控制小麦种、属旗叶水分利用效率的染色体背景分析

利用ＬＣＡ－３便携式光合仪对不同染色体背景的材料测定表明,就旗叶水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）而言,不同染色体组的上排序为ＡＡ＞ＢＢ＞ＤＤ＞ＲＲ,说明Ａ组染色体上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因,对中国春双端体系列的研究表明,Ａ组染色体无论在缺失长臂和短臂时,其端体也保持较高的旗叶ＷＵＥ,在１ＡＬ、２ＡＬ、２ＡＳ、７ＡＳ染色体臂上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因。对小黑麦附加系的研究表明,４Ｒ染色体上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因,     

用Langdon二体代换系统建立小麦染色体RAPD标记

以一套Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ硬粒小麦二体代换系及其亲本Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ、中国春和中国春双端体为材料,研究适于硬粒小麦和普通小麦的理想ＲＡＰＤ分析条件,进行小麦Ａ、Ｂ和Ｄ染色体组各个染色体的ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明,ＡｍｐｌｉＴａｑＳｔｏｆｆｅｌｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔ比ＴａｑＤＮＡＰｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ优越。所用１２个随机引物中,７个引物扩增出的１３个特异产物,可确定在硬粒小麦ＬａｎｇｄｏｎＡ、Ｂ染色体组和中国春Ｄ染色体组中的１０个个别染色体上。４个标记进一步定位在相应的４个染色体臂上。结果还表明,用Ｌａｎｇｄｏｎ二体代换系统、中国春双端体为材料,容易得到重复性高、特异性强的ＲＡＰＤ标记。     

利用小染色体的促进结实基因提高缺体小麦结实性研究

分别对含有小染色体的小偃５号、小偃６号和７２１８０小麦品种自花结实４Ｄ缺体（依次编号为ＨＮ５、ＨＮ６Ｔ和ＨＮ７）及其相应二体及正常４Ｄ缺体的５种农艺性相对指数的研究表明：在４Ｄ缺体遗传背景下,小染色体载有促进结实基因;这三种自花结实缺体的小染色体对４Ｄ染色体缺失效应均有部分补偿作用,小偃６号自花结实４Ｄ缺体小染色体的这种补偿能力最强,小偃５号自花结实４Ｄ缺体小染色体的这种补偿能力最弱。将小偃６号自     

普通小麦与冰草间杂种的细胞遗传学及其自交可育性

为了进一步研究冰草属（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎ Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．）的Ｐ染色体组与小麦染色体组间的遗传关系和评价Ｐ染色体组在属间杂种自交可育性上的遗传效应,获得了普通小麦品种Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ｃｖ．Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ,２ｎ＝４２;ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）与３个不同来源的四倍体冰草（Ａ．ｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ＜Ｌ．＞Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．,２ｎ＝２８;ＰＰＰＰ）间的杂种（２ｎ＝３５;ＡＢＤＰＰ）。结果表明     

黑麦染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体异附加系为材料用土培盆栽法对黑麦染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析表明,附加帝国黑麦不同染色体对中国春小麦有效利用土壤潜在磷特性具有不同的效应。黑麦１Ｒ、７Ｒ染色体上携带有对该特性有较强促进作用的基因。而５Ｒ染色体上则携带有对该特性具强烈抑制效应的基因     

普通小麦与钩刺山羊草杂交F1的农艺性状及细胞遗传学的观察

为有效地利用钩刺山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｔｒｉｕｎｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｌ．）的抗白粉病基因对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）进行遗传改良,了解两者杂交后杂种Ｆ１的遗传机制是十分必要的。对Ｆ１杂种的研究表明,二价体频率高于理论值,是分别存在于钩刺山羊草Ｃ和Ｕ基因组中的小麦５Ｂ染色体上Ｐｈ基因抑制因子联合作用的结果。以尾状山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｃａｕｄａｔａ Ｌ．）Ｃ基因组特异重复序列     

普通小麦4A染色体重排的原位杂交研究

以普通小麦第四部分同源染色体组的１３个ＲＦＬＰ（限制性片段长度多态性）标记为探针,通过原位杂交进行了物理定位和４Ａ染色体重排的物理特征研究。ＲＦＬＰ分析确定的标记所在的染色体臂和原位杂交结果相一致。位于４ＡＬ上的９个ＲＦＬＰ探针有６个的杂交点集中分布在距着丝点约６０％～７０％的区域内。本结果支持了４Ａ染色体来自于双重易位的假说,第一次易位产生的４ＡＬ／５ＡＬ染色体又和７ＢＳ发生易位,现在的４Ａ染色体结构为４ＡＬ／５ＡＬ／７ＢＳ,保留在４Ａ的５ＡＬ、７ＢＳ染色体片段约分别为０５μｍ、２２μｍ。所用ＲＦＬＰ标记杂交点聚集的区段分布于染色体臂的近端部,可能和易位断点及染色体的交换重组有关。４ＡＬ上Ｃ－带距着丝点的相对距离和各标记杂交点集中区段距着丝点的相对距离接近。     

