内蒙古围封草原枯落物累积对大针茅和羊草生长发育的影响

围封草原枯落物累积通过改变水分和热量的再分配影响植物的生长发育。为探究不同植物种群对枯落物累积的适应性,2015-2017年在内蒙古围封典型草原设置了枯落物去除实验,对土壤温度和水分进行了原位监测,也对群落优势物种大针茅(Stipa grandis)和亚优势物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群的生长发育过程及种群数量特征进行了测定。结果表明:枯落物累积显著降低生长季表层和深层土壤温度(1.3-4.6℃和1.5-3.2℃),并提高表层和深层土壤水分(1.4%-10.4%和1.0%-5.0%)。枯落物累积对大针茅种群返青时间的延迟(16.9-24.2 d)显著高于羊草种群的(5.2-6.7 d),但对大针茅和羊草种群的营养生长期无显著影响。枯落物累积显著提高大针茅种群的高度但显著降低其盖度和地上生物量,引起大针茅种群的重要值显著降低(0.38→0.22)。枯落物累积显著提高羊草种群的高度、盖度和地上生物量,进而显著提高其重要值(0.16→0.28)。大针茅和羊草种群重要值排序的更替驱动围封草原植物群落演替。本研究从植物种群的角度为阐明围封草原群落结构与功能改变提供新视角,也为科学合理制定围封政策提供理论依据。     

典型草原围封后羊草地上功能性状对枯落物累积的响应

植物功能性状反映植物适应环境变化过程中在不同器官形态与功能间的资源权衡与分配策略。典型草原围封后枯落物累积导致群落光照、热量和水分的重新分配并改变微环境特征。在此过程中植物地上功能性状将通过怎样的变化来适应新的环境,目前尚不清楚。2015—2017年每年8月对内蒙古地区3种典型草原共有物种羊草（Leymus chinensis）的植株、叶片和茎干功能性状进行了测量与分析。结果表明：枯落物累积显著增加了羊草的植株高度、单株重量、茎叶比和总叶面积;枯落物累积显著增加了羊草的叶片长度、叶片重量、单叶面积、节间长度和茎干重量,这些性状属于敏感性状;枯落物累积对羊草的叶片数量和节间数量无显著影响,相对而言,这些性状属于惰性性状;羊草的单株重量与植株高度、叶片重量呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.0001）;羊草的植株高度与节间数量、节间长度呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.0001）。本研究结果从植物地上功能性状的角度阐明了典型草原植物对环境变化的适应方式,可为围封草原的合理管理提供基础数据与理论依据。     

围封条件下荒漠草原4种典型植物群落枯落物枯落量及其蓄积动态

以荒漠草原4种典型植物群落为研究对象,通过枯落物枯落量、组分及其影响因子的研究,探讨围封条件下荒漠草原枯落物枯落量及其蓄积动态。结果表明:围封内4种植物群落枯落物枯落量为:蒙古冰草群落(116.8g/m2)>甘草群落(101.6g/m2)>赖草群落(97.8g/m2)>沙蒿群落(88.1g/m2),分别是围封外的5.0、4.8、5.3和1.6倍;枯落物枯落动态具有一定的节律性,枯落物从6月开始出现,10月达到最大值,枯落量与降雨量、气温均呈对数负相关;枯落物的组分为:叶(59.25%)>枝(30.75%)>杂物(10.00%),其中立枯体占枯落物总量的60%以上;通过Birk模型对蓄积动态拟合以及与实测值比较分析,荒漠草原枯落物蓄积量随着蓄积年限的增加而增加,围封7—10a时,枯落物的蓄积量基本达到稳定状态,即输入量与输出量达到平衡。     

松嫩草原三种主要植物群落枯落物层生态水文功能

分析了松嫩草原主要植物群落羊草群落、虎尾草群落、碱茅群落枯落物层的蓄积量及持水能力、枯落物层对降水的截留以及枯落物层抑制土壤水分蒸发的效应.结果表明,羊草群落枯落物蓄积量最大为4.7t·hm-2,最大持水量为9.6t·hm-2,最大持水率为208.4%;虎尾草群落枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和最大持水率分别为3.0t·hm-2、7.4t·hm-2和262.8%;碱茅群落分别为2.6t·hm-2、5.0t·hm-2和202.2%;3种群落枯落物层对降水的截留量分别为6.57、5.79和5.26t·hm-2,随着降雨量的增加,截留量增加,截留率减小;0.5~2mm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少7.95%~56.79%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加.     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落枯落物分解速率及影响因素

