煤矿区土体裂缝特征及其生态环境效应研究进展

煤炭资源开采产生的土体裂缝是最直观、分布最广、危害最大的一种衍生地质灾害,不仅破坏土地连续性,严重威胁矿山地质环境,造成土地生产力下降和严重的水污染,而且还威胁到矿山机电设备和生产人员的安全。本文系统总结了煤矿区土体裂缝形成机理及演化规律、形态特征及影响因素、测定方法及其生态环境效应等方面最新研究进展;提出,今后应加强对煤矿区土体裂缝形态特征研究,结合现场试验和室内模拟揭示土体裂缝的优先流效应及其贡献率,阐明排土场土体裂缝特征及其对边坡稳定性的定量影响。     

蕨类植物不同孢子裂缝类型在中国的分布格局

孢子在蕨类植物分类及有性生殖过程中具有重要地位, 一般都具有裂缝构造, 常见的是单裂缝和三裂缝, 极少数情况下有多裂缝的变异类型。我们统计了中国蕨类2,281种(含种下单位)的孢子裂缝类型, 来探讨两种不同裂缝类型的分布格局。结果表明: (1)具有单裂缝类型的物种数多于三裂缝类型, 单裂缝与三裂缝物种数目的比值(单/三比)与纬度和海拔呈正相关。随着温度下降以及降水量的降低, 具单裂缝孢子的物种比例增加。推测具单裂缝孢子的蕨类分布范围更广, 更适宜生活在干旱及高纬度或高海拔寒冷地区, 而具三裂缝孢子的蕨类更适宜存在于低纬度或低海拔的温暖地区; (2)蕨类植物孢子裂缝类型不是单次起源, 可能存在平行演化。本研究可以为蕨类植物的起源演化与生态适应等研究提供一定的证据。     

双氢胺对土壤裂缝产生过程中N2O释放的影响

模拟稻田土壤在加入不同量的（NH4）2SO4和双氢按（DCD）抑制剂的溶液后先进行淹水培养,然后让土壤自然蒸发变干,直至土壤产生裂缝到裂缝稳定,最后在裂缝稳定后的复水的连续培养试验。通过模拟对土壤进行复杂的、动态的水分含量变化过程中试验,探讨双氢胺抑制剂对其N2O释放的影响。每天监测土体释放的N2O通量,以及渗漏液中溶解的N2O浓度和pH值。这些监测结果表明：在相同的水分管理条件下,土壤中没有氮肥加入,只有DCD加入的A处理释放N2O气体最少,其平均释放通量为340.91μgm^-2h^-1;土壤中有高剂量的氮肥和DCD加入的E处理释放N2O最多,其平均释放通量为9280.23μgm^-2h^-1。裂缝产生稳定后的复水能减少N2O向空气中的释放。渗漏液中的N2O浓度都是过饱和的。当土壤中肥料（NH4）2SO4加入量（每千克土壤中外加N≤3g）相对较少的情况下,DCD抑制剂能抑制裂缝产生过程中的N2O释放;当土壤中肥料（NH4）2SO4加入量（每千克土壤中外加N≥6g）相对较多的情况下,DCD抑制裂缝产生过程中的N2O释放效果不明显。此外还得出（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量比是10：1时,其抑制N2O排放的效果比（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量比分别是10：1.5和10：2要好。土体释放的N2O通量和渗漏液中溶解的N2O浓度之间不存在相关性,土体释放的N2O通量和渗漏液中的pH值之间也不存在相关性。但是渗漏液中的N：O浓度和pH值之间存在显著的正线性相关关系。     

不同生态条件对人工林杨树木材物理力学性质的影响

在施肥与未施肥、淹水与未淹水两种生态条件下,以杨树人工林木材I-69杨为对象,对木材年轮宽度、基本密度、干缩性质、主要力学性质进行了测试,并对数据进行了统计、对比和分析.结果表明,施肥处理后,木材年轮宽度、静态抗弯弹性模量和顺纹抗压强度分别增大0.99%、2.73%和1.06%;全干时和气干时的径向、弦向、体积全干干缩率分别降低了4.2%、7.7%、6.6%、15.6%、6.3%和11.1%;木材密度、抗弯强度、动态抗弯弹性模量则分别降低了2%、1.79%、8.13%.与未淹水相比,季节性淹水对I-69杨木材密度、木材干缩率和力学性质的影响较大,二者差异显著(P＜0.05).其中木材密度、全干时和气干时的径向、弦向、体积干缩率、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量以及顺纹抗压强度分别降低了5.5%、11.1%、9.2%、9.6%、16.7%、10.9%、8.5%、24.29%、18.18%和16.81%.     