四倍体小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体抗病新种质的创制

通过四倍体小麦与粗山羊草杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了ＰＳ５－Ｙ２８７双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）。该双二倍体ＰＭＣ ＭⅠ染色体构型基本稳定,对小麦白粉病表现免疫,对条锈、叶锈和秆锈病表现良好的田间抗性。并且该种质籽粒外观品质好,是一份有利用价值的小麦种质材料。     

缺磷胁迫对小麦根细胞周期蛋白基因cyc1At表达的影响

用液培方法研究了缺磷胁迫对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）根系生长的影响。结果表明,随着介质磷水平的提高,小麦根轴长度和植株生长素深度均降低。在低磷条件下用生长素极性运输抑制剂三碘苯甲酸（ＴＩＢＡ）处理后,小麦的根轴长度明显降低,表明生长素参与了缺磷小麦根轴生长的调控。缺磷小麦根部生长素浓度的提高诱导了细胞周期蛋白基因ｃｙｃ１Ａｔ的素达,促进了根分生组织细胞的分裂并驱动了根的生长。     

转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因豆瓣菜的耐盐性

将山菠菜甜苹碱醛脱氢酶（ＢＡＤＨ）基因经根癌土壤杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ （Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）ＡＧＬ１介导转入豆瓣菜（Ｎａｓｔｕｒｔｉｕｍ ｎｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｅ Ｒ,Ｂｒ．）ＰＣＲ、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｊ ｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ检测呈阳性的再生植株有４６株,对６株再生植株的ＢＡＤＨ活性和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ检测发现,有５株ＢＡＤＨ酶活性明     

黑麦基因组中不同染色体在缺磷胁迫下对普通小麦根系分泌酸性磷酸酯酶(Acph)遗传效应的研究

以一整套中国春－帝国黑麦二体附加系为材料,通过在低磷胁迫下对其根系分泌Ａｃｐｈ 能力测定及同工酶等电聚焦分析证明：缺磷胁迫是Ａｃｐｈ基因表达的诱导因子,帝国黑麦不同染色体在中国春小麦背景中对其根系在低磷胁迫下 Ａｃｐｈ的分泌具不同的正效应,其中以 １Ｒ 染色体的效应最为强烈, Ａｃｐｈ等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）的酶谱清楚地表明黑麦的１Ｒ染色体上携有在缺磷胁迫下诱导表达的Ａｃｐｈ基因。     

长穗偃麦草基因组中与耐低磷营养胁迫有关的基因的染色体定位

以中国春－长穗偃麦草二体异附加系和二体异代换系为材料，对其耐低磷营养胁迫特性进行鉴定和遗传分析，结果表明（１）长穗偃麦草的４Ｅ一＾ 色体携有耐低营养胁迫的基因，且其效应远远超过背景亲本中国春。     

Mapping of loci affecting copper tolerance in wheat—The possible impact of the vernalization gene Vrn-A1

Pot experiments with copper-treated soil and a control were performed in a greenhouse to determine QTLs for copper tolerance in wheat, using deletion, introgression and single chromosome recombinant lines. Genetic and physical mapping identified loci for copper tolerance on the long arm of chromosomes 5A and 5D, while loci with minor effects were found on the long and short arms of chromosome 5B. Tests on ‘Chinese Spring’–Aegilops tauschii introgression lines revealed a locus influencing copper tolerance on chromosome 3DS. QTLs for copper tolerance on chromosome 5A were mapped genetically and physically to exactly the same position as the gene for vernalization requirement (Vrn-A1). It is therefore suggested that Vrn-A1 may have a pleiotropic effect on copper tolerance may be due to the control of Cbf genes.     

中国春(T.aestivum)与黑麦(Secale cereale)可交配性基因的染色体定位再研究及其与Ta1基因的关系

利用中国春-Cheyenne二体代换系及中国春缺体-四体、Ta₁中国舂、兰州黑麦等,对中国春可交配性基因的定位及与Ta₁的关系进行了研究。在中国春染色体2B、6D及7A上,第一次发现了可交配性基因kr存在,同时证明了Ta₁基因与kr基因不存在相互干挠。在北京条件下利于kr基因表达。     

The effect of the 4B chromosomes of hexaploid wheat on the growth and regeneration of callus cultures

Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of nine lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). These were the euploid lines Chinese Spring and Cappelle-Desprez, a line of Chinese Spring ditelocentric for the long arm of 4B, four substitution lines of Chinese Spring in which chromosome 4B has been replaced by its homologues from different wheat varieties and substituted into Chinese Spring and a substitution line of Besostaya I 4B into Cappelle-Desprez. The calli from these lines were found to differ in their growth rates and morphogenic and regenerative activities. The substitution of different 4B chromosomes into Chinese Spring significantly increased morphogenesis and shoot regeneration from callus. The potential for developing wheat lines with improved culture characteristics is discussed.     