测定荒漠草原甘草、赖草、蒙古冰草以及黑沙蒿等植物群落枯落物分解过程中质量损失量分析荒漠草原枯落物分解速,同时通过枯落物自身化学成份、含水率的测定,结合气候因子进行偏相关分析,探讨荒漠草原枯落物分解的影响因素。结果表明:荒漠草原4种植物群落枯落物的质量累积损失率随分解时间的延长而增加,但枯落物分解的质量损失量与时间并不呈线性相关;4种群落枯落物质量损失量大小依次均为:甘草群落赖草群落蒙古冰草群落黑沙蒿群落;荒漠草原枯落物分解采用单指数衰减的Olson模型拟合效果较好,4种植物群落中甘草群落枯落物分解最快,黑沙蒿群落分解最慢;蒙古冰草、赖草和甘草群落枯落物中N、P、K的含量显著高于黑沙蒿群落,但是C、木质素、纤维素、C/N、木质素/N和纤维素/N值则显著低于黑沙蒿群落枯落物,蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落和黑沙蒿群落4种群落枯落物分解速率(k)与枯落物初始N、P、K含量均呈显著正相关;偏相关分析表明,4种植物群落枯落物分解速率与降雨量、枯落物自身含水量的偏相关系数达显著水平,其余因子偏相关系数均未达显著水平。结合上述研究可以确定荒漠草原枯落物分解50%所需时间为2—5a,分解95%需8—24a。     

枯落物处理对格木林土壤碳氮转化和微生物群落结构的短期影响

以我国南亚热带格木人工纯林为研究对象,采用气压过程分离(BaPS)技术和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)法研究了不同枯落物处理(对照、枯落物去除、枯落物加倍)下土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构的季节变化.结果表明:不同枯落物处理土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均呈现明显的季节动态,雨季显著高于旱季.枯落物处理初期,土壤呼吸和总硝化速率均随枯落物输入量的增加呈下降趋势,但随着枯落物处理时间的延长,二者随枯落物输入量的增加而增加.旱季不同枯落物处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量和各菌群PLFAs量均显著高于雨季,而雨季真菌PLFAs/细菌PLFAs明显高于旱季.在旱季,枯落物去除处理土壤微生物PLFAs总量、细菌PLFAs量、真菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著提高30.9%、28.8%、44.4%和31.6%.在雨季,枯落物去除处理细菌PLFAs量和丛枝菌根真菌PLFAs量分别显著降低10.6%和33.3%.土壤微生物群落结构受枯落物输入量处理和季节的双重影响,土壤微生物群落结构主要受土壤温度和铵态氮的影响.枯落物输入量处理在短期内显著影响了格木林土壤碳氮转化速率和微生物群落结构,这种影响因季节的不同而存在差异.     

羊草种群的热值及其能量贮藏特点

为了获得有关中国东北羊草草原生态系统能量学方面的基础数据,作者对该草原的建群植被——羊草种群进行了热值含量的测定,在此基础上,对单位面积上的羊草种群热值含量进行了计算,以便分析在自然条件下,羊草种群的能量贮藏特点。研究结果表明,羊草(Leymus Chinensis)种群的果穗与其各器官相比,具有最高的热值含量,为4898.28cal/gDW,其活枝条与羊草种群的各部分相比,具有最高的热值含量,为4711.86cal/gDW。羊草种群将其截获的绝大部分太阳辐射能贮藏在地下部分以便为种群的安全越冬和第二年生长季节开始对其地上部分的萌发提供充足的能量。     

松嫩平原羊草草甸草原主要植物种群能量积累和分配

在松嫩平原羊草草甸草原,羊草、拂子茅、碱茅和虎尾草各器官热值的季节变化呈波动型,但总的规律是穗＞叶＞茎＞立枯体．4种植物种群地上部能量现存量的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,能量积累量为羊草＞拂子茅＞虎尾草＞碱茅．能量增长率一般呈双峰曲线,第一次峰值出现在抽穗期,第二次在种子成熟期,生长末期出现负值．地上部能量的水平分布规律,不同生育期在各器官中的分配比率不同．4种植物种群能量的垂直分布规律相似,即地上部能量的垂直空间分配格局基本上呈塔形,最大值出现在10-30cm空间内．地下部能量垂直结构由地表至土壤深层呈典型的倒塔形,最大值在0-10cm层．地下部的能量现存量约为地上部的3-4倍。     

