肝炎平对日本血吸虫肝纤维化兔肝脏酶组织化学作用的研究

目的探讨肝炎平对血吸虫肝纤维化家兔酶组织化学的作用。方法将38只成年健康大耳白兔分为正常对照组(N)、模型组(M)及肝炎平治疗组(E)。M和E组采用腹贴法(日本血吸虫尾蚴180条/只,持续15分钟)感染血吸虫,六周后服用吡喹酮行杀虫治疗。此后,E组予以肝炎平治疗。于实验的第13周将全部动物麻醉后剖腹取肝组织。酶组织化学方法检测单胺氧化酶(MAO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)在肝组织的表达活性。结果肝炎平组中MAO为0.1966±0.04536,NOS为0.1166±0.01895,LDH为0.1355±0.04964,而模型组的MAO为0.5627±0.04849,NOS为0.1422±0.02520,LDH为0.5027±0.07783,与模型组相比,有显著性差异(P<0.05),肝炎平组的SDH吸光度为0.4197±0.10442,而模型组SDH的吸光度为0.2688±0.09435,与模型组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论肝炎平能减少肝组织中的单胺氧化酶、一氧化氮合酶、乳酸脱氢酶的活性,提高琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性。提示肝炎平具有抗血吸虫肝纤维化的作用。     

紫红链霉菌对钉螺酶组织化学的影响

为研究紫红链霉菌灭螺作用的机理,将钉螺分别浸泡于紫红链霉菌培养液(含菌4×106/ml)及去氯水、培养基中36h后,用酶组织化学方法显示各组钉螺肝脏、中枢神经节、头足部及鳃的Mg2 激活的三磷酸腺苷酶(Mg2 ATPase)、胆碱脂酶(ChE)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)并观察其变化。结果显示:菌液浸泡组钉螺的Mg2 ATPase活性在肝脏、中枢神经节、头足部及鳃部均明显减弱或完全失活,LDH在中枢神经节、头足部也有一定程度减弱,ChE、NOS、SDH在肝脏、中枢神经节、头足部及鳃部与去氯水组无明显差异;培养基组与去氯水组钉螺相应部位的Mg2 ATPase、ChE、NOS、LDH、SDH活性一致。结果提示:紫红链霉菌的灭螺作用机理主要在于破坏钉螺体内Mg2 ATPase和LDH活性,使ATP生成和利用障碍,最终因能量缺乏而丧失生命功能直至死亡     

急性肾功能衰竭对肝损害的实验研究

探讨急性肾功能衰竭 (以下简称为 ARF)时尿毒症毒素对肝的损害情况 ,为临床防治提供形态学依据。Wistar大白鼠 32只 ,随机分成正常对照组 ,14只 ;双输尿管结扎结扎组 ,18只。模型建成后 2 3- 37小时内将动物处死 ,取肝组织作NOS、 MAO、 SDH、 L DH、 Ch E、 ATPase、 ACP等项酶组织化学显色及超微结构观察。结果显示 :实验组 SDH、 Mg2 + -ATPase 的活性均由正常的强阳性 ( )下降为阳性 (+) ;MAO、 Ch E的活性均由正常的中等阳性 ( )下降为阳性(+) ;ACP、 L DH的活性均由阳性 (+)增强到中等阳性 ( ) ;NOS活性由正常的弱阳性 (± )增强为阳性 (+) ;肝细胞器结构受损。结果表明 :ARF的尿毒素的大量淤积通过影响肝脏酶的活性来干扰和抑制糖代谢、三羧酸循环、蛋白质合成及解毒等功能 ,并导致肝损害发生。 2用改良的 NADPH-黄递酶法可显示肝组织 NOS的存在 ,该法操作简便 ,经济 ,特别适用于同时需要留取活组织做其它检查者。当输尿管结扎时 ,NOS的确切作用有待于进一步探讨     

密点麻蜥几种组织SDH和LDH活性对温度的适应

研究了密点麻蜥肝脏、骨骼肌、大脑组织中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性对温度的依赖关系.结果表明:密点麻蜥3种组织中SDH在5～35℃范围内随温度的升高而升高,在35℃时达到峰值后随着温度的升高而下降,35℃可能为SDH的最适温度;3种组织的LDH活性随温度的升高而升高;大脑中的SDH和LDH活性最高.这表明SDH和LDH的活性与动物组织的能量代谢相适应.     

