广西中粮20万吨/年木薯燃料乙醇净能量分析

广西中粮20万吨/年木薯燃料乙醇装置建成后经历多次工艺改造,为了评估广西装置的能量投入/产出,利用国内已有的全生命周期模型进行了净能量分析。计算结果表明,广西装置的净能量为9.56 MJ/L乙醇。其中乙醇转化环节的能量投入占总能量投入的51.3%,而其中精馏工序仅蒸汽消耗即占乙醇转化总能耗的61.5%。副产品提供的能量可补偿5.03 MJ/L乙醇。因此,原料的综合利用是广西装置提高能源利用效率的重要措施,精馏工序的节能改造对净能量具有重要影响。最后展望了木薯燃料乙醇的发展前景。     

生物质的综合利用技术在燃料乙醇产业中的应用

概述了燃料乙醇生产的生物质及其特点,重点阐述了小麦、玉米等原料生产乙醇的综合开发技术,并对甘蔗和木薯为原料生产燃料乙醇进行了经济性评价。     

木薯纤维素乙醇发酵的纤维素酶成本评价

木薯中的纤维素成分约占木薯干重的10％(W/W).文中以木薯燃料乙醇生产的木薯纤维素酒渣为原料,从纤维素酶成本角度评估了三种利用木薯纤维素组分发酵生产乙醇的方法,包括木薯纤维素酒渣的直接糖化和乙醇发酵、木薯纤维素酒渣预处理后的糖化与乙醇发酵、木薯乙醇发酵中同步淀粉与纤维素糖化以及乙醇发酵.结果表明,前两种方法的纤维素利用效率不高,酶成本分别达到13602、11659元/吨乙醇.第三种方法,即在木薯乙醇发酵过程同时加入糖化酶和纤维素酶,进行同步淀粉与纤维素糖化,进而进行乙醇发酵,木薯纤维素乙醇的收益最高.发酵结束时的乙醇浓度从101.5g/L提高到107.0g/L,纤维素酶成本为3 589元/吨乙醇.此方法利用木薯纤维素与木薯淀粉同时进行,不会带来额外的设备及操作投入,酶成本低于产品乙醇价格,可实现盈利,因此第三种方法为木薯纤维用于乙醇发酵的最适方法,本研究结果将为木薯乙醇产业深度利用木薯纤维提供依据.     

中国与韩国计划合作开发新型生物乙醇燃料

韩国来比来产业发展公司与北京理想空间科技发展有限公司组建了北京巴奥燃料技术有限公司。该公司将以木薯等生物质资源为原料生产乙醇掺烧比例可高达85％的新型生物燃料,并与中国相关企业及地方政府达成了产品生产及原料培育等合作意向。     

中国木薯乙醇的资源潜力及其空间分布

利用气候、土壤、地形和土壤等数据,运用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析功能,分析了中国木薯乙醇的分布生产潜力及空间分布.结果表明:中国适宜木薯分布的区域主要在广西、广东、福建、云南、江西和海南等广大南部地区,这些地区的木薯乙醇生产潜力也最高;适宜木薯种植的未利用地面积较少,仅有1.53×104hm2,其乙醇生产潜力仅能满足目前中国E10汽油约1.0%的乙醇需求量;要满足中国目前E10汽油的全部乙醇需求,需要扩大目前木薯总种植耕地面积的4.4～5.7倍,而中国的粮食安全需求则限制了该目标的实现;中国木薯乙醇满足未来生物乙醇的需求前景不容乐观,中国木薯乙醇企业的发展规划要充分考虑原料的可获性,切不可盲目扩大生产.     