干旱风沙区柠条枯落物对土壤节肢动物群落的影响

在干旱风沙区宁夏盐池县,选择柠条(Caragana korshinskii)枯落物,采用网孔分解袋法,研究了不同大小灌丛(极小型、小型、中型、大型)微生境柠条枯落物分解中土壤节肢动物群落分布特征。结果表明:灌丛增大导致枯落物残留量、磷(P)含量、钾(K)含量和土壤电导率显著升高(P0.05),而纤维素含量、木质素含量和土壤p H在不同大小灌丛间均无显著差异;调查共获得土壤节肢动物10目18科,其中优势类群为镰螯螨科、腾岛螨科、甲螨亚目和球角跳科,其个体数占总个体数的67.4%;常见类群4类,其个体数占总个体数的27.3%;其余10类为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数的4.9%。在不同大小灌丛中,柠条枯落物土壤节肢动物群落组成差异较大,反映了土壤节肢动物对枯落物微生境变化的敏感性和适应性;灌丛增大导致土壤节肢动物优势度指数显著升高(P0.05),但土壤节肢动物个体数、类群数、香农指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数在不同大小灌丛间均无显著差异;土壤节肢动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均与土壤电导率、枯落物残留量、木质素、纤维素、P和K含量密切相关。研究表明,不同大小灌丛下,枯落物残留量及质量差异导致土壤节肢动物群落组成变化较大。干旱区灌丛增大促进枯落物中某些类群聚集而导致土壤节肢动物,其优势度指数显著升高,但对土壤节肢动物类群数和多样性指数影响较小。     

围封禁牧对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原群落组成和结构的影响

典型草原向灌丛化草原的转变是过度放牧引起的重要结果之一。为研究内蒙古地区小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原对围封禁牧的响应,在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原退化区选取小叶锦鸡儿成片分布的典型地段,自2003年,分别设置禁牧样区和放牧样区。于2008—2011年连续四年调查禁牧样区小叶锦鸡儿种群生长和生理生化指标及灌丛间群落基本特征,并将2011年禁牧样区与放牧样区小叶锦鸡儿种群与灌丛间群落进行比较。结果显示:(1)围封后小叶锦鸡儿种群开始衰退,主要体现在种群盖度的降低和叶片氮磷含量(特别是磷含量)有所降低,而个体构件生长状况无显著差异;(2)灌丛间群落的物种组成随围封年限增加发生显著变化:禁牧后1年生植物逐渐退出群落,多年生丛生禾草重要值随围封年限增加而显著增加,即围封禁牧对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原的群落恢复有积极作用;(3)小叶锦鸡儿种群盖度与多年生丛生禾草的重要值显著负相关,说明两者之间存在竞争关系,推测多年生丛生禾草的竞争是禁牧后小叶锦鸡儿衰退的重要原因。     

荒漠草原植物多样性恢复与土壤生境的关系

为揭示荒漠草原围栏封育后植物多样性的恢复对土壤生境的响应机制,以围栏封育和适度放牧草地的灰钙土和风沙土生境植物群落为研究对象,采用方差分析和冗余分析（redundancy analysis RDA）方法,研究了围栏封育后植物多样性的变化及其与土壤生境物理和化学因子的关系。结果表明：（1）相对于适度放牧利用,围栏封育显著降低了灰钙土和风沙土生境植物多样性;随着封育年限的增加,植物多样性呈现显著,且封育的负效应随着封育年限的增加而增加;（2）两种土壤生境下植物多样性与生物量均表现为负相关。植物群落对灰钙土和风沙土两种土壤生境下表现出的不同点有：（1）灰钙土生境下,植物多样性与砂粒正相关,生物量与有机碳,全氮正相关;（2）风沙土生境下,植物多样性与有机碳,全氮正相关,生物量与电导率正相关。未来荒漠草原退化草地植物多样性恢复需要充分考虑不同土壤生境类型的影响,草地管理需要采取适度利用和封育保护相结合道路。     

基于能量属性的植物功能群划分方法探索——以内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物群落为例

植物功能群(plant functional groups, PFGs) 是具有确定的植物功能特征的一系列植物的组合,是生态学家为研究植被对气候变化和干扰的响应而引入的生态学概念.目前功能群研究中最核心的问题仍在于决定植物功能群划分的植物特征的选择上.以内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物群落为例,选取3个草原类型(羊草草原、大针茅草原和羊草草甸草原)及其退化梯度系列(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化),在对植物热值进行分析测定的基础上,依据植物的能量属性-单位重量干物质在完全燃烧后所释放出来的热量值,采用人为分段的方法对草原植物进行了能量功能群的划分(高能值植物功能群、中能值植物功能群和低能值植物功能群).并探讨了这种能量功能群划分方法在草原植被动态研究中的客观性与可行性.     

