大鲵胚胎耗氧率的初步研究

大鲵胚胎发育时的耗氧率是随着发育进程而以指数函数方式增长。在水温１８℃±０．２时，其耗氧率方程式为０＿２＝０．０９２５ｅ￣（０．０９８５ｔ），Ｒ＝０．９６４３。测定结果表明大鲵胚胎原肠期、外鳃循环期、神经板期、前肢芽期、鳃板晚期和孵化期依次为６个生理代谢水平较高的时期。大鲵胚胎耗氧率还与一定范围内的溶氧水平、孵化水温分别存在显著的正相关关系。     

白符(虫兆)胚胎发育的形态观察(弹尾纲:等节(虫兆)科)

对白符(Folsomiacandida)胚胎发育全过程进行显微观察,记述了白符从卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期、组织分化期、孵化前期等不同发育阶段的形态变化和发育过程。其结果表明,白符卵为聚产,形成大小不等的卵块,卵初产时为乳白色,卵壳表面覆盖有细密的颗粒状突起,直径为110—126μm。随着白符发育的进行,胚膜直径增大到180—185μm,其卵裂方式为完全均等卵裂,整个胚胎发育历期7—10d。     

绢丝丽蚌胚胎发育的研究

绢丝丽蚌卵为均黄卵,爱精卵在雌蚌外鳃中进行胚胎发育,其卵裂为不等完全卵裂。在秋季自然常湿（水温变幅为２４－８℃）时,胚胎发育历时５１ｄ,经过卵裂期、原肠期,发育为具有透明原壳、过钩、闭壳肌丝、内足丝、刚毛和外足丝的成熟钩介幼虫。胚胎发育的不同时期与外鳃特征具相关性。     

白符tiao胚胎发育的形态观察(弹尾纲：等节tiao科)

对白符tiao(Folsomia candida)胚胎发育全过程进行显微观察，记述了白符tiao从卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期、组织分化期、孵化前期等不同发育阶段的形态变化和发育过程。其结果表明，白符tiao卵为聚产，形成大小不等的卵块，卵初产时为乳白色，卵壳表面覆盖有细密的颗粒状突起，直径为110—126 μm。随着白符tiao发育的进行，胚膜直径增大到180—185 μm，其卵裂方式为完全均等卵裂，整个胚胎发育历期7—10 d。     

中华鲟胚胎的耗氧率

应用密闭定容装置 ,对中华鲟胚胎耗氧率进行了研究。结果对尾部接近心脏时期胚胎 ,在不同水温条件下耗氧率测定表明 ,随水温的升高胚胎耗氧率有上升的趋势。在 1 4℃时 ,耗氧率为 0 69mg 1 0 0eggs·min ;而 2 6℃时 ,耗氧率为 1 63mg 1 0 0eggs·min。中华鲟胚胎耗氧率随发育的进程而增大 ,在水源pH为 6 4、水温为 1 9℃条件下 ,受精卵的耗氧率为 0 2 8mg 1 0 0eggs·min ,而到胚胎心脏形成、搏动期开始耗氧率显著升高 ,为 0 87mg 1 0 0eggs·min,到胚体滚动、出膜期时又是一个高峰期 ,为 1 5 4mg 1 0 0eggs·min。     

虎斑乌贼的胚胎耗氧率

为了探究虎斑乌贼胚胎不同发育时期的耗氧率变化和几种生态因子对胚胎发育过程耗氧率的影响,试验采用封闭静水装置,对不同发育时期(12期)的耗氧率进行测定,并研究不同盐度(21、24、27、30、33)、温度(18、21、24、27、30 ℃)和pH(7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0)对胚胎4个主要发育时期(受精卵期、原肠胚期、器官形成期和内骨骼形成期)耗氧率的影响.结果表明: 胚胎各个发育时期耗氧率不同,随着发育的进程而增大,受精卵期为0.082 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,而到原肠胚期的耗氧率显著升高,为0.279 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,到孵化期时,耗氧率达到1.367 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;盐度对器官形成期和内骨骼形成期的耗氧率均有显著影响(P<0.05),对受精卵期和原肠胚期影响不显著(P>0.05),当盐度为30时,4个发育时期耗氧率均达到最大值,分别为0.082、0.200、0.768和1.301 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;温度对原肠胚期、器官形成期和内骨骼形成期的耗氧率有显著影响(P<0.05),对受精卵期无显著性影响(P>0.05),在27 ℃时,胚胎4个发育时期均达到最大值,分别为0.082、0.286、0.806和1.338 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;而pH对4个发育时期的耗氧率均无显著性影响(P>0.05),受精卵期在pH 8.0时达到最大值,为0.116 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,原肠胚期、器官形成期、内骨骼形成期在pH 8.5时达到最大值,分别为0.281 、0.799和1.130 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1.     

