提高光滑球拟酵母乙酰辅酶A水平促进a-酮戊二酸合成

【目的】为了了解光滑球拟酵母中乙酰辅酶A含量对其碳代谢及其通量的影响。【方法】将来源于酿酒酵母中编码乙酰辅酶A合成酶ACS2基因过量表达于发酵法生产丙酮酸的生产菌株Torulopsis glabrata中,获得了一株乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性提高9.2倍(1.20 U/mg protein)的重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1。【结果】与出发菌株WSH-IP303相比,重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1：(1)能以乙酸为唯一碳源在胞内积累0.94 mmol/(L·g DCW)的乙酰辅酶A;(2)以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时胞内乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303 的3.22、2.05和2.52倍;(3)在葡萄糖培养基中添加4 g/L乙酸,使乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303的4.55、2.47和3.75倍,a-酮戊二酸浓度达到17.8 g/L。【结论】这一结果表明,改变细胞内关键辅因子的浓度能使碳代谢流的流向与通量发生改变,从积累丙酮酸转向过量积累a-酮戊二酸。     

提高光滑球拟酵母乙酰辅酶A水平促进α－酮戊二酸合成

[目的]为了了解光滑球拟酵母中乙酰辅酶A含量对其碳代谢及其通量的影响.[方法]将来源于酿酒酵母中编码乙酰辅酶A合成酶ACS2基因过量表达于发酵法生产丙酮酸的生产菌株Torulopsis glabrata中,获得了一株乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性提高9.2倍(1.20 U/mg protein)的重组菌T. glabrataACS2-1.[结果]与出发菌株WSH-IP303相比,重组菌T glabrataACS2-1:(1)能以乙酸为唯一碳源在胞内积累0.94 mmol/(L·g DCW)的L酰辅酶A;(2)以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时胞内乙酰辅A浓度、α-酮戊二酸产量和Cα-KG,Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303的3.22、2.05和2.52倍;(3)在葡萄糖培养基中添加4 g/L 乙酸,使乙酰辅酶A浓度、α-酮戊二酸产量和CαKG>>/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303的4.55、2.47和3.75倍,α-酮戊二酸浓度达到17.8 g/L.[结论]这一结果表明,改变细胞内关键辅因子的浓度能使碳代谢流的流向与通量发生改变,从积累丙酮酸转向过量积累α-酮戊二酸.     

乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族中保守的色氨酸残基的生化功能（英文）北大核心CSCD

甲烷菌与甲烷八叠球菌是仅有的两种已知利用乙酸盐进行甲烷生成的菌属。稻田以及厌氧的废物分解物是甲烷生物生成的主要来源。甲烷菌在自然界广泛分布,相比甲烷八叠球菌,在低乙酸盐的环境中对乙酸盐仍有高亲和力。在甲烷生成第一步即将乙酸盐转化为乙酰辅酶A的过程中,与甲烷八叠球菌利用乙酸激酶与磷酸转乙酰酶激活途径不同,甲烷菌通过腺嘌呤形成乙酰辅酶A合成酶进行催化。在甲烷菌一属(Methanosaeta concilii)中,共发现5个乙酰辅酶A合成酶的编码基因,其中3种乙酰辅酶A合成酶的生化及酶活特性已被确定。该3种乙酰辅酶A合成酶均以乙酸盐为其最优底物。尽管在短链乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族中,发现酰基底物结合位点高度保守,但乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族的酰基底物范围极为广泛。本研究对甲烷菌中不同种乙酰辅酶A合成酶的酰基底物结合位点的关键氨基酸进行识别与比较,从而对乙酰辅酶A合成酶家族的酶活特性有更全面深入的了解。首先,我们对甲烷菌一属中乙酰辅酶A合成酶4进行生化性质测定。结果表明,该酶无催化一系列酰基底物为酰基辅酶A或其中间产物酰基腺苷酸的活性。通过序列对比发现,嗜热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1中高度保守的416位色氨酸残基在甲烷菌一属的乙酰辅酶A合成酶4中被替换成528位苯丙氨酸残基。将甲烷菌一属的乙酰辅酶A合成酶4中的528位苯丙氨酸残基点突变为色氨酸残基后,进行酶学性质测定,未检测到该突变体具有乙酰辅酶A/乙酰腺苷酸合成活性。我们进一步对嗜热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1中的416位色氨酸残基点突变为苯丙氨酸残基,酶活性质结果显示,突变酶对于乙酸盐以及丙酸盐作为底物时的活性未有明显差异。然而,以丙酸盐为底物时,释放丙酰腺苷酸中间产物。该结果表明,热自养甲烷杆菌的乙酰辅酶A合成酶1对于底物乙酸盐或丙酸盐的催化作用不甚相同,苯丙氨酸中的苯甲酰环降低该酶保留中间产物丙酰腺苷酸,从而转化为丙酰辅酶A的能力。     

