铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属的生物积累及其与重金属赋存形态的关系

以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为测试生物,采用28 d沉积物生物积累试验研究铜锈环棱螺对污染河流沉积物中重金属的生物积累,并探讨其与重金属赋存形态的关系.结果表明：铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏对Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Mn均具有较强的积累作用.不同重金属的积累量存在较大差别,Zn的积累量最多,占重金属总积累量的84.32%±4.36%,其次为Cu,占7.67%±2.84%;Pb、Cr和Mn的比例相对较少,分别为3.62%±1.84%、2.22%±1.03%和1.33%±0.15%;Cd所占比例最少,为0.83%±0.53%.肝胰脏中重金属元素之间的相关性均不显著.肝胰脏金属污染指数与沉积物污染综合指数具有显著的正相关关系,铜锈环棱螺可以作为沉积物重金属污染的监测生物.不同沉积物Cd、Cr、Zn和Mn的生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）具有较大的差异,Cu和Pb的BSAF比较稳定.Cd的生物积累与沉积物中Cd的可交换的与酸可溶态及可氧化态显著相关;Pb的生物积累与Pb的可还原态显著相关;Cu的生物积累与Cu的可氧化态显著相关;Mn的生物积累与Mn的可交换的与酸可溶态和可还原态显著相关;Cr和Mn的生物积累与其不同形态和总量均不相关.BSAF不宜作为衡量铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属生物积累能力的指标.     

锌胁迫对铜锈环棱螺致死率、富集性、CAT和SOD活性的影响

以浙江省温州市瓯海茶山某河内的铜锈环棱螺Bellamya aeruginosa为受试生物,研究了不同浓度Zn2+胁迫下,铜锈环棱螺的致死效应、铜锈环棱螺对锌的富集性以及锌对铜锈环棱螺体内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.结果表明Zn2+对铜锈环棱螺具有较大的毒害影响.当Zn2+浓度达到3.0 mg/L时,就会引起个别铜锈环棱螺死亡,死亡率为2.66％.随着Zn2+浓度的增大(0.3 mg/L到2.4 mg/L)和处理时间的增加(2d到8d),除个别组外,铜锈环棱螺对锌的累积量均随之上升,具有一定的时间效应和剂量效应.铜锈环棱螺在锌胁迫下,肝胰腺的CAT和SOD活性受到较大的影响.当Zn2+浓度较低时,CAT和SOD活性均有较大的升高,但当Zn2+浓度较高时,CAT和SOD活性则受到一定的抑制.     

转基因鱼试验湖泊铜锈环棱螺种群动态及次级生产力

2008年2月至2009年1月对转基因鱼试验湖泊铜锈环棱螺的种群生态学进行了周年研究.铜锈环棱螺的平均密度和生物量分别为28.96个/m2和17.33 g/m2,丰度最高值出现在4月(34.29个/m2和54.51 g/m2),其次为12月(25.1个/m2和36.18g/m2).试验湖泊中铜锈环棱螺在4-7月繁殖,种群中含有4个年龄组,其中2008年龄组占绝对优势.铜锈环棱螺壳长-体重方程为:lg Ww=2.8791 x 1g SL-3.4227,使用瞬时生长法测算试验湖泊铜锈环棱螺的周年生产量,带壳湿重为12.72g·m-2·a-1,去壳干重为0.74 g·m-2·a-1,P/B系数为0.42.估算试验湖泊2005年至2009年铜锈环棱螺生产量(去壳干重)分别为2.24,2.49,1.50和0.74 g·m-2·a-1.多元逐步回归分析显示总氮对铜锈环棱螺的次级生产量有显著影响,转基因鲤的捕食压力也可能是影响铜锈环棱螺生产量的重要因素.     