燃料乙醇非粮化——我国发展纤维乙醇的挑战与对策

在分析国内外燃料乙醇发展状况的基础上阐述了以非粮原料木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的重要性,着重论述了发展纤维素燃料乙醇所面临的发展机遇和技术挑战,同时对我国纤维乙醇的产业化发展提出了建议。     

燃料乙醇的发展现状分析及前景展望

随着社会经济的高速发展,化石燃料不断消耗及其使用过程所带来的能源短缺、环境污染等问题日益凸显,寻找新的绿色可再生替代能源迫在眉睫。燃料乙醇作为资源丰富、积炭少、可减排温室气体及使用方便的优良燃油品质改善剂及清洁可再生能源,已成为国内外关注并推广使用的绿色燃料。主要对燃料乙醇生产技术的发展进行了综述,重点对燃料乙醇发展历程中各阶段乙醇生产的原料来源、工艺技术进行了论述,讨论了各代燃料乙醇生产过程中所遇到的瓶颈问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。目前,燃料乙醇的生产技术主要经历了三代发展,第一代以玉米等糖质和淀粉质粮食作物为原料的乙醇发酵已经实现商业化生产,虽然工艺成熟,但存在粮食安全问题;第二代以农作物秸秆等废弃植物纤维为原料的乙醇生产目前已具备产业化示范条件,其原料来源广泛,转化技术不断提高,最有发展前景;第三代以藻类等绿色植物为原料的燃料乙醇正处于研发阶段,是未来发展的希望。在燃料乙醇生产技术发展过程论述的基础上,讨论了目前其主要技术瓶颈及发展趋势,旨在为燃料乙醇生产的产业化、经济化及可持续化发展提供相关的理论依据。     

木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的工艺优化

为了实现生料发酵更好的应用,考察料水比、发酵温度、氮源及接种量等因素对木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的影响,并通过正交试验分析主要因素之间的相互作用。结果表明:木薯生料发酵产燃料乙醇的最佳条件为料水比1∶2.0,活性干酵母接种量0.15%(质量分数),发酵温度32℃,发酵周期120 h,尿素添加量0.20%(质量分数)。在最佳条件下,发酵得到的燃料乙醇的酒精度可达到15.12%(体积分数)。本实验为高效利用木薯生料发酵生产燃料乙醇的工业化生产提供了重要参数。     

木薯渣复合基质在辣椒穴盘育苗上的应用效果

为了综合利用木薯渣废弃资源,本研究以木薯渣作为基本原料,辅以不同比例的蔗渣、菌糠等,配制成9个配方的木薯渣复合基质,并进行理化性状分析和辣椒穴盘育苗试验。试验结果表明,绝大部分复合基质的容重、pH、C/N、电导率和大小孔隙比均在优良无土栽培基质要求的范围内;其中,复合基质配方2(67%木薯渣+5%蔗渣)、配方7(62%木薯渣+10%菌糠)和配方9(42%木薯渣+30%菌糠)对辣椒穴盘育苗的效果最好,所对应的辣椒苗的株高、地上部鲜重和根鲜重均比其它基质配方高,辣椒苗根部结团效果亦较好。因此,利用木薯渣可以合成复合基质用于辣椒的无土栽培穴盘育苗,该研究结果将为木薯渣废弃资源的再利用提供了一条新的途径。     

生物燃料乙醇发展现状、问题与政策建议

生物燃料乙醇是可再生能源的重要组成部分,在替代能源、改善环境,促进农业产业化,实现农业增效、农民增收等方面具有重要作用。目前,我国生物燃料乙醇产业发展还处于起步阶段,其发展尚面临诸多困难和问题。需要坚持非粮为主,鼓励原料多元化;坚持市场化运作,敞开收购生物燃料乙醇;利用好国内国外两个市场、两种资源;制定并实施生物燃料乙醇发展规划;加强生物燃料技术研发和产业体系建设;加强部门之间配合,创造良好的市场环境。     

Emergy analysis of cassava chips-suitable feedstock for fuel ethanol in China

The theory and indices of Odum's concept of emergy are explained. The environmental and economic inputs and sustainability of cassava chips production system are evaluated by emergy methodology. The emergy indices of cassava chips production system were calculated as follows: Tr (transformity) was 6.85E + 11 sej/kg, EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 1.11, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 1.75, EIR (emergy investment ratio) was 9.33, and ESI (emergy sustainability indice) was 0.63. The emergy indices of four kinds of feedstock for fuel ethanol—corn, wheat, sugarcane, and cassava chips—were compared. Least solar energy was consumed when taking cassava chips as feedstock for fuel ethanol. According to the emergy indices, using cassava chips as the feedstock of fuel ethanol is helpful for sustainable development in China.     