基于前体供给途径遗传改造提高褐黄孢链霉菌纳他霉素的产量

纳他霉素(natamycin)是一种高效、广谱、安全的抗真菌剂,广泛应用于食品防腐与医药领域。纳他霉素可由多种链霉菌发酵产生。它是以乙酰辅酶A、丙二酰辅酶A及甲基丙二酰辅酶A为前体经Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)催化合成的多烯大环内酯类化合物。本研究以纳他霉素产生菌——褐黄孢链霉菌为研究材料,分别对不同前体分子供给途径中的关键酶进行过表达,并确定影响纳他霉素产量的关键前体供给途径。研究结果发现：通过过表达乙酰辅酶A合成酶(acetyl-CoA synthase,ACS)加强乙酰辅酶A合成途径,以及通过过表达甲基丙二酰辅酶A变位酶(methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,MCM)加强甲基丙二酰辅酶A合成途径,重组菌株纳他霉素产量分别比野生型菌株提高了44.19%和20.51%。共过表达ACS和MCM,重组菌株纳他霉素产量获得进一步提升(达1123.34mg/L),比野生型菌株提高了66.29%。上述发现为通过前体代谢工程的策略构建纳他霉素工业高产菌株提供了参考,也为其他聚酮类天然产物高产工程菌株的构建提供了借鉴。     

蓝藻红色荧光蛋白All1280 GAF2在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达及其突变体构建（英文）

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.) PCC 7120中扩增获得红色荧光蛋白基因all1280 gaf2,并利用Bam HⅠ和SalⅠ酶切位点,将该基因插入到pET-30a(+)中,构建表达载体pET-all1280 gaf2。将该表达载体与藻胆色素生物合成质粒pACYC-ho1-pcyA同时转化到大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3),表达后获得大肠杆菌色素细胞。结果显示,该色素细胞在荧光显微镜下具有红色荧光,且在15E/15Z态之间具有可逆光效应。进一步以pET-all1280 gaf2为模板,通过定点突变技术在all1280 gaf2基因中引入C53A突变,获得了突变体All1280 GAF2 (C53A)。将All1280 GAF2 (C53A)与藻胆色素在E. coli BL21 (DE3)中共表达,获得了比野生型红色荧光更强的大肠杆菌色素细胞。研究结果表明,与野生型相比,All1280 GAF2 (C53A)具有较高的摩尔消光系数和荧光量子产率,红色荧光更强。     

蓝藻红色荧光蛋白All1280 GAF2在E.coli BL21(DE3)中的表达及其突变体构建

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻（Anabaena sp.）PCC 7120中扩增获得红色荧光蛋白基因all1280 gaf2,并利用BamHⅠ和SalⅠ酶切位点,将该基因插入到pET-30a（+）中,构建表达载体pET-all1280 gaf2。将该表达载体与藻胆色素生物合成质粒pACYC-ho1-pcyA同时转化到大肠杆菌E.coli BL21（DE3）,表达后获得大肠杆菌色素细胞。结果显示,该色素细胞在荧光显微镜下具有红色荧光,且在15E/15Z态之间具有可逆光效应。进一步以pET-all1280 gaf2为模板,通过定点突变技术在all1280 gaf2基因中引入C53A突变,获得了突变体All1280 GAF2（C53A）。将All1280 GAF2（C53A）与藻胆色素在E.coli BL21（DE3）中共表达,获得了比野生型红色荧光更强的大肠杆菌色素细胞。研究结果表明,与野生型相比,All1280 GAF2（C53A）具有较高的摩尔消光系数和荧光量子产率,红色荧光更强。     