中国主要树种木材物理力学属性的地理格局及其环境控制

木材的物理力学属性制约树木生长发育的重要过程,也是决定木材用途的主要依据.研究木材的物理力学属性及其影响因素,可为合理应用木材、科学开展林木选育、改进林业管理等提供必要参考.目前已有的研究多关注单一的木材密度指标,且缺乏多种影响因子的比较.本研究通过建立中国木材物理力学属性及影响因素综合数据库,对自然状态下我国主要树种木材力学属性的分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨.结果表明,选择气干密度、弦向干缩系数和冲击韧性作为评估木材物理力学属性的基础指标,比单一木材密度指标更准确,解释率更高;在选用的生活型、气候和土壤等3类因素中,生活型是影响木材力学物理属性变化的最重要因素,气候因子次之,土壤因子基本可忽略,并且气候和土壤因子的作用被生活型所掩盖,这意味着气候因子对于木材物理力学属性的影响是通过影响物种分布而产生作用的.     

17年生邓恩桉两个种源木材密度与干缩性研究

通过对邓恩桉两个种源木材基本密度和在湿、气、全干状态下的径、弦向尺寸的测定,研究了不同树干位置的基本密度和干缩率的变异规律,并运用加工工艺中减小木材皱缩和开裂措施(蒸汽调湿处理方法)探索皱缩开裂缺陷的恢复性能。结果表明:1)邓恩桉种源100(0.5265 g/cm³)的木材基本密度小于种源98(0.5360 g/cm³);2)木材基本密度在树干纵向呈波浪式变化,在横向边材显著大于心材;3)木材干缩率在纵向随高度的增加而减小,在横向边材大于心材,且弦向干缩率均为径向的1~3倍;4)经喷蒸调湿处理后,木材开裂程度减轻,且径向和弦向皱缩恢复率分别为0.4%、3.3%;5)木材基本密度与气干弦向干缩率存在极显著负相关(r=-0.313),并建立了气干干缩率与全干干缩率的回归模型。     

北京幽灵蛛体表微感受器的类型、结构和分布

北京幽灵蛛(Pholcus beijingensis)体表的微感受器包括毛状感受器(触毛、听毛、味觉毛和刺)、裂缝状感受器(单个裂缝器、竖琴器)和跗节器等.扫描电镜观察显示,北京幽灵蛛体表的毛状感受器数量最多,分布最广;其次是裂缝感受器;此外,每个跗节末端具有一个跗节器.除触毛在整个身体表面均有分布外,其他毛状感受器(...     

大豆连作对土体和根际微生物群落功能的影响

试验采用Biolog方法在大田试验条件下研究了不同连作年限大豆在结荚期和收获期根际和土体微生物群落功能多样性的变化.试验结果表明,在结荚期和收获期根际微生物群落功能多样性、均匀度指数和AWCD均显著高于土体.在结荚期迎茬和连作8a的土体微生物多样性、AWCD均高于正茬和连作4a土体;在收获期正茬和迎茬处理的土体微生物多样性、AWCD高于连作4a和8a.结荚期迎茬、连作4a和8a处理的根际微生物群落AWCD均显著高于收获期,说明在大豆植株生长旺盛的结荚期微生物群落的根际效应比收获期更明显.在这两个生长期降解氨基酸,糖类和羧酸类碳源的微生物可能是连作影响的主要土体微生物类群.     

采煤沉陷裂缝区土壤含水量变化对柠条叶片叶绿素荧光的响应

采煤塌陷引起的土壤环境因子的变化对矿区植物生长的影响越来越受到人们的关注,快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析技术被称为植物受胁迫状态的有效探针,能够快速获取胁迫下光系统II光化学活性和电子传递的信息。研究采煤塌陷裂缝区植物叶片叶绿素荧光的变化是揭示煤炭开采塌陷胁迫对植物个体生长影响的关键环节,能为大尺度下采煤沉陷区植物损伤机理研究提供基础。对于黄土高原半干旱矿区,土壤水分无疑是植物生长最重要的限制因素,而植物叶片叶绿素荧光变化采煤塌陷影响下土壤含水量变化的响应如何尚不清楚。为了弄清采煤沉陷裂缝影响下土壤含水量变化对柠条叶片叶绿素荧光响应的影响,选取神东煤田大柳塔矿区52302工作面为实验场地,在分析了采煤塌陷裂缝对土壤含水量的影响的基础上,以生态修复物种柠条为研究对象,对采煤塌陷裂缝区不同土壤含水量下柠条叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线进行监测。结果显示:(1)由于煤炭井工开采在地表形成大量裂缝,破坏了土体结构,增加了土壤水分的蒸发面,加速了土壤水的散失。土壤水分含量随着与裂缝之间距离的增加而增加,从距离裂缝0 cm到300 cm,土壤平均含水量从5.63%增加到15.07%;(2)裂缝区土壤水分降低,柠条受到干旱胁迫程度加重,叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线由O—J—I—P变形为O—K—J—I—P曲线。干旱胁迫通过干扰柠条叶片PSII电子供体侧、受体侧以及电子传递链的功能,严重的损害了柠条叶片光合机构的正常功能。     