燃料乙醇制造的“零能耗零污染”趋势

酒精蒸馏废液有充足的非淀粉生物质可供沼气转化,沼液营养丰富可作酵母发酵工艺用水。通过酒精高浓度发酵、沼气高效转化、沼气热电联产、差压蒸馏、环形过程工艺等产能、节能、无废技术的研发和集成,将最终完成木薯原料燃料酒精制造向“零能耗、零污染”生产技术的转型。     

Direct fermentation of raw starch using a Kluyveromyces marxianus strain that expresses glucoamylase and Alpha‐amylase to produce ethanol

Raw starch and raw cassava tuber powder were directly and efficiently fermented at elevated temperatures to produce ethanol using the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus that expresses α‐amylase from Aspergillus oryzae as well as α‐amylase and glucoamylase from Debaryomyces occidentalis. Among the constructed K. marxianus strains, YRL 009 had the highest efficiency in direct starch fermentation. Raw starch from corn, potato, cassava, or wheat can be fermented at temperatures higher than 40°C. At the optimal fermentation temperature 42°C, YRL 009 produced 66.52 g/L ethanol from 200 g/L cassava starch, which was the highest production among the selected raw starches. This production increased to 79.75 g/L ethanol with a 78.3% theoretical yield (with all cassava starch were consumed) from raw cassava starch at higher initial cell densities. Fermentation was also carried out at 45 and 48°C. By using 200 g/L raw cassava starch, 137.11 and 87.71 g/L sugar were consumed with 55.36 and 32.16 g/L ethanol produced, respectively. Furthermore, this strain could directly ferment 200 g/L nonsterile raw cassava tuber powder (containing 178.52 g/L cassava starch) without additional nutritional supplements to produce 69.73 g/L ethanol by consuming 166.07 g/L sugar at 42°C. YRL 009, which has consolidated bioprocessing ability, is the best strain for fermenting starches at elevated temperatures that has been reported to date. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:338–347, 2014     

Could biofuel development stress China's water resources?

Concerns over energy shortages and global climate change have stimulated developments toward renewable energy. Biofuels have been developed to replace fossil fuels to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and other environmental impacts. However, food security and water scarcity are other growing concerns, and the increased production of biofuels may increase these problems. This study focuses on whether biofuel development would stress China's water resources. Cassava‐based fuel ethanol and sweet sorghum‐based fuel ethanol are the focus of this study because they are the most typical nongrain biofuels in China. The spatial distribution of the total water requirement of fuel ethanol over its life cycle process was simulated using a biophysical biogeochemical model and marginal land as one of the types of input data for the model to avoid impacts on food security. The total water requirement of fuel ethanol was then compared with the spatial distribution of water resources, and the influence of the development of fuel ethanol on water resources at the pixel and river basin region scales was analyzed. The result showed that the total water requirement of fuel ethanol ranges from 37.81 to 862.29 mm. However, considering water resource restrictions, not all of the marginal land is suitable for the development of fuel ethanol. Approximately 0.664 million km² of marginal land is suitable for the development of fuel ethanol, most of which is located in the south of China, where water resources are plentiful. For these areas, the value of fuel ethanol's water footprint ranges from 0.05 to 11.90 m³ MJ^?1. From the water point of view, Liaoning province, Guizhou province, Anhui province and Hunan province can be given priority for the development of fuel ethanol.     

