内蒙古呼和浩特市发现青头潜鸭

<正>2017年5月18日,笔者调查鄂尔多斯高原遗鸥Larus relictus种群繁殖分布时,在内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市土默特左旗袄太湿地(111°23'45″E,40°40'32″N)观察到2只疑似青头潜鸭。用Kowa单筒望远镜(TSN-883,FL 20×60)观察,佳能EOS 5D和100~400 mm变焦镜头,佳能Power Shot SX60HS光学变焦相机拍照(图1),确定为青头潜鸭Aythya baeri。该湿地面积约4.5 km~2,为工业生产和生活污水汇集而成,水     

不同天气条件下青头潜鸭越冬期行为的响应模式

2018年11—12月在河南民权国家湿地公园,采用定点观察法、扫描取样法对越冬青头潜鸭在不同天气条件下的行为响应模式进行研究。结果表明: 在晴天,静息、飞行、运动是青头潜鸭越冬期的优势行为(65.5%),觅食、修整是次要行为(31.9%);行为节律表现为上午觅食、中午静息、下午觅食修整;飞行通常发生在觅食高峰前,运动行为多与其他行为相伴,其时间分配与觅食呈正响应,与静息呈负响应。相较于晴天,阴雨天青头潜鸭增加了对静息和觅食的时间分配,静息、觅食和运动为阴雨天的主要行为(76.5%),修整、飞行为次要行为(20.3%);觅食和静息的高峰时段后移,傍晚时达到高峰,飞行和修整时间显著减少。与晴天相比,雾霭天青头潜鸭静息、觅食、运动和修整的时间分配增加,飞行行为减少;觅食高峰后移至中午和下午,静息高峰后移至下午;静息、运动和觅食为雾霭天的优势行为(70.6%),修整和飞行为次要行为(27.5%)。研究表明,不同天气条件下,民权湿地公园青头潜鸭的越冬期行为在时间分配、行为节律、优势行为方面存在一定的响应;阴雨天和雾霭天青头潜鸭会分配更多的静息和觅食时间,并通过增加能量摄入和减少耗能行为应对恶劣天气。     

河南民权湿地公园青头潜鸭越冬行为模式及性别差异

为了更深入地了解青头潜鸭的越冬行为模式及性别差异,以期为后续青头潜鸭的保护管理提供科学的理论参考,2018年11-12月采用定点观察法、扫描取样法等方法,对河南民权国家湿地公园越冬期青头潜鸭的越冬行为模式及性别差异进行了观察分析。观察期间共记录到青头潜鸭158只,超过全球种群数量1000只的10%。分析结果表明：（1）民权湿地公园,青头潜鸭越冬期行为时间分配以静息、觅食和运动三类行为为主,其次是修整和飞行两类行为;运动行为与觅食、修整、社会等行为之间呈极显著正相关,修整行为与社会行为之间呈极显著正相关,静息行为与修整、运动、社会等行为之间呈极显著负相关,飞行行为与觅食、静息、修整等行为之间呈极显著负相关;（2）静息行为具有全时段高时间分配的特征,不存在峰期和谷期;觅食行为（峰期为10：30-11：30、13：30-14：30,谷期为11：30-12：30、14：30-15：30）和飞行行为（峰期为11：30-12：30、14：30-15：30,谷期为10：30-11：30、13：30-14：30、15：30-16：30）具有明显的错峰式节律;（3）不同性别青头潜鸭越冬行为时间分配存有差异,其中静息、觅食、运动是雄性青头潜鸭主要行为类别（超过70%）,雌性青头潜鸭的主要行为为运动、飞行、觅食（接近70%）;雌雄青头潜鸭在静息、修整、运动和飞行四类行为时间分配方面存在显著性差异,雄性的静息、修整行为的时间分配极显著高于雌性,而运动、飞行行为的时间分配极显著低于雌性;（4）不同性别青头潜鸭越冬行为活动节律方面,除飞行行为外,其余行为均在行为峰期与谷期节律方面存有差异。进一步分析表明：民权湿地公园青头潜鸭越冬行为模式符合行为投资与收益的能量学理论,越冬行为模式在行为时间分配和行为节律方面存在性别差异。     

极危物种青头潜鸭在安徽滁州市池杉湖湿地公园繁殖记录

正青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)又名青头鸭,属鸭科潜鸭属。近年来,其野外种群数量急剧减少,全球个体数量不超过1 000只,因此被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)列为极危物种(CR)(BirdLife International 2017)。据文献记载,青头潜鸭在俄罗斯远东和中国东北部的黑龙江和乌苏里江流域繁殖(Chowdhury et al. 2012, Wang et al. 2012),     