植被发育玄武岩斜坡土体大孔隙尺寸及其主要影响因素

极端异常气候诱发植被发育斜坡发生滑坡灾害的数量逐年攀升,土体大孔隙产生的优先流对其有重要影响.本文结合水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程对马卡山植被发育玄武岩斜坡土体大孔隙的半径范围、数量、平均体积进行估算,分析了该区土体大孔隙分布情况及其主要影响因素.结果表明：研究区域主要植被下土体大孔隙半径在0.3~1.8 mm,主要集中在0.5~1.2 mm,1.4~1.8 mm的大半径孔隙相对较少, 而＜1.4 mm的小半径孔隙较多.随着剖面发育,大孔隙表现为上部土层多、下部土层少的特点.大孔隙平均体积决定了稳定出流速率84.7%的变异.在影响大孔隙平均体积大小的诸多因素中,植被根系质量密度与其呈线性关系,相关系数为0.70,土壤有机质含量与其呈线性关系,相关系数为0.64.     

Traits underpinning desiccation resistance explain distribution patterns of terrestrial isopods

Predicted changes in soil water availability regimes with climate and land-use change will impact the community of functionally important soil organisms, such as macro-detritivores. Identifying and quantifying the functional traits that underlie interspecific differences in desiccation resistance will enhance our ability to predict both macro-detritivore community responses to changing water regimes and the consequences of the associated species shifts for organic matter turnover. Using path analysis, we tested (1) how interspecific differences in desiccation resistance among 22 northwestern European terrestrial isopod species could be explained by three underlying traits measured under standard laboratory conditions, namely, body ventral surface area, water loss rate and fatal water loss; (2) whether these relationships were robust to contrasting experimental conditions and to the phylogenetic relatedness effects being excluded; (3) whether desiccation resistance and hypothesized underlying traits could explain species distribution patterns in relation to site water availability. Water loss rate and (secondarily) fatal water loss together explained 90 % of the interspecific variation in desiccation resistance. Our path model indicated that body surface area affects desiccation resistance only indirectly via changes in water loss rate. Our results also show that soil moisture determines isopod species distributions by filtering them according to traits underpinning desiccation resistance. These findings reveal that it is possible to use functional traits measured under standard conditions to predict soil biota responses to water availability in the field over broad spatial scales. Taken together, our results demonstrate an increasing need to generate mechanistic models to predict the effect of global changes on functionally important organisms.     

黄土高原植被建设与土壤干燥化:问题与展望

黄土高原大规模植被建设有效减少了水土流失、改善了区域生态环境,大规模人工植被种植也造成了土壤水分的过度消耗,导致了土壤干燥化,成为当前黄土高原生态恢复的重要制约因素,威胁区域生态系统健康与稳定。系统综述了黄土高原地区人工植被恢复对土壤干燥化的作用机制,植被群落特征与土壤干燥化的耦合关系,多尺度土壤干燥化时空分异规律及其影响因素,明确了当前大规模人工植被恢复过程中土壤水分持续利用面临的问题与挑战。建议今后加强植被动态对水文过程影响的研究,明确多尺度植被格局与土壤干燥化时空分异的耦合关系,系统开展变化环境下不同尺度植被与土壤水分相互作用的模拟研究,探讨基于植被格局优化的土壤水分调控机制,维护黄土高原地区土壤安全,提升区域生态系统服务功能。     