Life cycle cost analysis of fuel ethanol produced from cassava in Thailand

Background, aim, and scope

As a net oil importer, Thailand has a special interest in the development of biofuels, especially ethanol. At present, ethanol in the country is mainly a fermentation/distillery product of cane molasses, but cassava holds superior potential for the fuel. This study aims to assess the economics of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel in Thailand. The scope of the study includes the cassava cultivation/processing, the conversion to ethanol, the distribution of the fuel, and all transportation activities taking place within the system boundary.

Materials and methods

The life cycle cost assessment carried out follows three interrelated phases: data inventory, data analysis, and interpretation. The functional unit for the comparison between ethanol and gasoline is the specific distance that a car can travel on 1 L ethanol in the form of E10, a 10% ethanol blend in gasoline.

Results

The results of the analysis show, despite low raw material cost compared to molasses and cane-based ethanol, that cassava ethanol is still more costly than gasoline. This high cost has put an economic barrier to commercial application, leading to different opinions about government support for ethanol in the forms of tax incentives and subsidies.

Discussion

Overall, feedstock cost tends to govern ethanol’s production cost, thus, making itself and its 10% blend in gasoline less competitive than gasoline for the specific conditions considered. However, this situation can also be improved by appropriate measures, as discussed later.

Conclusions

To make ethanol cost-competitive with gasoline, the first possible measure is a combination of increasing crop yield and decreasing farming costs (chemical purchase and application, planting, and land preparation) so as to make a 47% reduction in the cost per tonne of cassava. This is modeled by a sensitivity analysis for the cost in the farming phase. In the industrial phase of the fuel production cycle, utilization of co-products and substitution of rice husk for bunker oil as process energy tend to reduce 62% of the price gap between ethanol and gasoline. The remaining 38% price gap can be eliminated with a 16% cut of raw material (cassava) cost, which is more practical than a 47% where no savings options in ethanol conversion phase are taken into account.

Recommendations and perspectives

The life cycle cost analysis helps identify the key areas in the ethanol production cycle where changes are required to improve cost performance. Including social aspects in an LCC analysis may make the results more favorable for ethanol.     

Direct ethanol production from cassava pulp using a surface-engineered yeast strain co-displaying two amylases, two cellulases, and β-glucosidase

In order to develop a method for producing fuel ethanol from cassava pulp using cell surface engineering (arming) technology, an arming yeast co-displaying α-amylase (α-AM), glucoamylase, endoglucanase, cellobiohydrase, and β-glucosidase on the surface of the yeast cells was constructed. The novel yeast strain, possessing the activities of all enzymes, was able to produce ethanol directly from soluble starch, barley β-glucan, and acid-treated Avicel. Cassava is a major crop in Southeast Asia and used mainly for starch production. In the starch manufacturing process, large amounts of solid wastes, called cassava pulp, are produced. The major components of cassava pulp are starch (approximately 60%) and cellulose fiber (approximately 30%). We attempted simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation of cassava pulp with this arming yeast. During fermentation, ethanol concentration increased as the starch and cellulose fiber substrates contained in the cassava pulp decreased. The results clearly showed that the arming yeast was able to produce ethanol directly from cassava pulp without addition of any hydrolytic enzymes.     

能源木薯高淀粉抗逆分子育种研究进展与展望

木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)是全球重要的粮食作物,也是我国非粮生物质能源发展的主要原材料。长期以来,传统杂交育种是木薯新品种培育的主要手段。随着全球生态的变化和木薯产业发展的推进,需要加速培育抗逆能力强、高淀粉的木薯新品种,因此,利用基因工程针对特定性状开展品种创新表现出巨大的潜力。随着组学技术的发展,在木薯基础研究领域,特别是针对储藏根发育、淀粉富集、逆境响应与调控等方面的研究逐步深入。强化木薯基础理论研究和发展应用技术,对推动能源木薯的产业化发展具有重要意义。