陕西省青头潜鸭的分布现状

青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)是世界极危级物种(CR),目前全球数量不足1 000只,中国是其主要分布地。结合近年野外实地观察,对青头潜鸭在陕西省的分布状况进行了总结。2017至2021年青头潜鸭见于陕西省西安市浐灞生态保护区雁鸣湖、韩城市潘庄、榆林市红碱淖国家级自然保护区、凤翔县东风水库、西安市未央区天玑湖、华阴市罗敷湖和宝鸡市千渭之会湿地。目前青头潜鸭在陕西省的分布地仅在秦岭以北的渭河流域、黄河中游湿地和北部的榆林长城风沙区。首次发现青头潜鸭在陕西榆林刘家海子内进行繁殖。这是迄今为止所发现陕西省境内青头潜鸭繁殖的唯一记录,为青头潜鸭的保护与研究提供了基础资料。     

越冬青头潜鸭的栖息地利用和行为时间分配

青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)是世界极危级(CR)物种,2018年至今在河南民权黄河故道国家湿地公园均调查到稳定的青头潜鸭越冬种群。研究青头潜鸭对不同栖息地的利用方式及所受干扰有利于该物种的保护管理。本研究分析了越冬期不同栖息地及不同性别青头潜鸭的行为时间分配差异,以及人为干扰对青头潜鸭活动的影响。2020年12月采用焦点取样法对河南民权黄河故道国家湿地公园内青头潜鸭进行行为观察,按照青头潜鸭对栖息地的利用率,将其栖息地类型分为池塘、大水面荷塘和开阔水域。使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及t检验比较不同栖息地及性别间差异的显著性。青头潜鸭的主要行为是休息(44.4%)和觅食(34.2%),且在不同栖息地存在显著差异。池塘中的觅食行为占比(50.1%)显著高于大水面荷塘和开阔水域;大水面荷塘中的休息行为占比(63.1%)显著高于池塘和开阔水域。雌雄之间存在一定的行为差异,雌性觅食时间高于雄性,整理行为时间低于雄性,这种差异受栖息地的影响。三种类型栖息地均存在不同程度的人为干扰,池塘中所受干扰程度最高,主要干扰源为钓鱼、行人和施工,荷塘和开阔水域主要干扰为打渔船。本研究表明,对于越冬期的青头潜鸭,池塘是重要觅食地,荷塘可作为躲避干扰的休息场所,开阔水域可作为稳定的觅食栖息场所。对青头潜鸭的保护应考虑到不同栖息地的生态作用,以及青头潜鸭对不同干扰的容忍度,采取相应措施开展保护行动。     

宁夏六盘山发现乌鸫

正2011年5月6日,在甘肃省平凉市崆峒区柳湖公园(35°32′46″N,106°40′10″E,海拔1 294 m)内发现乌鸫(Turdusmerula)繁殖巢一个,巢营于一高大柳树上,巢距地面高4.2m,巢中4只雏鸟即将出飞。2016年5月15日,在宁夏回族自治区隆德县十八里铺村(35°61′02″N,106°06′91″E,海拔1 987 m)发现并记录到乌鸫雄性个体1只,生活环境为村庄。2018年5月25日,在该县黄家峡村(35°63′48″N,106°19′86″E,海拔223 0 m),     

两种潜鸭不完全巢寄生行为

人们在对美洲潜鸭(Aythya americana)的研究中发现:尽管美洲潜鸭自行筑巢产卵繁殖,但也常常将卵产于其它鸭类的巢中,使之代为孵卵育雏,这种现象被称之为不完全的巢寄生行为。红头潜鸭(Aythya ferina),青头潜鸭(Aythya baeri)和美洲潜鸭同属雁形目鸭科潜鸭属,繁殖于我国的红头潜鸭和青头潜鸭是否和美洲潜鸭一样也具有不完全的巢寄生行为,未见报道。作者于1988年全年及1989年上半年在向海国家级自然保护区进行了观察,发现在向海繁殖的红头潜鸭和青头潜鸭均具有不完全的巢寄生行为。巢寄生分为种间巢寄生和种内巢寄生两类。 种间巢寄生共发现16巢,见表1和表2。     

重庆市鸟类新纪录——家八哥

2010年4月14日,重庆清华中学寻禽记观鸟会在重庆市巴南区的清华自然保护小区缓冲区南观景台(106°32′11″E,29°27′22″N,海拔200 m)附近发现1对偏褐色八哥,1只在樟树上鸣叫,1只在水沟饮水;次日在核心区罗家湾林区(106°32′9″E,29°27′28″N,海拔190 m)又听见其鸣叫声.经鉴定为重庆市鸟类新纪录--家八哥Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766).     

