围封年限对内蒙古灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛结构及群落种间关联的影响

由于全球气候变化及过度放牧等不合理利用,灌木入侵草地已经成为干旱半干旱草原区的一种普遍现象。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原区选择3处不同围封恢复年限（围封时间分别为1979,1983和2003年）的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）灌丛化草地,分析了围封年限对灌丛化草地关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的影响,并从群落内物种生态位配置情况方面进行了相关机制的探讨。结果显示：（1）小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅大小分布结构的偏态系数在8/9的样区内大于0,表现为正偏态;随着围封年限的延长,在低、中灌丛化样区内,小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅有增大的趋势,这主要是由小于0.5 m冠幅的小叶锦鸡儿的减少或者消失导致的;（2）随着围封年限的延长,灌丛间多年生禾草生态位宽度（B）逐渐增大,表现为B_1979围封 > B_1983围封 > B_2003围封;灌丛间主要物种种间关系由负关联作用（竞争作用）向正关联作用（促进作用）转变。本研究结果不仅揭示了围封条件下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地群落结构的变化及发展趋势,同时也从关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的角度对相关机制进行了解释,为该区域的合理利用及恢复政策的制定提供了数据支持及理论指导。     

不同恢复措施对内蒙古乌拉特中旗荒漠草原植物群落的影响

处于干旱地区的内蒙古荒漠草原，在防风固沙、生物多样性保育等方面发挥着重要的生态功能。近年来由于人类活动的干扰及气候变化的影响，内蒙古荒漠草原生态系统发生了严重的退化。如何有效恢复荒漠草原的生态功能是当前亟待解决的问题，科学合理地进行人为定向培育是荒漠草原植物群落恢复与重建的重要措施。本研究以乌拉特中旗荒漠草原为对象，通过控制实验探讨了不同退化程度下植物群落结构及地上生物量对不同恢复措施的响应。结果表明：在重度退化的荒漠草原生态系统，短期封育提高了杂类草的相对盖度，使群落地上生物量增加2.11倍；添加有机肥提高了禾草物种丰富度，使群落地上生物量提高了3.97倍；补播显著提高了植物群落的盖度、密度，使群落地上生物量提高了9.76倍。在重度沙化区，补播显著提高了群落的盖度、密度、地上生物量，但对物种多样性无显著影响。在中度退化区，添加复合肥显著降低了短花针茅群落杂类草物种数，提高了禾草及植物群落的地上生物量；添加复合肥显著提高了柠条锦鸡儿-丛生禾草群落中禾草物种丰富度，但对植物群落盖度、密度及地上生物量无显著影响；喷施叶面肥显著降低了藏锦鸡儿-灌丛化禾草群落杂类草的盖度和密度，提高了禾草的地...     

内蒙古温带典型草原围封十年草灌景观格局动态

通过样方调查和差分GPS法,研究内蒙古典型草原围封10年后灌木和草本盖度、生物量动态以及植被时空分布格局的变化。结果显示:草本盖度和生物量以2010年为拐点先减少后增加,灌木盖度和生物量呈现增加的趋势,样地整体植被生产力显著恢复。2010年以后,样地景观格局发生变化,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛斑块表现出破碎化程度和蔓延度先增加后减少的趋势。研究认为:(1)2012年之前为干旱期,草本生产力下降,且灌、草之间的竞争关系加剧了这一过程。(2)2012年之后降水增加,草本生产力先于灌木迅速恢复;景观尺度上小叶锦鸡儿灌丛斑块破碎化程度达到最高,是小叶锦鸡儿克隆生长的扩张过程所致。(3)2012年之后为湿润时期,小叶锦鸡儿对草本的生长存在促进作用,使生态系统逐渐恢复和重建。     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对典型草原群落结构与生态系统功能的影响