不同浓度阿维菌素对鲤鱼过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性的影响

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究不同浓度(0、3.2、5.6、7.5、10.0和18.0μg.-1)阿维菌素对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)肝胰脏和肌肉过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:除3.2μg.L-1浓度对CAT和GSTs活性无显著影响外,其余各浓度的阿维菌素均对鲤鱼组织中CAT和GSTs产生显著影响,总体表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度先诱导后抑制;5.6和7.5μg.L-1浓度组的肌肉CAT活性与对照组相比无显著差异,肝胰脏CAT活性以及肌肉和肝胰脏GSTs活性均显著升高;10.0和18.0μg.L-1浓度组的肌肉和肝胰脏中CAT、GSTs活性先显著升高,随后又显著下降;解除污染胁迫10d,18.0μg.L-1浓度组的肝胰脏中酶活性不能恢复到正常水平,其余各组与对照无显著差异,说明高浓度阿维菌素暴露可能对鲤鱼机体造成不可逆损伤;阿维菌素暴露浓度与其对鲤鱼肝胰脏和肌肉CAT、GSTs活性抑制率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系,可以考虑将其作为水体中阿维菌素类药物污染的生物标志物;同时,由于鲤鱼受污染胁迫时肌肉CAT、GSTs活性变化的显著性均远低于肝胰脏,因此当考虑...     

铅胁迫对3种藓类植物抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培实验研究了重金属Pb对3种藓类植物尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)、湿地匍灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum)和匍枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,(1)在1~200 mg·L-1的铅胁迫浓度范围内,Pb对3种藓类植物的SOD活性均具有显著的促进作用,对Pb胁迫的种间敏感性差异为尖叶拟船叶藓>湿地匍灯藓>匍枝青藓;(2)POD活性对Pb胁迫的反应趋势有一定差别,尖叶拟船叶藓和匍枝青藓的POD活性随Pb浓度的增加先升后降,湿地匍灯藓的POD活性变化较为平缓,种间敏感性差异为匍枝青藓>尖叶拟船叶藓>湿地匍灯藓;(3)在100 mg·L-1时Pb对湿地匍灯藓CAT活性表现为显著促进作用外,其余在低浓度下显示无显著影响,在高浓度下表现为抑制效应,种间敏感性差异为尖叶拟船叶藓>匍枝青藓>湿地匍灯藓.3种藓类植物的抗氧化酶体系中对Pb胁迫的抵抗起关键作用的是SOD,可作为藓类植物受Pb胁迫的敏感生理指标.3种植物中对Pb胁迫的反应较为敏感的是尖叶拟船叶藓.     

镉对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化系统的影响

采用毒性试验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(1.72、3.44、6.89、13.77和27.55mg·L-1)对克氏原螯虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX)和抗氧化物质(GSH、Vc)的影响.结果表明:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性受低浓度Cd2+诱导和高浓度Cd2+抑制,且受抑制程度与Cd2+浓度呈正相关.过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性总体表现为先激活后下降,且在第3天达最大值,CAT活性对低浓度Cd2+(≤6.89 mg·L-1)暴露敏感,而高浓度Cd2+对其影响较小.谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性对Cd2+浓度敏感,当Cd2+≤6.89 mg · L-1时,GSH-PX活性先升高后下降,更高浓度下GSH-PX活性在暴露后第1天即表现出抑制作用.还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在Cd2+≤6.89 mg·L-1时始终被诱导,且均在第1天达最大值,而高浓度Cd2+(≥13.77 mg·L-1)对GSH含量影响不明显.维生素C(Vc)对Cd2+胁迫敏感,各处理组Vc含量在第1天均显著下降,且下降程度与Cd2+浓度呈正相关,之后具有一定的合成恢复能力.抗氧化酶和非酶抗氧化物质在抵御Cd2+胁迫反应中共同发挥作用,且大多表现出明显的时间和剂量效应性.GSH-PX和Vc可以作为Cd2+污染的潜在生物指示物.     

大气湿沉降油菜体内铅的形态累积及氧化胁迫效应

大气沉降是叶菜类农作物可食部位重金属铅（Pb）累积的主要来源，但大气湿沉降下铅在油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）体内的形态累积特征及氧化胁迫效应，尚不十分清晰。通过模拟大气湿沉降铅胁迫，研究油菜体内重金属Pb的累积、亚细胞分布、化学形态特征及油菜抗氧化响应。结果表明，油菜可食部位Pb含量为1.72-6.35 mg/kg，超出标准（GB 2762-2017）4.73-20.16倍。Pb大量分布在油菜茎和叶的细胞壁中（52.14%-86.99%），以草酸盐沉淀的形式存在（20.07%-59.27%），这可能会导致Pb在可食部位的大量累积（>95%）。细胞壁的固持作用和Pb主要以草酸盐和不溶性磷酸盐存在，可能是油菜重要的解毒耐性机制之一。湿沉降铅胁迫可以增加叶和茎的丙二醛（MDA）含量，造成细胞的氧化损伤，抑制叶绿素的合成。油菜可以通过提高抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性（7.73%-346.91%），增加抗氧化剂（AsA和GSH）和可溶性物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）含量（9.11%-279.59%），来有效应对湿沉降Pb胁迫。抗氧化酶在叶中变化最大，过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别上升49.41%-91.62%和123.42%-346.91%。抗氧化剂则在根中变化最显著，抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量分别上升了134.15%-182.93%和238.78%-279.59%。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、POD、CAT和GSH可能是油菜叶能缓解湿沉降Pb氧化胁迫的主要因素之一（P<0.05）。研究结果可加深对大气沉降下Pb在叶菜体内累积分布行为的理解，并为大气重金属胁迫地区农作物重金属风险评估提供一定的理论依据。     