肾上腺素受体和乙酰胆碱受体在血吸虫性肝纤维化肝脏组织中的表达研究

目的研究α1A-肾上腺素受体(α1A-AR)和M1型乙酰胆碱受体(mAChRM1)在日本血吸虫性肝纤维化小鼠肝脏组织中的表达情况,初步探讨神经递质受体在肝纤维化发生机制中的作用。方法清洁级昆明小鼠30只随机分为正常组(N组,10只)、模型组(M组,20只),模型组小鼠用腹部敷贴尾蚴法感染日本血吸虫制备肝纤维化模型。应用免疫组织化学、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹(Western blot)等方法检测肝脏组织中α1A-AR和mAChRM1表达变化。结果模型组肝脏组织中α1A-AR和mAChRM1表达较正常组明显增加,其差异具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论神经递质受体表达上调在血吸虫性肝纤维化发生发展中起一定作用。     

温度对虎斑颈槽蛇3种组织SDH和LDH活性的影响

研究了虎斑颈槽蛇骨骼肌、肝脏、心肌组织中琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性对温度的依赖关系。结果表明：虎斑颈槽蛇骨骼肌、肝脏、心肌SDH在5-15℃范围内表现出较低活性,在25℃左右表现出较高活性,该温度可能为SDH的最适温度;除心肌KLDH活性在35℃以上开始下降,其余两种组织的LDH活性随温度的上升而升高。SDH、LDH活性呈现组织问的特异性,3种组织中,SDH活性心肌中最高,LDH活性骨骼肌中最高。     

温度对白条锦蛇SDH、LDH活性及LD含量的影响

在不同温度条件下,测定了白条锦蛇Elaphe dione骨骼肌中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性以及骨骼肌、肝脏和肾脏中乳酸(LD)的含量.结果 表明,温度从10℃上升到35℃,SDH的活性先增高后降低,而LDH的活性和LD的含量随温度升高持续升高.说明白条锦蛇的能量供给方式与这种动物的喜好温度有密切关系.     

胎脑提取液对衰老小鼠肝细胞酶活性影响的实验研究

目的：观察胎脑提取液对衰老小鼠肝细胞琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响,探讨胎脑提取液的抗衰老作用。方法：选用健康昆明种小白鼠30只,随机分为3组;采用D-半乳糖制备亚急性衰老模型;酶组织化学染色观察各组小鼠肝细胞SDH和ACP的活性。结果：衰老模型组与正常对照组相比,小鼠肝细胞SDH活性明显降低,ACP活性明显升高;给药组与衰老模型组相比,小鼠肝细胞SDH活性明显升高,ACP活性明显降低。结论：胎脑提取液可以延缓肝细胞的衰老进程,具有一定的抗衰老作用。     

大鼠常温肝缺血再灌注肝组织化学变化的研究

本实验采用大鼠49只,常温肝缺血再灌注模型,对肝缺血不同时间及再灌注后肝组织化学活性变化进行了分组定性对比观察.结果显示:1.缺血期,肝细胞PAS反应和SDH、AKP.Mg~(++)-ATPase活性随缺血时间延长逐渐减弱,LDH活性于缺血初期有所增强,随后逐渐减弱,到缺血90min时,上述各酶组织化学活性及糖原(PAS反应)均几乎消失,而ACP活性则显著增强.2.再灌注期,肝酶组织化学活性及PAS反应的变化趋势与缺血时间长短有密切关系,缺血20、40min再灌注后,肝酶组织化学活性及糖原(PAS反应)可逐渐恢复正常水平,而缺血60、90min再灌注后,肝脏SDH、AKP、LDH、Mg~(++)-ATPase和PAS反应均消失,ACP活注进一步增强.     

牛磺酸对失血性休克复苏家兔血浆和心肌NOS活性影响

目的:探讨牛磺酸对失血性休克复苏后血浆和心肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量变化的影响.方法:新西兰种兔24只随机分为3组(n=8):对照组、休克组、牛磺酸治疗组.采用失血性休克复苏动物模型.连续观察休克前、休克1.5 h、复苏后1 h、2 h、3 h血浆一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO-2/NO-3)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的动态变化.测定复苏后3 h心肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO-2/NO-3)含量的变化,并常规留取心肌标本观察形态学改变.结果:①休克组复苏后各时限血浆NOS活性、NO-2/NO-3含量、LDH活性显著高于休克前及休克1.5 h;②休克组复苏后3 h心肌NOS活性、NO-2/NO-3含量显著高于对照组,心肌出现明显水肿和脂肪变性;③牛磺酸(40 mg·kg-1 iv)可显著缓解上述变化.结论:失血性休克复苏后NOS的激活和NO的大量释放,可能介导了休克复苏所致心肌损伤,牛磺酸可减少NO的生成使心肌损伤减轻.     