挖掘与调控乙酸胁迫响应基因提高重组酿酒酵母合成番茄红素水平

【背景】乙酰辅酶A是酿酒酵母异源合成番茄红素的重要中间产物,胞质中乙酰辅酶A主要来自乙酰辅酶A合成酶催化乙酸合成。【目的】通过外源添加乙酸盐结合调控乙酸胁迫应答基因增加胞内乙酰辅酶A含量,改善细胞生长,促进番茄红素合成。【方法】在合成番茄红素的重组酵母菌中过表达乙酰辅酶A合成酶编码基因(acs2),在发酵过程中添加10g/L乙酸盐,结合转录组学分析挖掘乙酸胁迫响应基因,进行单一和组合调控。【结果】添加乙酸盐后,重组菌Y02中番茄红素含量增加了19.14%,但细胞生长受到抑制,转录组学结果表明adk2、fap7、hem13、elo3、pdc5、set5、pmt5、hst4、clb2和swe1表达水平增加,因此构建了单基因和双基因过表达菌株,其中Y02-set5-hst4菌在添加乙酸盐后细胞生长得到了显著改善,同时胞内乙酰辅酶A浓度提高了78.21%,番茄红素含量和产量达到12.62 mg/g-DCW和108.67 mg/L,与对照菌Y02相比分别提高了42.76%和67.13%。同时该菌中甲羟戊酸途径中关键基因erg12、erg20和hmg1的表达量与对照菌相比分别上调了1.70、1.4...     

臭味假单胞菌乙酰乙酰辅酶A硫解酶的提纯及性质研究

从臭味假单胞菌中提纯97倍的AcAcCoA硫解酶在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上是均一的一带。该酶分子量为170,000,每分子含有4个亚基,亚基分子量为42,000。该酶的等电点为pI6.7。它的N-末端为丙氨酸,N-末端是单一的。该酶催化反应的Km值为10.2μmol/L,最大反应速度为16.7μmol/min·mg。 臭味假单胞菌细胞粗提液透析后,经DEAE-纤维素(DE-52)柱色谱,从洗脱液中可同时得到四个酶的活力峰:乙酰乙酸琥珀酰辅酶A转移酶,AcAcCoA硫解酶,β-酮已二酸琥珀酰辅酶A转移酶和β-酮己二酸单酰辅酶A硫解酶。一般认为在细菌的芳径代谢中存在β-酮己二酸代谢途径,上述四个酶的活力峰同时存在说明除β-酮已二酸代谢途径外,还同时存在乙酰乙酸代谢途径。     

鱼腥蓝细菌PCC 7120游离DnaA的增加降低异形胞频率

研究在模式生物鱼腥蓝细菌Anabaena sp. PCC 7120中, 以DnaA为研究对象, 探究蓝细菌细胞周期中复制起始和异形胞分化之间的关系。结果显示: 在有氮环境中, DnaA蛋白缺失或过表达并不影响细胞增殖和异形胞的分化。在缺氮环境下, DnaA缺失突变株Malr2009的异形胞分化频率(8.57%)与野生型(8.64%)间无显著差别, 且该菌株增殖速率与野生型相比也无显著差异, DnaA蛋白缺失没有影响蓝细菌突变株(Malr2009)的异形胞分化频率和增殖速率。但DnaA蛋白过表达菌株Oalr2009的异形胞分化频率降低了20%, 其在第12天A₇₅₀约为1.2, 细胞增殖速率快于野生型(第12天时A₇₅₀约为0.9), 增殖速率提高了30%。综上结果表明在鱼腥蓝细菌PCC 7120中, 虽然DnaA不是细胞生长过程所必需的, 但在缺氮条件下, 游离DnaA增加会抑制异形胞分化频率。     

鱼腥藻PCC7120基因a115292和alr0647的初步研究

通过BLAST软件分别对藻胆蛋白裂合酶（biliprotein lyase）编码基因cpcS和cpcT进行同源搜索分析,在鱼腥藻（Anabaena）PCC7120中获取了同源基因all5292和alt0647。同源分析发现,这两个基因所编码氨基酸序列与其相对应的裂合酶氨基酸序列相似程度分别达到53．4％和61．4％。随后,对这两个基因进行了初步研究。结果显示：All5292和Alr0647无论单独还是共同表达均没有裂合酶催化藻蓝胆素PCB结合到藻蓝蛋白（phycocyanin）或藻红蓝蛋白（phycoerythrocyanin）β亚基上的功能。通过在不同生理条件下对鱼腥藻PCC7120的培养,还对这两个基因的调控表达进行了初步的探索。结果表明：all5292和alr0647的表达与氮源的缺乏与否有联系,在氮胁迫条件下两个基因均进行了转录而在氮源充足的情况下则没有表达。     

Identification and Inactivation of Three Group 2 Sigma Factor Genes in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