宁南山区不同乔木林地土壤干层分布及干燥化特征

以宁南山区典型坡面不同人工林地为研究对象,分层采集0~600 cm土样,分析杏树(Armeniaca vulgaris)、杨树(Populus simonii)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和松树(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)及农田(对照)土壤含水量垂直剖面分布特征,采用干燥化指数(SID)、土壤水分相对亏缺指数(CSWDI)、干层起始深度(DSLFD)、干层厚度(DSLT)和干层内平均含水量(DSL-SWC)等指标对土壤干燥化强度和干层分布特征进行分析,利用冗余分析(RDA)确定相关环境因子对土壤干燥化和干层的影响,为黄土高原山区植被合理利用水土资源和生态恢复等提供数据支撑。结果表明:(1)杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐、松树土壤水分均属中等变异,且0~600 cm平均土壤含水量与对照农田相比分别降低了31.17%、24.15%、23.19%、29.67%和18.35%。(2)不同人工林地干层起始深度、干层厚度及垂直剖面土壤水分分布明显不同,杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐、松树和农田土壤干层起始深度分别为90、160、140、140、160和600 cm,干层厚度分别为510、460、480、480、460和0 cm。(3)杏树、杨树、榆树、刺槐和松树0~600 cm平均土壤干燥化指数分别为63.48%、91.88%、95.17%、73.97%和111.91%,土壤水分相对亏缺指数分别为0.68、0.59、0.52、0.63和0.41,其土壤水分干燥化强度及亏缺程度由高到低依次为杏树>刺槐>杨树>榆树>松树。(4)RDA分析结果表明,乔木类型、黏粒含量和地形条件是影响土壤干燥化的重要因素。     

陕北黄土区不同林地土壤干燥化效应

退耕还林还草工程虽然取得显著成效,但是加剧了区域土壤水分亏缺与土壤干燥化程度,同时制约着植被构建。选取陕西省吴起县金佛坪流域山杏、油松、刺槐、小叶杨和沙棘5种植被类型,对照荒草地。采用人工土钻法取样,分析不同植被类型0—10 m的土壤湿度特征和土壤干燥化效应。结果表明:各植被类型浅层和深层土壤水分均存在显著差异;与荒草地相比,各类林地均出现土壤水分过度消耗,其中刺槐林过耗量最大,山杏林最小;各林地均出现土壤干层,其中刺槐林、小叶杨林和山杏林土壤干层都已达到10 m以下,植被是深层土壤水分的主要影响因素。5类林地的土壤干燥化指数平均值39.26%,都远高于荒草地-9.57%。土壤干燥化强度为小叶杨(80.19%)刺槐(78.03%)沙棘(55.38%)山杏(37.94%)油松(32.34%),这是树种、林木大小和密度、林分生物量、树龄等生长指标综合作用的结果。在今后植被恢复中,应注意根据当地土壤水分条件,合理选择节水树种和合理设计林分结构,尽量避免或减轻土壤干化,维持较高的植被稳定性。     

Correlation of Intracellular Trehalose Concentration with Desiccation Resistance of Soil Escherichia coli Populations

Naturalized soil Escherichia coli populations need to resist common soil desiccation stress in order to inhabit soil environments. In this study, four representative soil E. coli strains and one lab strain, MG1655, were tested for desiccation resistance via die-off experiments in sterile quartz sand under a potassium acetate-induced desiccation condition. The desiccation stress caused significantly lower die-off rates of the four soil strains (0.17 to 0.40 day⁻¹) than that of MG1655 (0.85 day⁻¹). Cellular responses, including extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, exogenous glycine betaine (GB) uptake, and intracellular compatible organic solute synthesis, were quantified and compared under the desiccation and hydrated control conditions. GB uptake appeared not to be a specific desiccation response, while EPS production showed considerable variability among the E. coli strains. All E. coli strains produced more intracellular trehalose, proline, and glutamine under the desiccation condition than the hydrated control, and only the trehalose concentration exhibited a significant correlation with the desiccation-contributed die-off coefficients (Spearman''s ρ = −1.0; P = 0.02). De novo trehalose synthesis was further determined for 15 E. coli strains from both soil and nonsoil sources to determine its prevalence as a specific desiccation response. Most E. coli strains (14/15) synthesized significantly more trehalose under the desiccation condition, and the soil E. coli strains produced more trehalose (106.5 ± 44.9 μmol/mg of protein [mean ± standard deviation]) than the nonsoil reference strains (32.5 ± 10.5 μmol/mg of protein).     

Relationship between Desiccation and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Soil Pseudomonas sp

The relationship between desiccation and the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by soil bacteria was investigated by using a Pseudomonas species isolated from soil. Cultures subjected to desiccation while growing in a sand matrix contained more EPS and less protein than those growing at high water potential, suggesting that resources were allocated to EPS production in response to desiccation. Desiccation did not have a significant effect on activity as measured by reduction of iodonitrotetrazolium. Purified EPS produced by the Pseudomonas culture contained several times its weight in water at low water potential. Sand amended with EPS held significantly more water and dried significantly more slowly than unamended sand, implying that an EPS matrix may buffer bacterial colonies from some effects of desiccation. We conclude that bacteria may use EPS production to alter their microenvironment to enhance survival of desiccation.     