Alien Plant Invasions,Introduced Ungulates,and Alternative States in a Mesic Forest in Hawaii

Restoration by natural successional processes after removal of perturbations may not be feasible for many degraded ecosystems. Controlling major ecological threats such as non‐native ungulates is often a critical first step toward restoring native communities but past degradation, interactions with alien species and abiotic features may create conditions requiring additional intervention to ensure effective conservation. We monitored a series of fenced plots within diverse mesic forest on western Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands from 1998 to 2005 to determine the effects of ungulate removal on native and alien plant species. Relative to unfenced control plots, germination of seedlings and frequency of understory species of both native and alien species increased in the fenced plots. Density of both native and alien canopy and understory species declined more in unfenced than fenced plots, but density of native species declined more than alien species density in both fenced and unfenced plots. In fenced plots, the frequency of larger alien woody species and cover of an alien, mat‐forming fern species increased over time, indicating that fencing may encourage alien species that could interfere with regeneration of native species. Our study suggests that effective conservation of this and other remnant native Hawaiian forests will require both ungulate exclusion, removal of alien plant species with especially detrimental effects on native species, and proactive restoration programs for native species without natural sources of propagules. As the effects of invasive species continue to escalate, continental ecosystems lacking high endemism may also require similar interventions to preserve their biodiversity.     

放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草地群落植物茎叶生物量资源分配的影响

以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的灰脉苔草(Carex appendiculata)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 6个草地群落为对象, 研究了围封禁牧与放牧样地中144个共有植物种的高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株(丛)生物量、茎叶比等性状。结果表明: 1)在个体水平上, 放牧样地中植物的生殖枝高度、营养枝高度、丛幅面积、单株(丛)生物量、茎、叶生物量和茎叶比均显著低于围封禁牧样地, 植物在放牧干扰下表现出明显的小型化现象; 2)在群落水平上, 放牧亦显著降低了群落总生物量和茎、叶生物量; 3)过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略, 使生物量向叶的分配比例增加, 向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策; 4)轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响, 单株(丛)生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均表现出增加趋势, 这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。过度放牧引起的植物个体小型化改变了生态系统中物种的资源分配策略, 进而对生态系统功能产生重要的影响。     

内蒙古锡林河流域草原群落植物功能群组成沿水热梯度变化的样带研究

 用样带法调查了草原群落植物功能群组成沿水热梯度的变化。结果表明,随着海拔高度的降低,降水量的减少,热量和干燥度的增加,群落植物生活型功能群组成中,多年生杂类草的相对多度逐渐减少,而多年生丛生禾草的相对多度逐渐增加,多年生丛生禾草对多年生杂类草具有强烈的生态替代作用。在植物生态类群功能群组成中,中旱生植物的作用逐渐减弱,而旱生植物的作用显著增强。草地的利用方式对群落组成具有重要的影响,永久样地和割草场中不耐牧种的相对生物量显著地高于放牧场,而放牧场中耐牧种的相对生物量则显著地高于永久样地和割草场。受草地利用     

Effects of grazing by re-introduced Equus hemionus on the vegetation in a Negev desert erosion cirque

Abstract. Asiatic wild asses, Equus hemionus, were driven to extinction in Israel in the early 20th century. In 1983, a herd of these animals was re-introduced to the wild in Makhtesh Ramon, a large erosion cirque in the central Negev desert, Israel. The population has grown steadily ever since and now numbers some 100 animals. In order to determine whether the wild asses are having a significant impact on the vegetation, we have monitored the plant communities in Makhtesh Ramon since 1992, using McAuliffe's log-series survey method. Our study involves 11 pairs of plots along the length of the altitudinal gradient in Makhtesh Ramon. The altitudinal gradient results in a rainfall gradient from an average of 95 mm rain per year to an average of about 40 mm per year. Each pair of plots consists of: (1) an unfenced plot, and (2) a fenced plot that excludes wild asses but not the other large mammalian herbivore, the dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas. The wild asses have not had a significant impact on vegetation cover, species richness, diversity or dominance. Three plant species showed significant increases in percentage cover in fenced plots, while one species showed a significant increase in percentage cover in unfenced plots. Furthermore, eight plant species invaded fenced plots, three species invaded unfenced plots and one species disappeared from unfenced plots during the study. Using Detrended Correspondence Analysis, we found that the major differences among plots are due to position along the altitudinal gradient. The Detrended Correspondence Analyses indicated that the wild asses have had no significant effect on vegetation community structure.     