Three new Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 genes encoding group 2 alternative sigma factors have been cloned and characterized. Insertional inactivation of sigD, sigE, and sigF genes did not affect growth on nitrate under standard laboratory conditions but did transiently impair the abilities of sigD and sigE mutant strains to establish diazotrophic growth. A sigD sigE double mutant, though proficient in growth on nitrate and still able to differentiate into distinct proheterocysts, was unable to grow diazotrophically due to extensive fragmentation of filaments upon nitrogen deprivation. This double mutant could be complemented by wild-type copies of sigD or sigE, indicating some degree of functional redundancy that can partially mask phenotypes of single gene mutants. However, the sigE gene was required for lysogenic development of the temperate cyanophage A-4L. Several other combinations of double mutations, especially sigE sigF, caused a transient defect in establishing diazotrophic growth, manifested as a strong and prolonged bleaching response to nitrogen deprivation. We found no evidence for developmental regulation of the sigma factor genes. luxAB reporter fusions with sigD, sigE, and sigF all showed slightly reduced expression after induction of heterocyst development by nitrogen stepdown. Phylogenetic analysis of cyanobacterial group 2 sigma factor sequences revealed that they fall into several subgroups. Three morphologically and physiologically distant strains, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002, and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 each contain representatives of four subgroups. Unlike unicellular strains, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 has three additional group 2 sigma factors that cluster in subgroup 2.5b, which is perhaps specific for filamentous or heterocystous cyanobacteria.     

Identification of the active site of HetR protease and its requirement for heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

HetR is a serine-type protease required for heterocyst differentiation in heterocystous cyanobacteria under conditions of nitrogen deprivation. We have identified the active Ser residue of HetR from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 by site-specific mutagenesis. By changing the S152 residue to an Ala residue, the mutant protein cannot be labeled by Dansyl fluoride, a specific serine-type protein inhibitor. The mutant protein showed no autodegradation in vitro. The mutant hetR gene was introduced into Anabaena strain 884a, a hetR mutant. The resultant strain, Anabaena strain S152A, could not form heterocysts under conditions of nitrogen deprivation even though the up-regulation of the mutant hetR gene was induced upon removal of combined nitrogen. The Anabaena strain 216, which carries a mutant hetR gene encoding S179N HetR and could not form heterocysts, also produced HetR protein upon induction. Sequence comparison shows that Ser152 is conserved in all cyanobacterial HetR. Immunoblotting was used to study HetR induction in both the wild-type and mutant strains. The amount of mutant HetR in strain S152A and in strain 216 increased continuously for 24 h after nitrogen step-down, while the amount of HetR in wild-type cells reached a maximum level within 6 h after nitrogen step-down. Our results show the Ser152 is the active site of HetR. The protease activity is required for heterocyst differentiation and might be needed for repression of HetR overproduction under conditions of nitrogen deprivation.     

Isolation and complementation of nitrogen fixation mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Approximately 140 mutants of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 unable to grow aerobically on media lacking fixed nitrogen (Fix-) were isolated after mutagenesis with diethyl sulfate and penicillin enrichment. A large cosmid library of wild-type Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 DNA was constructed in a mini-RK-2 shuttle vector, and seven mutants representing several morphologically abnormal heterocyst phenotypes were complemented. One of these mutants, 216, failed to differentiate heterocysts. All of these mutants except 216 reduced acetylene under anaerobic conditions, indicating that they are not defective in nitrogen fixation per se. Several cosmids were isolated from each complemented mutant and in most cases showed similar restriction patterns. Comparisons of the complementing cosmids from mutant 216 and two other phenotypically distinct mutants by restriction enzyme analysis identified a common region. This region, when present in either a cosmid or a 9.5-kb NheI subclone, is capable of efficiently complementing all three mutants. A 2.4-kb subclone of this region complements mutant 216 only.     

Mutagenesis of hetR reveals amino acids necessary for HetR function in the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