草原灌丛化是全球干旱半干旱地区面临的重要生态问题。灌丛化对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响较为复杂, 有待于在更广泛的区域开展研究。该研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原选择轻度、中度和重度灌丛化草地, 通过群落调查, 结合植物功能性状和土壤理化性质观测, 研究了小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化对草原群落结构(物种多样性、功能多样性和功能群组成)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、植被和土壤养分库)的影响。结果表明: 1)不同程度灌丛化草地的物种丰富度、功能性状多样性和群落加权性状平均值差异显著, 其中, 中度灌丛化草地的物种多样性和功能多样性较高, 表明一定程度的灌丛化有利于生物多样性维持。2)重度灌丛化草地的地上净初级生产力(ANPP)显著高于轻度和中度灌丛化草地, 其原因主要是随着灌丛化程度加剧, 群落内一/二年生草本植物显著增加, 而多年生禾草和多年生杂类草显著减少。三个灌丛化草地的植被叶片和土壤碳、氮库差异均不显著。3)灌丛化对草原生态系统功能包括ANPP、植被和土壤养分库均没有直接的影响, 而是通过影响功能群组成、土壤理化性质和功能多样性, 间接地影响生态系统功能; 灌丛化导致功能群发生替代和土壤旱碱化是最重要的生物和非生物因素。     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对典型草原群落结构与生态系统功能的影响

草原灌丛化是全球干旱半干旱地区面临的重要生态问题。灌丛化对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响较为复杂,有待于在更广泛的区域开展研究。该研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原选择轻度、中度和重度灌丛化草地,通过群落调查,结合植物功能性状和土壤理化性质观测,研究了小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化对草原群落结构(物种多样性、功能多样性和功能群组成)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、植被和土壤养分库)的影响。结果表明:1)不同程度灌丛化草地的物种丰富度、功能性状多样性和群落加权性状平均值差异显著,其中,中度灌丛化草地的物种多样性和功能多样性较高,表明一定程度的灌丛化有利于生物多样性维持。2)重度灌丛化草地的地上净初级生产力(ANPP)显著高于轻度和中度灌丛化草地,其原因主要是随着灌丛化程度加剧,群落内一/二年生草本植物显著增加,而多年生禾草和多年生杂类草显著减少。三个灌丛化草地的植被叶片和土壤碳、氮库差异均不显著。3)灌丛化对草原生态系统功能包括ANPP、植被和土壤养分库均没有直接的影响,而是通过影响功能群组成、土壤理化性质和功能多样性,间接地影响生态系统功能;灌丛化导致功能群发生替代和土壤旱碱化是最重要的生物和非生物因素。     

羊草和小叶锦鸡儿的水分生理特点

羊草(Leymus chinense)属中-广旱生根茎禾草。小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)属旱生灌木。常镶嵌分布于羊草草原中,形成独特的灌丛化草原群落。羊草根系浅,集中于0—20cm 的土层中。小叶锦鸡儿根系深,可扎到数米深的土层中。它     

平茬处理对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛邻居植物群落空间格局的影响

近几十年来,内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化现象普遍发生,严重影响了草地生产力。平茬作为灌丛化草地主要管理方式之一,已受到广泛关注;然而平茬如何影响灌丛邻居植物群落的格局动态及其下土壤理化性质变化,仍缺少相应研究。以内蒙古草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地为研究对象,进行平茬处理,并依据距离小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的远近位置(远—2.5 m,近—0.5 m)设置样方进行植物群落调查和土壤样品的采集,经分析发现:(1)平茬处理显著提高了灌丛邻居植物群落均匀度及邻居植物群落下土壤全碳、全氮含量。(2)借助零模型(Null-model)分析,得出未平茬处理条件下,距离灌丛远近两种位置群落均表现为竞争性格局;而平茬处理条件下,群落竞争性格局作用弱化,且距离灌丛2.5 m位置处群落表现为促进性格局。(3)调查群落中物种间的关系多为中性作用;仅有少数物种对表现为显著正(或负)相互作用关系,且多由群落中优势物种组成;平茬处理条件下群落中显著负相互作用关系物种对比例下降,支持群落整体竞争性格局弱化这一结论。所得结果不仅为小叶锦鸡儿灌丛平茬处理条件下邻居植物群落及土壤环境的动态变化的探讨提供了实验依据,而且对灌丛化草地的恢复具有一定的实践指导意义。     