Changes in body melanisation and desiccation resistance in highland vs. lowland populations of D. melanogaster

Wild caught samples of Drosophila melanogaster from five highland localities showed parallel changes in melanisation and desiccation resistance in darker versus lighter phenotypes, i.e. darker flies (>45% melanisation) showed significantly higher desiccation resistance than lighter flies (<30% melanisation). In order to find an association between body melanisation and desiccation resistance, highland and lowland populations from tropical and subtropical regions (11.15-31.06 degrees N) of the Indian subcontinent were raised and investigated at 21 degrees C for four physiological traits, i.e. per cent body melanisation, desiccation resistance, rate of water loss and rate of water absorption. On the basis of mother-offspring regression, body melanisation and desiccation resistance showed higher heritability (0.58-0.68) and thus these traits are suitable for laboratory analyses. Significantly higher melanisation as well as desiccation resistance were observed in highland populations as compared with lowland populations. The rates of water loss as well as absorption were negatively correlated with body melanisation, i.e. darker flies from highlands showed a reduced rate of water loss as well as a lower rate of water absorption while the reverse trend was observed in lighter flies from lowlands. On the basis of multiple regressions, significant effects due to combined altitude and latitude were observed for all the four physiological traits. Local climatic conditions (i.e. annual average temperature and relative humidity) helped in explaining parallel changes in body melanisation and desiccation resistance in D. melanogaster.     

Impact of body melanisation on contrasting levels of desiccation resistance in a circumtropical and a generalist <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis> species

We investigated the role of cuticular lipids, body melanisation and body size in conferring contrasting levels of desiccation resistance in latitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae on the Indian subcontinent. Contrary to the well known role of cuticular lipids in water proofing in diverse insect taxa, there is lack of geographical variations in the amount of cuticular lipids per fly in both the species. In D. ananassae, quite low levels of body melanisation are correlated with lower desiccation resistance. By contrast, increased levels of desiccation resistance are correlated with quite high melanisation in D. melanogaster. Thus, species specific cuticular melanisation patterns are significantly correlated with varying levels of desiccation resistance within as well as between populations and across species. Role of body melanisation in desiccation resistance is further supported by the fact that assorted dark and light flies differ significantly in cuticular water loss, hemolymph and dehydration tolerance. However, similar patterns of body size variation do not account for contrasting levels of desiccation resistance in these two Drosophila species. Climatic selection is evidenced by multiple regression analysis with seasonal amplitude of thermal and humidity changes (Tcv and RHcv) along latitude on the Indian subcontinent. Finally, the contrasting levels of species specific distribution patterns are negatively correlated with RHcv of sites of origin of populations i.e. a steeper negative slope for D. ananassae corresponds with its desiccation sensitivity as compared with D. melanogaster. Thus, evolutionary changes in body melanisation impact desiccation resistance potential as well as distribution patterns of these two Drosophila species on the Indian subcontinent.     

Impact of body melanisation on desiccation resistance in montane populations of D. melanogaster: Analysis of seasonal variation

In the montane localities of subtropical regions, winter is the dry season and ectothermic drosophilids are expected to evolve desiccation resistance to cope with drier climatic conditions. An analysis of six montane populations (600–2226 m) of D. melanogaster showed variations for body melanisation (i.e. pigmentation) and desiccation resistance across seasons as well as along altitude. During winter season, plastic changes for melanisation of three posterior abdominal segments (5th + 6th + 7th) correspond with higher desiccation resistance. Thus, we analyzed genetic and plastic effects for these ecophysiological traits by comparing wild-caught and laboratory reared individuals of D. melanogaster for autumn as well as winter season. A ratio of slope values in wild vs. laboratory populations has shown a 1.64-fold plastic effect during autumn; and a two-fold effect during winter. For body melanisation and desiccation resistance, evolutionary response to altitudinal environmental gradient is similar to the phenotypic response across seasons. Thus, our observations are in agreement with the co-gradient hypothesis. Further, we tested the hypothesis whether a thicker cuticle (either due to melanisation or cuticular lipids) leads to lesser cuticular water loss and higher desiccation resistance across seasons as well as according to altitude. Based on within and between population analyses, body melanisation was found to be positively correlated with desiccation resistance but negatively with cuticular water loss. Interestingly, there were no changes in the amount of cuticular lipids per fly across seasons as well as along altitude; and therefore cuticular lipids did not account for desiccation resistance. Cuticular water loss exhibited negative correlation with body melanisation but not with cuticular lipids as well as with changes in body size across seasons. Thus, our data suggest that seasonal changes in body melanisation confer desiccation resistance in montane populations of D. melanogaster.