系的良好更新和下扎,明显提高春小麦水分利用效率和籽粒产量。苗期水分胁迫则导致春小麦生长前期根系过大,影响地上部分的生长并加重土壤水分的亏缺,籽粒产量严重下降。     

Wireworm populations in relation to crop production: I. A large-scale flotation method for extracting wireworms from soil samples and results from a survey of 600 fields

The wireworm survey in the Eastern Counties revealed many cases where the observed wireworm damage failed to correspond with the estimated field population. A possible explanation for this was the inaccuracy of counts made by picking wireworms out of the soil samples by hand. Tests showed that such methods recovered an extremely variable proportion of the wireworms in the- samples and, on the average, only two-fifths of the larvae were obtained. A modified form of the washing and flotation technique used by Salt & Hollick (1944) was introduced for large-scale work and is described. By this method, ten samples of soil (4 in. diam. and 6 in. deep) bulked together are examined at a time and can be dealt with at the rate of 13 samples per man per hour with an efficiency of 95-100% in the extraction of wireworms. The populations estimated on 600 fields sampled between December 1942 and May 1943 have thrown more light on the size and composition of the wireworm population in grass and arable fields. Inspection of the crop results on fields tested by the washing process showed a much closer relationship between wireworm population and wireworm damage than had been obtained by the hand-sorting method in the previous year.     

An investigation inot the use of multiple site characteristics to predict the presence and infestation level of wireworms (Agriotes sup., Coleoptera: Elateridae) in individual grass fields

Sixty-two grass fields were sampled in England and Wales over a three year period to assess the level of wireworm population present. Data on site-specific variables including soil physical characteristics, grass duration, grass genera diversity and other abiotic factors such as field aspect, altitude, and meteorological parameters were abiotic factors such as field aspect, altitude, and meteorological parameters were collected at each site. Only grass duration and soil bulk density showed any association with wireworm infestation stauts when considered as single variates. Data from a sub-set of 41 fields were used to develop a series of multi-variate discriminant rules to predit wireworm presence/absece in individual fields. These were vaildated using data from the remaining 21 fields. In general, the rules tended to over-estimate the number of wireworm-infested fields by misclassifying uninfested fields as infestes. Multivariate models to predict wireworm populaiton levels in infested fields were also developed using multiple and generalised linear regression. The predictive accuracy of these was poor. Neither the population prediciton models nor the presence/absence rulses accounted fully for the large inte-field variation in wireworm infestation status.