黑麦基因组中不同染色体在缺磷胁迫下对普通小麦根系分泌酸性磷酸 …

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体附加系为材料，通过在低磷胁迫下对其根系分泌Ａｃｐｈ能力测定及同工酶等电聚焦分析证明：缺磷胁迫是Ａｃｐｈ基因表达的诱导因子，帝国黑麦不同染色体的中国春小麦背景中对其根系在低磷胁迫下Ａｃｐｈ的分泌具不同的正效应，其中以１Ｒ染色体的效应最为强烈，Ａｃｐｈ等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）的酶谱清楚地表明黑麦的１Ｒ染色体上携有在缺磷胁迫下诱导表达的Ａｃｐｈ基因。     

黑麦染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体异附加系为材料用土培盆栽法对黑麦染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析表明,附加帝国黑麦不同染色体对中国春小麦有效利用土壤潜在磷特性具有不同的效应。黑麦１Ｒ、７Ｒ染色体上携带有对该特性有较强促进作用的基因。而５Ｒ染色体上则携带有对该特性具强烈抑制效应的基因     

一个柱穗山羊草（Aegilops cylindrica）系统中的类Ph1基因

第一次在一个Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ系统中发现了Ｐｈ１－ｌｉｋｅ基因,但它的作用略小于Ｐｈ１。同时证明了Ａｅ,ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ在控制染色体配对基因方面存在多态现象。ｐｈ１ｂ基因可以诱导普通小麦与Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ间的部分同源染色体配对,同时用普通小麦对（中国春ｐｈ１ｂ突变体×Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）Ｆ_１回交获得了成功。表明利用ｐｈ１ｂ基因通过诱导部分同源染色体配对可以把Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ中的有益基因导入到普通小麦中。     

根分泌的有机酸对土壤磷和微量元素的活化作用

在养分胁迫下,尤其是缺磷条件下,许多植物可通过增加有机酸的分泌,作为其适应机制．讨论了营养胁迫条件下不同生态型植物根系分泌有机酸的种类,分析了不同生态型植物分泌的有机酸种类和数量之间的差异．结果表明,在缺磷条件下植物根系所分泌有机酸的种类和数量与它们所处的土壤环境关系密切．在营养胁迫条件下植物根系分泌的有机酸具有活化土壤磷、微量元素和缓解Ａｌ毒的功能;对有机酸活化土壤养分,解Ａｌ毒可能的作用机制进行了论述     

缺磷胁迫对小麦根细胞周期蛋白基因cyc1At表达的影响

用液培方法研究了缺磷胁迫对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）根系生长的影响。结果表明,随着介质磷水平的提高,小麦根轴长度和植株生长素深度均降低。在低磷条件下用生长素极性运输抑制剂三碘苯甲酸（ＴＩＢＡ）处理后,小麦的根轴长度明显降低,表明生长素参与了缺磷小麦根轴生长的调控。缺磷小麦根部生长素浓度的提高诱导了细胞周期蛋白基因ｃｙｃ１Ａｔ的素达,促进了根分生组织细胞的分裂并驱动了根的生长。     

小麦亲缘种属添加系耐低磷胁迫性状鉴定与基因染色体定位

采用苗期缺磷和全营养对照处理,以70个中国春—野生亲缘种属二体添加系及中国春为材料,根据苗期表观遗传性状、磷吸收率和利用率相对生物量对其进行耐低磷胁迫能力筛选鉴定和基因染色体定位。结果表明:大麦4H和长穗偃麦草7E染色体上携带有耐低磷胁迫的优异基因;长穗偃麦草6E、黑麦1R和6R、卵穗山羊草4Ug和6Mg、易变山羊草4Sv染色体携带促进小麦根系生长发育的基因;拟斯比尔托山羊草5S和簇毛麦4V染色体分别携带高磷吸收率和磷利用率的基因。通过染色体工程技术,可以将携带耐低磷胁迫基因的外源染色体片段导入普通小麦,为小麦耐低磷胁迫育种和了解植物耐低磷胁迫的分子机理奠定基础。     

黑麦1R染色体特异性PCR引物的分子证据

根据黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒａｌｅＬ．）与小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｗｕｍＬ．）ｒＲＮＡ基因间隔区序列差异,按Ｋｏｅｂｎｅｒ设计的引物序列,合成了黑麦特异引物ＮＯＲ－Ｒ１。运用该引物对不同植物材料进行ＰＣＲ扩增,观察表明,含有黑麦１Ｒ染色体的植物均扩增出黑麦的特异带,但含有其他黑麦染色体的小麦种质,普通小麦品种及其近缘物种长穗偃麦草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ（Ｈｏｓｔ）Ｂｅａｕｖ）     

低磷胁迫下甘蓝型油菜酸性磷酸酶对磷效率的贡献分析

为探讨低磷胁迫下甘蓝型油菜酸性磷酸酶活性的基因型差异及其与磷效率的关系, 采用土培实验研究了磷高效基因型102和磷低效基因型105对有机磷和无机磷的利用及其根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性差异; 并采用水培实验研究了甘蓝型油菜根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶及不同叶片酸性磷酸酶的活性差异. 结果表明, 低磷胁迫能诱导根系及根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性升高; 土培条件下, 由于酸性磷酸酶的有效性受较多因素影响, 植物的磷营养和磷吸收效率与根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性并不直接相关; 缺磷胁迫下重组自交系群体叶片酸性磷酸酶活性与磷利用效率呈显著正相关, 进一步表明低磷诱导的植株叶片酸性磷酸酶活性升高能促进体内磷的再利用, 从而提高磷利用效率.     