粗毛肉果草青藏高原新分布

报道了青藏高原通泉草科(Mazaceae)肉果草属(Lancea)粗毛肉果草(Lancea hirsuta Bonati)新分布。该种分布于西藏八宿县(30°12′3.8″N,97°16′48″E)、西藏林周县(30°4′58.8″N,91°16′48″E)、西藏当雄县(30°32′24″N,91°20′24″E)和青海杂多县(33°4′48″N,95°9′36″E),该次发现将中国该种自然分布区扩大到西藏、青海等地,海拔分布也增加至4 300m。凭证标本现存于中国科学院青藏高原生物标本馆(HNWP)。     

Pathogenicity of the Lesion Nematode,Pratylenchus brachyurus,on Six Soybean Cultivars

Pathogenicity tests of Pratylenchus brachyurus on selected greenhouse-grown soybean cultivars indicated the nematode reduced seed yield of ''Hood'' but not that of ''Custer'', ''Bragg'', ''Dyer'', or ''Pickett''. Root weights of all cultivars were reduced. Damage and numbers of nematodes within soybean roots growing at 13, 21, and 29 C were greater at higher temperatures. At 29 C, root pruning was prominent in ''Hood'' and ''Pickett'' but limited in ''Custer'' and ''Hill''. Root pruning was not observed at 13 C and only ''Pickett'' showed pruning at 21 C. Plant height and foliage weight were not affected. P. brachyurus had no effect on the emergence of ''Pickett'' or ''Bragg'' soybeans. Nematode counts from roots of ''Pickett'' at intervals after inoculation indicated that hatching of second generation second-stage larvae occurred about 15 days after egg laying. An average of 68% of the initial inoculum penetrated the roots within five days of inoculation, the highest observed was 81% in five days. Details of structural damage in penetrated tissues were studied in sectioned roots. In soybean roots infected by P. brachyurus and/or Rhizoctonia solani greater damage occurred with nematode and fungus combined than with either acting alone.     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

Index,Vol. 34, 1999

To investigate whether similar physiognomic areas support similar faunas, the richness, similarity, and community structure of the ant fauna attracted to baits in an area of the Brazilian Cerrado sensu stricto at the core of the domain and in two Cerrado 'islands' (one of sensu stricto and another of 'cerradão') were compared. In each locality, four collecting events were performed (two during the day and two at night) capturing ants attracted to 400 sardine baits (200 in soil, 200 in vegetation). Ants of six subfamilies, 33 genera, and 121 species were identified visiting baits in the three areas (180 species estimated). The most speciose genera were Camponotus (27 species), Pheidole (13), Solenopsis (11), and Crematogaster (8). The similarity values between pair sites can be considered medium in relation to other studies. The highest value was recorded for the core area and the 'island' of Cerrado sensu stricto (Morisita-Horn = 0.57). The two Cerrado 'islands' were found to be 0.44 similar and the core area and the 'cerradão' 0.41 similar. The ordination analysis (non-metric multidimensional scaling) revealed discontinuities in species distributions between areas of Cerrado sensu stricto and 'cerradão,' and distinctive ant faunas relative to the temporal (nocturnal and diurnal) and foraging niches (ground and vegetation). The ant fauna at ground level in the 'cerradão' and Cerrado sensu stricto showed the greatest dissimilarity. The data suggest that areas of Cerrado are characterized by relatively high local ant fauna richness, and that community structure is influenced by the distance between sites and the diversity of vegetation.     