小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛对草本群落特征的影响

基于干旱、半干旱草原灌丛化现象的发展，探究灌木与草本之间的关系对深刻理解灌丛化对草原植物群落特征的影响机制具有重要意义。然而，很少有研究考虑草地类型和灌丛斑块大小对灌木和草本植物之间关系的影响。在内蒙古典型草原和荒漠草原的自由放牧草地上选择了18个小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化样地进行野外采样，并调查了不同大小灌丛和周围草地的植物群落特征。运用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和最小显著差异法(LSD)来检验不同大小灌丛斑块内外的植被群落特征(高度、密度、地上生物量、凋落物量)和植物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、丰富度指数、群落Sprensen相似性系数)的差异性。结果表明：(1)与草地相比，两种草原类型的灌丛产生、捕获了更多的凋落物，灌丛的保育作用显著提高了斑块内草本植物的高度，但灌丛占用了生存空间和资源，从而降低了斑块内草本植物的密度和地上生物量。(2)灌丛对多年生草本植物的地上生物量有明显的抑制作用，但对两种草原类型的一、二年生草本植物没有显著影响(典型草原中的小灌丛除外)。(3)两种草原类型的灌丛对草本植物多样性的影响存在差异。典型草原灌丛内多样性...     

长期围封对疏勒河源区高寒草甸地表节肢动物多样性的影响

围封会促进退化高寒草甸植被和土壤环境恢复,长期围封也会导致生物多样性及其功能下降,影响高寒草甸生态系统的稳定,但这种影响会随着季节和生境条件变化而异。为了探究不同退化程度高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落变化对围封禁牧的响应,利用陷阱法调查了疏勒河源区沼泽化草甸、草甸和草原化草甸3种不同退化梯度高寒草甸围封禁牧和自由放牧处理下地表节肢动物群落结构变化。结果表明：围封禁牧对高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落组成及多样性的影响随生境条件不同而异。禁牧降低了沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度,而提高了草甸和草原化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度;围封禁牧对沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物群落结构影响较小,显著降低了草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、提高了地表节肢动物多样性和均匀度,相反,禁牧显著提高了草原化草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、降低其多样性和均匀度;豹蛛属1种是高寒草甸主要的地表节肢动物类群（相对多度为67.0%）,高寒草甸土壤水分有效性等生境条件不同影响了豹蛛属1种对围封禁牧的响应模式,进而影响了地表节肢动物群落结构变化。总之,高寒草甸退化程度影响了地表节肢动物多样性对禁牧和放牧的响应模式,沼泽化草甸适度放牧有利于提高地表节肢动物多样性及其功能。     

宁夏云雾山典型草原灌丛化过程中植被和土壤演变特征

干旱半干旱区灌木、半灌木等木本植物的分布面积持续增加(灌丛化)显著改变了原有植被景观及生态过程,但缺乏对长期封育过程中灌木物种取代草本物种进而影响草地群落组成、结构和功能的研究。为揭示长期封育措施下典型草原灌丛化特征及地上/地下植物群落的响应规律,研究通过对宁夏云雾山典型草原同一封育草地不同时间(2010年、2016年、2021年)植物群落(物种重要值、丰富度、多样性和生物量)和土壤特性(土壤容重、土壤水分及储水量、养分、pH)的定点观测,探讨了长期封育过程中灌木物种矮脚锦鸡儿(Caragana brachypoda)驱动的植被和土壤特性变化。结果表明,(1)灌木矮脚锦鸡儿已经取代草本植物成为封育草地的优势种,群落中灌木生物量、总生物量以及盖度、高度显著增加,但对植物密度的影响较小;(2)灌丛化过程中草地群落Patrick丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著降低,而Pielou均匀度指数显著增加;(3)灌丛化引起土壤深层(60-100 cm)容重显著增大,土层储水量随土层深度的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势;(4)灌丛化使得土壤有机碳含量在浅层(0...     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Spatial and temporal regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia is required for the establishment of leg identity in Drosophila

Antennapedia is one of the homeotic selector genes required for specification of segment identity in Drosophila. Dominant mutations that ectopically express Antennapedia cause transformation of antenna to leg. Loss-of-function mutations cause partial transformation of leg to antenna. Here we examine the role of Antennapedia in the establishment of leg identity in light of recent advances in our understanding of antennal development. In Antennapedia mutant clones in the leg disc, Homothorax and Distal-less are coexpressed and act via spineless to transform proximal femur to antenna. Antennapedia is negatively regulated during leg development by Distal-less, spineless, and dachshund and this reduced Antennapedia expression is needed for the proper development of distal leg elements. These findings suggest that the temporal and spatial regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia in the leg disc is necessary for normal leg development in Drosophila.