低磷和铝毒胁迫条件下菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积

以水培方式研究了低磷、铝毒胁迫条件下,不同菜豆基因型根系有机酸的分泌及其在植穆不同部位的累积,结果表明,低磷,铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积存在显著的基因差异。低磷、铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆主要分泌柠檬酸、酒石酸和乙酸,其中,50μmol/LAl^3 诱导柠檬酸分泌量最高;低磷（小于20μmol/LH2PO4^－）胁迫诱导柠榨菜酸分泌量显著高于高磷处理,但低磷处理之间差异不明显,铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆有机酸的分泌与累积显著高于低磷胁迫处理,低磷,铝毒胁迫植株不同部位有机酸的含量为叶片大小根系,低磷,铝毒胁迫时,G842菜豆型柠檬酸有机酸分泌总量显著高于273、AFR和ZPV,其干重和磷吸收明明显于大G273,AFR和ZPV,且铝吸收量小于G273,AFR和ZPV,说明,G482菜豆基因型对低磷,铝毒的适应能力强于G273,AFR和ZPV基因型,菜豆有机酸,,尤其柠檬酸的分泌是其适应低磷、铝毒胁迫的重要生理反应。     

一个柱穗山羊草（AegilposCylindrica）系统中的类Ph1基因（Ph1—like）…

第一次在一个Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ系统中发现了Ｐｈ１－ｌｉｋｅ基因,但它的作用略小于Ｐｈ１,同时证明了Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ在控制染色体配对基因方面存在多态现象,Ｐｈ１ｂ基因可以诱导普通小麦与Ａｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ间的部分同源染色体配对,同时用普通小麦对（中国春ｐｈ１ｂ突变体ＸＡｅ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）Ｆ１回交获得了成功,表明利用Ｐｈ１ｂ基因通过诱导部分同源染色体配对可以把Ａｅ．ｃｙ     

Effect of rye chromosome 2 substitution on kernel protein content of wheat

Summary Significant increases in the kernel protein content of lines of the bread wheat variety Chinese Spring, in which a pair of rye chromosome 2 substitutes for group 2 chromosomes of wheat, were observed in plants grown at three different locations. Fractionation of proteins on the basis of their solubility did not show any significant variation in the relative proportions of alcohol, salt, acid and alkali soluble proteins. Similarly, electrophoretic studies of saline, alcohol and acetic acid-urea soluble proteins did not reveal any addition or deletion of protein bands in comparison with the Chinese Spring control. Apparently, the substituted rye chromosomes do not contribute any proteins different from those already present in wheat. The electrophoretic data give further evidence of the homoeology of rye chromosome 2 with the group 2 chromosomes of wheat.     

Comparison of homoeologous chromosome pairing between hybrids of wheat genotypes Chinese Spring ph1b and Kaixian-luohanmai with rye

The ph-like genes in the Chinese common wheat landrace Kaixian-luohanmai (KL) induce homoeologous pairing in hybrids with alien species. In the present study, meiotic phenotypic differences on homoeologous chromosome pairing at metaphase I between hybrids of wheat genotypes Chinese Spring ph1b (CSph1b) and KL with rye were studied by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The frequency of wheat-wheat associations was higher in CSph1b×rye than in KL×rye. However, frequencies of wheat-rye and rye-rye associations were higher in KL×rye than in CSph1b×rye. These differences may be the result of different mechanisms of control between the ph-like gene(s) controlling homoeologous chromosome pairing in KL and CSph1b. Wheat-wheat associations were much more frequent than wheat-rye pairing in both hybriods. This may be caused by lower overall affinity, or homoeology, between wheat and rye chromosomes than between wheat chromosomes.     

小麦新材料“J—11”与黑麦可杂交性的遗传研究

新材料“J－11”比众所周知的高亲和性品系“中国春”具有明显更高的与黑麦的可杂交性,遗传分析表明,“J－11”与“中国春”的可杂交性基因一样表现为完全隐性,但控制“J－11”和“中国春”与黑麦可杂交性的基因型确实不相同,“J－11”除具有“中国春”的3对可杂交性基因,即5B上的kr1,5A上的kr2和5D上的kr3,外,还具有1个新的可杂交性基因kr4,位于1A染色体上,新基因kr4表现为强效,其效应比kr1的弱,但在kr2和kr3的强。小麦可杂交性基因间存在互作,表现为纯合隐性等位基因对其它显性等位基因的抑制作用,而纯合隐性等位基因的效应可加性。     

Linkage of genes, controlling morphological signs with isozyme markers of rye chromosomes