Freshwater Crustacea (Cladocera,Copepoda) of Iceland: taxonomy,ecology, and biogeography

Of the many types of freshwater bodies across Iceland (e.g., lakes, springs, rivers, and ponds), greater effort has been invested in researching the freshwater Crustacea (Cladocera, Copepoda) of more permanent, larger, and deeper water bodies than on smaller or more ephemeral sites. To address this, we described the fauna of 12 shallow freshwater bodies distributed from the coast to the central highlands of Iceland. We identified 16 species in 11 genera belonging to six families of Cladocera, and 12 species in eight genera belonging to four families of Copepoda. Five of the species we identified (Alona werestschagini, Cyclops vicinus, Daphnia cristata, Diacyclops abyssicola, and Heterocope borealis) represent new distribution records for Iceland, increasing the number of species now known from this region to 34 Cladocera and 38 Copepoda taxa. Additionally, we discuss the taxonomy of some species with doubtful taxonomical status. Six crustacean taxocenes are described, each characterized by the dominance of different taxa, with bottom sediment characteristics best explaining species assemblage structure. We evaluated the relationships between Icelandic Cladocera and Copepoda faunas and those of the adjacent Svalbard, Faroe, and Shetland Islands, Greenland, and the mainland Norway. The taxonomic composition of the Icelandic fauna is dominated by widely distributed Holarctic, and secondarily Palaearctic and Nearctic species, and is more similar to the faunas of the major North Atlantic islands (64.2–71.8 % similarity) than it is to that of continental Norway.     

江苏连云港发现长嘴海雀

正长嘴海雀(Brachyramphus perdix)属于鸻形目海雀科(Alcidae)(郑光美2011,2012),原被认为是斑海雀(B.marmoratus)的两个亚种之一(郑作新1987)。这两个亚种后被提升为两个独立的种,其中,北美种——斑海雀(B.marmoratus,英文名Marbled Murrelet)繁殖于美国加利福尼亚到阿留申群岛,亚洲种——长嘴海雀(B.perdix,英文名Long-billed Murrelet)繁殖于日本鄂霍次克海到俄罗斯的堪察加半岛(Friesen et al.1996),这种新     

The Herbarium of Wesleyan University,Middletown, Connecticut

In 1981 the Herbarium of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut (WECO) was donated to the New York Botanical Garden (NY). We present here an index to the collectors and a list of the verified types in the WECO Herbarium.     

Ecological survey of the night monkey,Aotus trivirgatus,in Formosa Province,Argentina

Transect surveys were carried out in northern Argentina during October and November 1977 in order to determine the distribution and abundance ofAotus trivirgatus. The monkeys were seen in pairs with one to two recent young and occurred at a density of approximately six family groups/km².Aotus was only found in relatively moist, riparian, low forests. Some life history traits, such as diurnal activity and the lack of tree-hole use, are distinctive compared to more northern populations.     

Chimpanzees of Sapo Forest,Liberia: Density,nests, tools and meat-eating

Two months were spent surveying for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Sapo Forest, eastern Liberia. The population density, as estimated from the number of nests found on transects, appears lower than that in other forest sites. Nests were more similar to those of other forest-living chimpanzees than of a savannah population. Most nests were found in areas of primary forest. Evidence was found of the chimpanzees using stones as hammers to break open four species of nut; there may be differences in materials and techniques used in this behaviour between Sapo chimpanzees and those in Tai Forest, Ivory Coast. Analysis of faeces revealed that Sapo chimpanzees eat meat.     

Isolated faecal bacterial communities found for Weddell seals,Leptonychotes weddellii,at White Island,McMurdo Sound,Antarctica

The microbial diversity of faecal communities co-existing with mega fauna is not well understood even though these faecal communities are critical for health and development. Additionally, the transfer of microbial taxa among host animals is little studied. Here, we used 16S sequences obtained from clone libraries to characterise the faecal microbiota of Weddell seals breeding in McMurdo Sound and at White Island, Antarctica. Faecal bacterial communities were dominated by four phyla; Actinobacteria (20 %), Bacteroidetes (13 %), Firmicutes (23 %), and Proteobacteria (13 %). We also used automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis to examine the dispersal of bacteria between populations of Weddell seals breeding at White Island and in McMurdo Sound. The Weddell seals at White Island are isolated by the Ross Ice Shelf from the larger population of Weddell seals breeding in McMurdo Sound. We found that the faecal bacteria communities of the seals at White Island had lower diversity and that the community composition was significantly different compared with the seals in the McMurdo Sound area.     

New species of Rubiaceae from French Guiana,Brazil, and Colombia

Collections from French Guiana, Amazonian Brazil, and Colombia taken in the last 20 years include new species in the following genera:Duroia, Pagamea, Psychotria, Randia, Retiniphyllum, Rudgea, Sabicea, Sipanea, andSphinctanthus. Twenty-one new species are described and five are illustrated.