Effect of individual Sumai 3 chromosomes on resistance to scab spread within spikes and deoxynivalenol accumulation within kernels in wheat

Two sets of substitution lines were developed by crossing individual monosomic lines of Chinese Spring (recipient) with scab (Fusarium graminearum) resistant cultivar Sumai 3 (donor) and then using the monosomics as the recurrent male parent for four backcrosses (without selfing after each backcross). The disomic substitution lines were separated from selfed BC4F2 plants. Chromosome specific SSR markers were analyzed for polymorphism between Sumai 3 and Chinese Spring. Polymorphic markers were used to identify substitution lines for specific chromosomes. Based on the specific SSR markers, chromosome substitutions occurred in thirty-six lines, and six lines segregated alleles from the two parents or were homozygous for the allele from Chinese Spring. These substitution lines were used to evaluate Type II (spread within the head) and Type V (deoxynivalenol accumulation within kernels) scab resistance. The objective was to use the substitution lines to evaluate the effect of individual chromosomes of Sumai 3 on Type 11 and Type V scab resistance in the greenhouse. Significant differences in Type II scab resistance and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels among different Chinese Spring (Sumai 3) substitution lines were detected. Positive chromosome substitution effects on Type II scab resistance were found on chromosomes 2B, 3B. 6B, and 7A from Sumai 3. Chromosomes 3B and 7A also reduced DON accumulation within the kernels, while chromosomes IB, 2D, and 4D from Sumai 3 increased DON concentration. Chromosome 7A from Sumai 3 had the largest effect on resistance to scab spread and DON accumulation. Additional research is in progress on the scab resistance conferred by chromosome 7A.     

不同细胞质的普通小麦"中国春"(Triticum aestivum var.Chinese Spring)与小偃麦杂交F1代的育性与减数分裂行为的研究

15个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交 ,杂种F1减数分裂的染色体行为表明 :普通小麦与天蓝偃麦草的F或E组染色体之间存在着部分同源关系 ;D2 型细胞质促进部分同源染色体配对、但却抑制同源染色体配对 ;Sv 型细胞质对同源染色体或部分同源染色体的配对均有抑制作用 ;G型细胞质促进同源染色体配对。1 5个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与六倍体小偃麦杂交 ,F1结实率很低 ,减数分裂中期的染色体行为混乱 ,单价体过多 ,或许意味着在天蓝偃麦草 (Elytrigiain termedium)与长穗偃麦草 (E .elongatum)的E组染色体之间存在着很大差别。随着回交代数的增加 ,选出G型、D2 型、Mt 型、Mu 型等细胞质雄性不育的八倍体小偃麦品系 ,其中D2 型细胞质八倍体小偃麦具有光周期敏感性雄性不育的特征 ;G型细胞质“远中 3”育性正常 ,表明八倍体小偃麦“远中 3”的E组染色体中存在G型胞质的育性恢复基因。     

Somatic karyotype,heterochromatin distribution,and nature of chromosome differentiation in common wheat,Triticum aestivum L. em Thell

Heterochromatin distribution and structural differentiation of somatic chromosomes of five common wheat cultivars — Chinese Spring, Wichita, Cheyenne, Timstein, and Hope — were studied by an acetocarmine/N-banding technique. Detailed morphological observations on acetocarmine stained somatic chromosomes of Chinese Spring were made on all A genome chromosomes (except 1A), all B genome chromosomes, and chromosomes 1D, 2D, and 7D. N-banding patterns of chromosomes 2A, 3A, 5A, 6A, 1D, 2D, and 7D were described for the first time. Substitution lines of 21 individual chromosomes each of Cheyenne, Timstein, and Hope in Chinese Spring were analyzed by N-banding. A high frequency of N-band polymorphism was observed, especially for most of the B genome chromosomes. Chromosomes 3A, 5A, 2D, and 7D showed a constant banding pattern. Three cases of doubtful substitutions, Hope 2A, 2B, and Timstein 7A, and several cases of incomplete and chromosomally modified substitutions were observed. The reduced level of chromosome pairing that is often observed in intercultivar hybrids of wheat may be due to heterochromatic differentiation, genic and structural heterozygosity, or hybrid dysgenesis.     

低磷胁迫对小麦代换系产量性状的影响及染色体效应

以中国春-Synthetic 6x染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,通过测定不同磷处理条件下的产量性状（单穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重）,对耐低磷胁迫特性的基因进行染色体定位。结果表明,低磷胁迫下,Synthetic 6x的6A、7A、1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B、7D染色体上可能携有促进单穗粒重的相关基因;2A、5A、6A、3B、5B、6B、7B、5D、7D染色体上可能携有促进千粒重的有关基因;6A、7A、1B、3B、2D、7D染色体上携有促进单穗粒数的相关基因。表明Synthetic 6x的6A、3B、7D染色体上可能携有与耐低磷胁迫特性有关的基因。