Pb胁迫条件下3种叶菜的生长和生理响应及其抗性差异

采用水培法研究了不同浓度(24、120和240 μmol·L-1)Pb胁迫条件下花芽甜麦菜(Sonchus lingiaus)、碧绿粗苔菜心(Brassica chinensis var. utilis)和空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)生长和部分生理指标(包括游离脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD和CAT活性)以及Pb吸收量的变化,并通过隶属函数法对3种叶菜的Pb抗性进行了综合比较.结果表明:Pb胁迫对3种叶菜单株地上部分鲜质量总体上影响不明显.随Pb胁迫浓度的提高,3种叶菜地上部分和地下部分Pb含量逐渐升高,且地下部分Pb含量均高于地上部分,Pb转运系数则显著降低(P＜0.05);按Pb含量由高至低依次为空心菜、碧绿粗苔菜心、花芽甜麦菜.在Pb胁迫条件下,花芽甜麦菜中游离脯氨酸含量均略低于对照但差异不显著(P＞0.05),空心菜中游离脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照,而碧绿粗苔菜心的游离脯氨酸含量仅在120和240 μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下显著高于对照.随Pb胁迫浓度提高,3种叶菜SOD活性呈逐渐增加的趋势,但总体上与对照差异不显著;经Pb胁迫处理后,3种叶菜的CAT活性或高于或低于对照,但在240 μmol·L-1Pb胁迫条件下花芽甜麦菜的CAT活性显著低于对照、碧绿粗苔菜心和空心菜的CAT活性显著高于对照;Pb胁迫后3种叶菜的POD活性未表现出明显的规律.经过综合评价,3种叶菜对Pb的抗性由大至小依次为碧绿粗苔菜心、空心菜、花芽甜麦菜.经过主成分分析,确定3种叶菜的游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和CAT活性为Pb胁迫的响应因子.     

镉胁迫对大弹涂鱼肝脏黄螵呤氧化酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度镉离子对大弹涂鱼肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）、抗氧化酶（超氧化物岐化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,以探讨其用于污染暴露的生物标记的可行性.结果表明,低浓度Cd²⁺（0.05 mg·L^-1）暴露使大弹涂鱼肝脏XOD和SOD活性随时间延长升高,第10天达到最大值,中高浓度暴露（0.5 和5 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺）XOD和SOD活性显著或极显著升高;低和高浓度镉胁迫处理的CAT活性在12 h显著降低,随时间的延长低浓度组CAT活性恢复正常,高浓度组在第7天降到最低值, 并在恢复期的5 d中高浓度组CAT活性却极显著升高;低和中浓度镉胁迫处理的MDA含量12 h极显著升高,而高浓度却极显著下降,随时间延长低浓度恢复正常, 中浓度先上升后下降并到第5天达到最大值,而中高浓度在恢复5 d后MDA含量都极显著降低.     

梨形环棱螺五种酶分子与大运河底泥重金属含量相关分析

运用样点笼内放养法,研究了京杭大运河不同污染程度环境对梨形环棱螺内脏团中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)的影响,进行了酶活性与样点底泥重金属含量的相关分析.结果表明,梨形环棱螺组织抗氧化保护酶系统的SOD、CAT、GSH-PX和GST活性是指示污染的敏感指标,其监测结果与水化学评价结果基本一致.在10 d暴露中,SOD酶活性被激活,CAT、GSH-PX和GST酶活性在污染环境中被抑制,CHE活性变化比较复杂.酶活性变化与底泥重金属的含量相关性很大.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.