实验性肝硬化酶组织化学变化的研究

实验选用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠１５只,随机分为正常组５只,实验组（４０％ＣＣｌ４植物油皮下注射组）１０只,同时喂养９周。断头法快速处死动物,立即取肝,冰冻切片,用酶组织化学和图像分析法观察肝内主要代谢酶活性变化。结果显示：实验组肝内ＳＤＨ、ＣＣＯ活性降低,ＬＤＨ、ＮＯＳ活性升高,ＭＡＯ活性无明显变化     

肝炎平对大鼠慢性肝损害保护作用的酶组织化学研究

中药肝炎平是我校肝病研究所在多年中西医结合治疗实践中总结出来的一组方剂。我们已观察肝炎平对Ｄ－Ｇａ１Ｎ所致的急性肝损害有保护作用。为了研究肝炎平对慢性实验性肝硬化是否有保护作用,我们采用了ＣＣＬ４所致大鼠肝硬化模型,观察了肝炎平对其保护作用。结果表明：肝炎平可提高ＮＯＳ、ＣＣＯ活性、降低ＭＡＯ、ＡＣＰ的活性,对保护肝脏有较好的作用。     

Pathogenesis of pipe-stem fibrosis of the liver (experimental observation on murine schistosomiasis)

Mice infected with 30 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni developed portal and septal fibrosis due to the massive and concentrated deposition of eggs in the periportal areas which occurred following the 16th week after infection. The lesion resembled pipe-stem fibrosis seen in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the following characters: portal fibrosis interconnecting portal spaces as well as portal spaces and central canals; portal inflammation; periovular granulomas; vascular obstruction and telangiectasia. The liver parenchyma maintained its normal architecture. Vascular injection techniques with Indian ink and vinylite revealed that the portal system developed numerous dilated collateral venules coming from the large and medium-sized portal branches, about 10 weeks after schistosome infection. The lodging of schistosome eggs into these collaterals resulted in granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis along all the portal tracts, thus forming the pipe-stem lesion. Although not readily demonstrable grossly, the pipe-stem fibrosis of murine schistosomiasis has many similarities with the human lesion and can be considered to have the same basic pathogenesis.     

Circulating miRNAs: Potential Novel Biomarkers for Hepatopathology Progression and Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Japonica in Two Murine Models

Background

Schistosomiasis remains a major public health issue, with an estimated 230 million people infected worldwide. Novel tools for early diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis are currently needed. Elevated levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are commonly associated with the initiation and progression of human disease pathology. Hence, serum miRNAs are emerging as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of a variety of human diseases. This study investigated circulating host miRNAs commonly associated with liver diseases and schistosome parasite-derived miRNAs during the progression of hepatic schistosomiasis japonica in two murine models.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and BALB/c) were infected with a low dosage of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. The dynamic patterns of hepatopathology, the serum levels of liver injury-related enzymes and the serum circulating miRNAs (both host and parasite-derived) levels were then assessed in the progression of schistosomiasis japonica. For the first time, an inverse correlation between the severity of hepatocyte necrosis and the level of liver fibrosis was revealed during S. japonicum infection in BALB/c, but not in C57BL/6 mice. The inconsistent levels of the host circulating miRNAs, miR-122, miR-21 and miR-34a in serum were confirmed in the two murine models during infection, which limits their potential value as individual diagnostic biomarkers for schistosomiasis. However, their serum levels in combination may serve as a novel biomarker to mirror the hepatic immune responses induced in the mammalian host during schistosome infection and the degree of hepatopathology. Further, two circulating parasite-specific miRNAs, sja-miR-277 and sja-miR-3479-3p, were shown to have potential as diagnostic markers for schistosomiasis japonica.

Conclusions/Significance

We provide the first evidence for the potential of utilizing circulating host miRNAs to indicate different immune responses and the severity of hepatopathology outcomes induced in two murine strains infected with S. japonicum. This study also establishes a basis for the early and cell-free diagnosis of schistosomiasis by targeting circulating schistosome parasite-derived miRNAs.     