Data on linkage of 12 rye genes controlling morphological traits (el, Vs, ln, w, np, ct2, Hs, Ddw, cb, mn, vil, mp) with one or several isozyme markers of individual rye chromosomes (2R-7R) are presented. Linkage of the following gene pairs was established: chromosome 2R: Est3/5-el, el-beta-Glu, Sod2-el, Sod2-Vs; chromosome 3R: ln-Got4; chromosome 4R: w-Got1, np-Got1; chromosome 5R: Est4-ct2, Est6/9-ct2, ct2-Est2, ct2-Aco2, Est2-Hs, Aco2-Hs, Est2-Ddw, Aco2-Ddw; chromosome 6R: Lap2-cb, cb-Aco1, Est10-mn; chromosome 7R: Acph2/3-vi1, Got2-vi1, mp-Acph2/3. The reasons for mapping a very small number of genes in rye in spite of high intraspecific variability of this species are discussed. An approach is suggested to improve this situation by simultaneous identification and mapping of all diverse spontaneous mutations maintained in heterozygous state in various rye cultivars.     

中国春(T.aestivum)与黑麦(Secale cereale)可交配性基因的染色体定位再研究及其与Ta1基因的关系

利用中国春-Cheyenne二体代换系及中国春缺体-四体、Ta₁中国舂、兰州黑麦等,对中国春可交配性基因的定位及与Ta₁的关系进行了研究。在中国春染色体2B、6D及7A上,第一次发现了可交配性基因kr存在,同时证明了Ta₁基因与kr基因不存在相互干挠。在北京条件下利于kr基因表达。     

Identification and development of diagnostic markers for a powdery mildew resistance gene on chromosome 2R of Chinese rye cultivar Jingzhouheimai

Chinese rye cultivar Jingzhouheimai (Secale cereale L.) shows a high level of resistance to powdery mildew. Identification, location, and mapping of the resistance gene would be helpful for developing a highly resistant germplasm or cultivar in wheat. Using sequential C-banding, GISH, and marker analysis, an addition chromosome with powdery mildew resistance was identified in a line derived from a cross between Chinese wheat landrace Huixianhong and rye cultivar Jingzhouheimai. The line, designated H-J DA2RDS1R(1D), had 44 chromosomes including two pairs of rye chromosomes, 1R and 2R, and lacked a pair of wheat chromosomes 1D, that is, it is a double disomic addition disomic substitution line. According to its reaction to different isolates of the powdery mildew pathogen, the resistance gene in H-J DA2RDS1R(1D) differed from the Pm8 and Pm7 genes located earlier on rye chromosomes 1R and 2R, respectively. In order to determine the location of the resistance gene, line H-J DA2RDS1R(1D) was crossed with wheat landrace Huixianhong and the F2 population and corresponding F2:3 families were tested for disease reaction and assessed with molecular markers. The results showed that a resistance gene, designated PmJZHM2RL, is located in rye chromosome arm 2RL.     

Variation of B Chromosome Associated with Tissue Culture in Wheat-rye Cross

In vitro variation of B chromosomes was studied by examining the callus cells derived from the immature embryos from a cross of Chinese Spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Fin 7416 rye ( Secale cereale L.) carrying two B chromosomes. In 40-d-old callus cells, the numbers of B chromosomes ranged from one to four in 65.6% of the cells observed. The distribution of B chromosome numbers was associated with the ploidy levels of the normal chromosomes (A chromosomes). The frequency of the cells with high numbers of B chromosomes (i.e., three or four B chromosomes) in the amphiploid cells with 56 A chromosomes was greater than those in the haploid cells with 28 A chromosomes. Although structural changes in the rye A chromosomes were observed, cytological observation and genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that the rye B chromosomes were conserved in morphological appearance following tissue culture.     

普通小麦各染色体组有效利用土壤磷基因的遗传分析

以部分中国春双端体为材料用土培盆栽法对小麦各染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析表明：小麦不同染色体臂上所携基因对小麦有效利用土壤潜在磷特性具有不同效应,在供试材料中,Ｂ组染色体所缺失的臂在缺磷下对籽粒产量的贡献较大,其中以４Ｂｓ、５Ｂｓ,效应最强,而Ｄ组所有缺失的染色体臂及大部分Ａ组所缺失的染色体臂在缺磷下则对籽粒产量有较强的抑制效应,其中以５Ｄｓ、３ＤＬ及２ＡＬ,１Ａｓ的效应最强。     

Mapping of meiotic genes in rye (Secale cereale L.): Localization of sy19 mutation, impairing homologous synapsis, by means of isozyme and microsatellite markers

The sy19 mutation, which impairs the homology of meiotic chromosome synapsis in rye, were mapped using a specially created F₂ population by means of isozyme Acph1 locus and microsatellite (SSR) markers. The sy19 gene was localized in the chromosome 7R in the pericentromeric region of long arm based on the linked inheritance with the Acph1 locus. The locus was linked with five rye SSR markers, with the Xrems1234 locus being located closest to the sy19 gene (6.4 cM). The genetic map of the analyzed chromosome 7R region includes ten markers and the sy19 locus. A possible function of the Sy1 and Sy19 genes based on the data on comparative genomics is discussed.