Endozoochory by free-ranging, large herbivores: Ecological correlates and perspectives for restoration

Seed dispersal via ingestion and defecation by large herbivores provides a possible aid for ecological restoration of plant communities, by connecting source communities of target species with habitat restoration sites. It is also a possible threat due to invasion of weeds, grasses or exotic species. Insight into the factors determining internal seed dispersal could therefore improve the management of grazed ecosystems.

We recorded viable seed density in cattle, sheep and pony dung samples and monitored dung pat colonisation in the field. In addition, we counted the distribution of dung pats in plots spread over all habitat units in our study site.

The three herbivore species appeared to disperse large quantities of many species (61 in total) from a variety of plant families, monocots as well as dicots. The density of viable seeds in herbivore dung and the colonisation of dung pats were positively correlated with Ellenberg nitrogen indicator values and seed supply, but not with seed mass or shape.

The results imply that many seeds are dispersed from high productive to low productive parts of the grazed area. In free-ranging systems, we therefore recommend enclosure and separate management of plant communities on nutrient-poor soils with high conservation interest. For habitat restoration sites we recommend integrated grazing only with target plant communities on nutrient-poor soils and not with plant communities on nutrient-richer soils.     

The impact of grazing pressure in clearfelled,burned and undisturbed eucalypt forest

An area of dry eucalypt forest on dolerite in southeastern Tasmania with comparable sites that were a) unlogged, b) clearfelled, c) clearfelled and slash-burned, was monitored over a 24 month period. Detailed records were made of plant species composition and cover on floristically similar fenced and unfenced permanent plots in two major vegetation types. Mammal faecal pellets were cleared from each of the unfenced plots and subsequently counted and attributed to species of origin. For the six combinations of treatment and vegetation type pellet deposition rate was highly correlated with differences in the rate of change of species cover between fenced and unfenced plots and the lifeform composition of the vegetation. The greatest changes were observed in the clearfelled, burned area, while there was relatively little change in the undisturbed forest. Grass and herb species were generally disadvantaged by mammal exclusion while shrubs and graminoids generally grew faster in the fenced plots.Nomenclature of plant species follows Curtis & Morris (1975).This project was supported financially by the Forest Ecology Research Fund, Tasmania.     

黄土高原子午岭大披针苔草能量与养分特征

对黄土高原子午岭林区不同植被群落的优势伴生种--大披针苔草的能量和养分特征进行了研究.结果表明:随着演替的进展,处于不同演替阶段群落的大披针苔草地上部分和地下部分去灰分热值呈下降趋势.狼牙刺群落的大披针苔草地上部分去灰分热值最高,沙棘群落的最低; 狼牙刺群落的大披针苔草地下部分去灰分热值最高, 辽东栎群落的最低.不同群落大披针苔草地上部分热值均明显高于地下部分, 且不同群落大披针苔草地下部分干质量热值和去灰分热值均呈极显著差异.处于演替早期的各群落(狼牙刺、沙棘、山杨和白桦群落)内的大披针苔草热值差异较大,而演替后期的油松和辽东栎群落的大披针苔草热值差异较小.大披针苔草地下部分干质量热值与C/N呈显著正相关关系.     

Effects of area,environmental status and environmental variation on species richness per unit area in Mediterranean wetlands

Abstract. We propose a mechanistic model to relate α- and γ-diversity to area per se, moisture status and environmental variation (local and total), and explored the effects these abiotic variables have on species richness per unit area (α-diversity) for plant communities in a network of wetland habitats located in a Mediterranean mountainous region of central Spain. In this study, environmental status is measured as actual evapotranspiration (as an expression of energy), slope and soil wetness, and environmental variation refers to slope variation and soil wetness variation. Species richness per unit area was related to soil wetness, soil wetness variation, ground slope and ground slope variation. There were also positive correlations among moisture status and environmental variation variables. There is a joint effect of slope and soil wetness variation in explaining species richness per unit area of these wetland habitats, but area effects and energy are relatively unimportant. We conclude that species richness per unit area of wetland vegetation can be explained by moisture status and local environmental variation, and that habitat area may not have an important effect. Area could affect γ-diversity directly through random sampling and/or indirectly through increasing β-diversity, and energy may be important in areas with larger energy ranges. Complete surveys of environmental status, local and total environmental variation, and their associated species assemblages are needed to explain the processes that give rise to the rule that larger areas have larger species richness.