Diagnostic value of non-invasive bio-markers for stage-specific diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica

Hepatic fibrosis caused by schistosome infection can be fatal. Its management depends on the degree of fibrosis present. To assess the diagnostic value of bio-markers in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica at different stages of disease progression, 84 advanced schistosomiasis japonica patients and nine controls were recruited in The People's Republic of China. Fibrosis was histologically assessed in wedge liver biopsies using the Chinese criteria for fibrosis (F) Stages. Seven selected hepatic fibrosis bio-markers were assessed and compared between the groups. The method of area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) was used as a measurement of diagnostic efficacy. Our results showed that routine laboratory test results were normal for the controls but were significantly elevated or decreased in patients with fibrosis. While serum hyaluronic acid (HA) and matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 levels were shown to be elevated in patient groups compared with controls, the levels of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB were markedly lower. To distinguish F≥2 from no fibrosis or mild fibrosis, HA gave a high AUROC of 0.938 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.886-0.990). Combining the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) and HA/100 showed an AUROC of 0.958 (95% CI, 0.914-1.000). APRI in combination with TIMP-1/100 provided an AUROC of 0.873 (95% CI, 0.805-0.942) for the diagnosis of fibrosis stages greater than 2. We conclude that AST and APRI levels were reliable and sensitive markers for differentiating significant hepatic fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica. HA and TIMP-1 show potential as additional markers for the diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis in advanced schistosomiasis patients.     

The Influence of Methionine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamin E on Liver Metabolic Pathways and Steatosis in High-Cholesterol Fed Rabbits

Significant disorders of liver metabolic pathways enzymes after high-cholesterol diet could give information on liver steatosis development. This process could probably also be inhibited by some compounds, as examined in rabbits. Forty-two male rabbits were served a high-cholesterol diet (2 g%) (0.67 g/kg b.m./24 h) with addition of d,l-methionine (70 mg/kg b.m./24 h) or seleno-d,l-methionine (12.5 μg/kg b.m./24 h) or α-tocopherol (10 mg/kg b.m./24 h) for 3 months to compare the protection effect of used compounds on liver metabolism and steatosis. At the beginning and every month, blood was taken. After the experiment was completed, livers were dissected for histological examinations. The concentration of total cholesterol (t-CH), triacylglycerol (TG), and the activities of aldolase (ALD), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined. Plasma t-CH and TG concentrations were significantly higher in all experimental groups vs control group. Blood serum AST and ALT activities did not undergo change but there were observed not significant increase in the CH group vs control group. Activities of SDH, GLDH, and LDH increased in blood serum and decreased in the liver in all experimental groups. Activities of LDH and SDH increased in the liver in the CH+Met group vs CH group. ALD activity decreased in the liver only in the CH and CH+Se groups. This data support a lipotoxic model of cholesterol-mediated hepatic steatosis. Prolonged administration of high-cholesterol diet not only disturbs the structure of cell membranes, which is expressed by decreased activity of enzymes in the liver and the migration of those enzymes to plasma but as well leads to steatosis of the liver, which has been confirmed by histological examinations. The applied compounds appear to have a varying influence upon the activity of enzymes determined in serum and liver. Obtained results showed a beneficial influence of methionine and vitamin E supplementation on liver steatosis development.     

sTNFR-II and sICAM-1 are associated with acute disease and hepatic inflammation in schistosomiasis japonica

Soluble intracellular adhesive molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and tumour necrosis factor receptors I (TNFR-1) and II (TNFR-II) have been shown to be associated with numerous liver disorders. Shedding of these membrane proteins can be triggered by the Th1 cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, which are associated with susceptibility or resistance to hepatic schistosomiasis, respectively. Further, TNF-alpha receptors and sICAM-1 have been implicated in periportal fibrosis in advanced human schistosomiasis mansoni and correlate with schistosome granuloma formation in the murine model. We measured serum levels of sICAM-1, TNFR-I and TNFR-II in Chinese patients with different clinically defined stages of schistosomiasis japonica and controls; these included 35 patients with acute schistosomiasis, 45 patients with chronic schistosome infections, 34 advanced patients with evidence of severe morbidity and 20 patients with no known history of exposure to infection. Markedly elevated levels of soluble TNFRs (sTNFRs) and sICAM-1 were observed in the acute and advanced patients compared with the chronic and control groups. Mean sTNFR-II levels were significantly higher in acute patients compared with advanced (P<0.00001) and chronic patients (P<0.00001) and showed the strongest association of the markers with acute disease (odds ratio (OR)=1.099). sTNFR-II and sICAM-1 levels both correlated with infection intensity and there were significant positive correlations observed between eosinophil count and infection intensity (P=0.0072) and sICAM-1 (P=0.0014). Although there were significantly higher levels of antigen-specific IgG4 and total IgG in infected individuals compared with controls, none correlated with infection intensity. Further, no differences in IgG4 and total IgG levels were observed between the acute and chronic groups. The results suggest sTNFRs and sICAM-1 are associated with liver inflammation and disease progression. Measurement of sTNFR-II and sICAM-1 levels in serum could serve as additional markers for the diagnosis of acute stage disease and the monitoring of hepatic inflammation in human schistosomiasis japonica.