中国鲤形目鱼类的中轴骨骼数及其生态适应性

为探讨中国鲤形目鱼类中轴骨骼数及其与系统发育和生态习性的相关性,采用X光透视照相法对157种鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鳅科(Cobitidae)、平鳍鳅科(Balitoridae)鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数进行了比较分析。结果显示,中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数在30-52枚之间,均值39.45?4.44;肋骨数在8-28对之间,均值15.27?3.08;尾椎数在14-34枚之间,均值21.08?2.89。依据脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数对鲤科各亚科进行聚类,显示鲤科12个亚科分为2大类：雅罗鱼类,包括雅罗鱼亚科、鲌亚科、鲴亚科、裂腹鱼亚科等4亚科;鲃类,包括鲢亚科、鮈亚科、鱼丹亚科、鲃亚科、野鲮亚科、鳅鮀亚科、鲤亚科、鱊亚科等8亚科。单因素方差分析显示,鲤科肉食性鱼类的肋骨数与脊椎骨数的比值显著少于植食性鱼类(P＜0.05),而脊椎骨数、尾椎数则显著多于植食性鱼类(P＜0.05)。中上层鱼类的脊椎骨数、尾椎数显著多于下层鱼类(P＜0.05)。极小型鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数,以及肋骨数与脊椎骨数之比显著少于大型鱼类(P＜0.05)。表明鲤科鱼类的中轴骨骼数与其系统发育和生态习性及体型具有明显的相关性。     

用mtDNA 12S rRNA序列变异检验鲤形目鱼类系统发育关系

通过对鲤形目鱼类5个科的代表类群的完整线粒体12S rRNA进行测序和分析,以检验目前的形态学假说。经序列比对后,有1000个位点,其中467个位点在茎区,533个在环区;有395个位点为变化位点,其中267个为系统发育信息位点。采用邻接法和最大简约法进行了系统发育分析,其结果支持鲤科鱼类成为一个单系群,非鲤科的鲤形目鱼类成为另一个单系群的观点,这与Siebert提出的假说相一致。鲤科鱼类包含3个主要的分支,即鱼丹系、鲤系和雅罗鱼系;但在非鲤科鲤形目鱼类中,其关系不能得到很好的解决,其中鳅科是复系,平鳍鳅科、条鳅亚科和花鳅亚科可能有较近的亲缘关系。     

沙鳅亚科鱼类线粒体DNA控制区结构分析及系统发育关系的研究

对沙鳅亚科鱼类3属14个代表种的线粒体DNA控制区序列的结构进行了分析。通过与鲤形目鱼类的控制区序列进行比较,将沙鳅亚科鱼类的控制区分为终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区三个区域。同时识别了沙鳅亚科中一系列保守序列,并给出了它们的一般形式。以胭脂鱼为外类群,对比条鳅亚科、花鳅亚科、以及平鳍鳅科的代表性种类,采用NJ、MP和ML法构建沙鳅亚科的分子系统树。分子系统发育分析表明,沙鳅亚科为一单系,包括3个属:沙鳅属、副沙鳅属和薄鳅属,各属均构成单系。根据分子系统学、形态学的结果及地理分布推断,沙鳅亚科中沙鳅属可能为最为原始的属,副沙鳅属其次,而薄鳅属最特化。       

广西南宁渐新世基于咽齿的鲤亚科一新属（英文）

记述了产自广西南宁盆地渐新世早—中期的鲤科鲤亚科一新属种——伍氏南宁鲤(?Nanningocyprinus wui gen.et sp.nov)。化石材料包括一些咽喉骨和咽齿。这些咽喉骨和咽齿的以下特征组合明显不同于其他鲤科鱼类:齿式—3·2·1,主行第一枚咽齿大小是第二枚的3~4倍,第二枚咽齿及第二行第一枚咽齿咀嚼面上各仅有一条沟纹,咽骨前角很发育。该属种的发现进一步证明鲤亚科是鲤科中较早的分支,中国南方很有可能是鲤亚科的起源和分化中心。     

梵净山及邻近地区鱼类资源的现状

为了了解梵净山及邻近地区鱼类资源的现状及变化趋势,2001–2003年对这一地区乌江水系和沅江水系鱼类进行了系统的调查。本调查设立了19个调查点,共采集鱼类标本3614号,经鉴定为85种(亚种),分属5目14科61属。除胡子鲇(Clariasfuscus)为外来种外,其他均为土著鱼类。海南拟餐(PseudohemiculterHainanensis)、峨眉后平鳅(Metahomalopteraomeiensisomeiensis)和福建纹胸鱼兆(Glyptothoraxfukiensisfukiensis)为本地区土著鱼类新记录种。鱼类组成以鲤形目鲤科为主体,并以适应急流生活的鱼类占多数,小型野杂鱼类所占比例较高。乌江水系和沅江水系鱼类物种组成存在差异,分别属于长江上游鱼类区系成分和长江中下游区系成分。结果还表明这一地区土著鱼类物种数呈下降趋势,其中鲤形目鱼类物种数减少较多。导致该地区土著鱼类物种数下降的原因是酷渔滥捕和水域生境的破坏。     