HetR is the master regulator of heterocyst differentiation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Genetic selection was used to identify 33 amino acid substitutions in HetR that reduced the proportion of cells undergoing heterocyst differentiation to less than 2%. Conservative substitutions in the wild-type HetR protein revealed three mutations that dramatically reduced the amount of heterocyst differentiation when the mutant allele was present in place of the wild-type allele on a replicating plasmid in a mutant lacking hetR on the chromosome. An H69Y substitution resulted in heterocyst formation among less than 0.1% of cells, and D17E and G36A substitutions resulted in a Het- phenotype, compared to heterocyst formation among approximately 25% of cells with the wild-type hetR under the same conditions. The D17E substitution prevented DNA binding activity exhibited by wild-type HetR in mobility shift assays, whereas G36A and H69Y substitutions had no affect on DNA binding. D17E, G36A, and H69Y substitutions also resulted in higher levels of the corresponding HetR protein than of the wild-type protein when each was expressed from an inducible promoter in a hetR deletion strain, suggesting an effect on HetR protein turnover. Surprisingly, C48A and S152A substitutions, which were previously reported to result in a Het- phenotype, were found to have no effect on heterocyst differentiation or patterning when the corresponding mutations were introduced into an otherwise wild-type genetic background in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. The clustering of mutations that satisfied the positive selection near the amino terminus suggests an important role for this part of the protein in HetR function.     

Improved eco-friendly recombinant Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 with enhanced nitrogen biofertilizer potential

Photosynthetic, nitrogen-fixing Anabaena strains are native to tropical paddy fields and contribute to the carbon and nitrogen economy of such soils. Genetic engineering was employed to improve the nitrogen biofertilizer potential of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120. Constitutive enhanced expression of an additional integrated copy of the hetR gene from a light-inducible promoter elevated HetR protein expression and enhanced functional heterocyst frequency in the recombinant strain. The recombinant strain displayed consistently higher nitrogenase activity than the wild-type strain and appeared to be in homeostasis with compatible modulation of photosynthesis and respiration. The enhanced combined nitrogen availability from the recombinant strain positively catered to the nitrogen demand of rice seedlings in short-term hydroponic experiments and supported better growth. The engineered strain is stable, eco-friendly, and useful for environmental application as nitrogen biofertilizer in paddy fields.     

鱼腥藻7120遗传转化的研究进展

鱼腥藻7120作为模式生物被广泛用于光合、固氮、进化、代谢等基本生命现象的研究。近几年, 对其基因工程的研究使人们看到它在医药、环保、能源等方面的应用潜力, 但表达效率低是其发展的瓶颈。为了提高其表达效率, 研究者从鱼腥藻7120的载体(包括启动子、复制子、选择标记基因等)的改进、目的基因的优化(密码子和SD序列)、宿主的改善、转化方法的改变等方面进行了大量探索, 除了用于功能基因的研究, 已经有几十个外源基因在鱼腥藻7120中表达。除了研究载体, 诱变鱼腥藻7120形成有利于外源基因表达的突变体和摸索转基因蓝藻最佳生长条件和表达条件, 可能是新的发展方向。     

Newly identified cytochrome c oxidase operon in the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 specifically induced in heterocysts

Two operons have been cloned from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 DNA, each of which encodes the three core subunits of distinct mitochondrial-type cytochrome c oxidases. The two operons are only 72 to 85% similar to one another at the nucleotide level in the most conserved subunit. One of these, coxBACII, is induced >20-fold in the middle to late stages of heterocyst differentiation. Analysis of green fluorescent protein reporters indicates that this operon is expressed specifically in proheterocysts and heterocysts. The other operon, coxBACI, is induced only 2.5-fold following nitrogen step-down and is expressed in all cells. Surprisingly, a disruption mutant of coxAII, the gene encoding subunit I of the heterocyst-specific oxidase, grows normally in the absence of combined nitrogen. It is likely that coxBACI and/or two other putative terminal oxidases present in the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 genome are able to compensate for the loss of the heterocyst-specific oxidase in providing ATP for nitrogen fixation and maintaining a low oxygen level in heterocysts.     

Expression of the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 xisA gene from a heterologous promoter results in excision of the nifD element.

An 11-kilobase-pair element interrupts the nifD gene in vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. The nifD element normally excises only from the chromosomes of cells that differentiate into nitrogen-fixing heterocysts. The xisA gene contained within the element is required for the excision. Shuttle vectors containing the Escherichia coli tac consensus promoter fused to various 5' deletions of the xisA gene were constructed and conjugated into Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 cells. Some of the expression plasmids resulted in excision of the nifD element in a high proportion of vegetative cells. Excision of the element required deletion of an xisA 5' regulatory region which presumably blocks expression in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 vegetative cells but not in E. coli. Strains lacking the nifD element grew normally in medium containing a source of combined nitrogen and showed normal growth and heterocyst development in medium lacking combined nitrogen. The xisA gene was shown to be the only Anabaena gene required for the proper rearrangement in E. coli of a plasmid containing the borders of the nifD element.