广东北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类种质资源调查

为了解广东省北江流域野生淡水鱼类种质资源和遗传多样性,于2007—2008年开展了广东省北江流域部分野生淡水鱼类的调查,运用线粒体DNA D-loop测序方法开展遗传多样性分析,测定采集鱼类的mtDNA D-loop基因序列并提交GenBank数据库,运用相关软件分析序列并建立聚类树。采集的野生淡水鱼类32种,隶属于3目10科27属,其中鲤形目鱼类21种,占65.6%,鲈形目鱼类4种,占12.5%,鲇形目鱼类7种,占21.9%。在鲤形目鱼类中,鳅科、平鳍鳅科、爬鳅科共12种,占鲤形目鱼类的57.1%。调查结果表明,北江流域存在丰富的野生淡水鱼类物种多样性,须采取有效措施保护北江流域淡水鱼类资源。测定的线粒体DNA D-loop序列均提交GenBank数据库获得序列号：EU380208-EU380236,EU697088-EU697148。测序结果和聚类树分析表明,线粒体DNA D-loop可作为鱼类种类鉴定的分子标记,分析结果印证了传统形态分类学的知识,提供了分子生物学证据。     

基于细胞色素b基因序列的鲤科鱼类系统发育研究(鱼纲: 鲤形目)

鲤科是鱼类最大的科, 在中国淡水鱼类组成中鲤科鱼类的成分占一半以上. 鲤科鱼类的演化过程代表了东亚淡水鱼类的整体演化过程. 为探讨东亚鲤科鱼类系统发育关系, 共分析了包括18种新测序列在内的54种鲤科鱼类细胞色素b基因的全序列. 分析的物种涵盖了鲤科鱼类的12个亚科并对问题较多的亚科(Danioninae)和雅罗鱼亚科(Leuciscinae)进行了广泛的采样. 系统发育树的建立使用了多种方法, 包括邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法. 亚口鱼科(Catostomidae)的胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)被指定为外类群, 3种方法所得结果非常相似, 并支持一些亚科的单系性, 如鲌亚科(Cultrinae)、鯝亚科(Xenocyprinae)、鮈亚科(Gobioninae)(包括鳅鮀亚科Gobiobotinae). 从分子水平上证明亚科不是一个单系类群, 雅罗鱼亚科被分为两个互不相关的类群; 东亚雅罗鱼群与鲌亚科和鯝亚科形成一单系类群; 而欧洲、西伯利亚、北美的雅罗鱼形成另一个单系群. Howes所定义的鲤亚科在NJ树和ML树中得到有力的支持并位于系统树的基部. 高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)代表的鳑鲏亚科的系统位置没有得到解决. 显示鲤科鱼类可分为3个大的类群并与其3个进化阶段相对应: 老第三纪类群包含亚科的东南亚种类和Howes的鲤亚科; 北方冷水性类群包含北方雅罗鱼、鮈亚科和鳑鲏; 东亚类群包含鲌亚科、鯝亚科、雅罗鱼东亚种类和亚科东亚种类. 老第三纪类群代表鲤科鱼类的原始阶段, 北方冷水性类群对应于鲤科鱼类对全球变冷的反应, 而东亚类群则显示青藏高原急剧隆升后, 在东亚季风气候条件下鲤科鱼类的大量分化.     

西藏的鱼类资源

独特、复杂的地形地貌使西藏形成了别具一格的动植物区系。西藏的鱼类也以其独具的特征世世代代在这奇特而又年青的高原生栖繁衍。1西藏鱼类区系组成及其特点对西藏地区鱼类实地调查,现知西藏地区有鱼类58个种和13个亚种,分隶于3目5科和4亚科,22个属,约占我国整个青藏高原鱼类92个种和20个亚种的63％以上。西藏地区鱼类区系基本由3大类群组成：鲤形目（Cypriniformes）鲤科（Cyprinidae）的裂腹鱼亚科（Schizothoracinae）、鳅科（Coitidae）的条鳅亚科（Nemacheilinae）和鲶形目（Siluri－formes）的科（Sisoridae）,其中裂腹鱼亚…     

东江下游惠州河段鱼类群落组成变化特征

2007～2010年先后5次对东江下游惠州(剑潭)河段鱼类群落进行调查,共采集到鱼类69种,分属于8目20科58属,主要以鲤科(39种)、鲿科(7种)、鳅科(5种)为主.鲮(Cirrhina molitorella)、鲨(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、赤眼鳟(Sq...     

鳅科鱼类亚科的划分及其宗系发生的相互关系

鳅科 Cobitidae 是鲤亚目现生鱼类中第二大类群,约有23个属200个种和亚种。广泛分布于华来氏线以北的亚洲、欧洲和北非。中国是鳅科种类最丰富的国家,有18个属约100个种和亚种,有些属种是我国特有的。关于鳅科在鲤亚目中的分类位置及与其他科间宗系发生的相互关系,伍献文等(1981)已作了详述。本文通过骨骼和形态特征的比较分析来探讨鳅科的亚科划分及亚科之间的宗系发生的相互关系,并进一步讨论它们的起源、分布及演化等问题。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.