虎斑乌贼的胚胎耗氧率

为了探究虎斑乌贼胚胎不同发育时期的耗氧率变化和几种生态因子对胚胎发育过程耗氧率的影响,试验采用封闭静水装置,对不同发育时期(12期)的耗氧率进行测定,并研究不同盐度(21、24、27、30、33)、温度(18、21、24、27、30 ℃)和pH(7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0)对胚胎4个主要发育时期(受精卵期、原肠胚期、器官形成期和内骨骼形成期)耗氧率的影响.结果表明: 胚胎各个发育时期耗氧率不同,随着发育的进程而增大,受精卵期为0.082 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,而到原肠胚期的耗氧率显著升高,为0.279 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,到孵化期时,耗氧率达到1.367 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;盐度对器官形成期和内骨骼形成期的耗氧率均有显著影响(P<0.05),对受精卵期和原肠胚期影响不显著(P>0.05),当盐度为30时,4个发育时期耗氧率均达到最大值,分别为0.082、0.200、0.768和1.301 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;温度对原肠胚期、器官形成期和内骨骼形成期的耗氧率有显著影响(P<0.05),对受精卵期无显著性影响(P>0.05),在27 ℃时,胚胎4个发育时期均达到最大值,分别为0.082、0.286、0.806和1.338 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1;而pH对4个发育时期的耗氧率均无显著性影响(P>0.05),受精卵期在pH 8.0时达到最大值,为0.116 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1,原肠胚期、器官形成期、内骨骼形成期在pH 8.5时达到最大值,分别为0.281 、0.799和1.130 mg·(100 eggs)^-1·h^-1.     

背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育的初步研究

用显微技术研究了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)胚胎发育和钩介幼虫结构。结果表明,背瘤丽蚌卵为均黄卵,受精卵分布在雌蚌内、外鳃腔中进行胚胎发育;胚胎发育同步;胚胎发育过程包括受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、膜内钩介幼虫期和钩介幼虫期;卵裂为螺旋不等完全卵裂;未受精的成熟卵在鳃腔内退化;胚胎发育期与胚胎、外鳃和内鳃颜色相关;怀卵母蚌胚胎在外界环境变化时容易全部流产。分析认为背瘤丽蚌胚胎发育期的繁殖特征可指导人工苗种生产。     

长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育特征观察

以人工繁殖获得的长鳍吻鮈Rhinogobio ventralis受精卵为材料,观察了长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育,分析了其发育特征。结果显示:成熟长鳍吻鮈卵的卵径为1.52 mm±0.07 mm,吸水膨胀后卵膜径达到6.44 mm±0.08 mm,为卵径的4.2倍。在水温17.35℃±0.24℃条件下,长鳍吻鮈受精卵历时73.50 h孵化出膜,出膜仔鱼全长6.25 mm±0.11 mm,从受精到孵化出膜的积温为1275.44℃·h。根据胚胎发育过程形态特征,将长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官发生和出膜7个阶段26个时期。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈受精卵吸水后的卵膜径、出膜前胚体蜷曲程度等可作为长鳍吻鮈早期发育阶段形态学鉴定的依据。长鳍吻鮈胚胎发育阶段的积温高于一些产漂流性卵鱼类。     

日本新糠虾胚胎发育及母体大小与幼体关系研究

采用组织学方法对日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)胚胎发育过程进行系统研究,并采用统计学方法分析了日本新糠虾母体体长与新孵幼体个数及新孵幼体体长间的相互关系.结果表明:日本新糠虾整个胚胎发育过程在育卵囊内完成,约需要8d(176-188h).其发育过程可分为3个阶段,细分为7个时期.以胚胎脱膜和蜕皮情况将胚胎发育划分:卵期、无眼幼体期和有眼幼体期3阶段,其中卵期阶段包括:受精卵期、囊胚期、原肠期和前无节幼体期;无眼幼体期阶段包括:无节幼体期和后无节幼体期;有眼幼体期阶段即为眼柄期.卵期约占整个胚胎发育时期的21.2%(40h);无眼幼体期是胚胎发育的主要时期,约占整个胚胎发育时期的48.9%(92h),其中肠、触角的分叉、心跳、眼点色素、腹部分节等都发生在此期;有眼幼体期约占整个胚胎发育时期的27.6%(52h).日本新糠虾母体体长与新孵幼体个数和新孵幼体体长间均有明显的正相关.这些结果不仅为丰富糠虾基础生物学内容提供理论资料,而且还可为糠虾的人工养殖提供参考.     

卵形鲳鲹胚胎及早期仔鱼耗氧量的研究

运用SKW-3微量呼吸仪对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)胚胎和早期仔鱼的耗氧量进行测定,研究温度、盐度及pH的变化对胚胎耗氧量和Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺等重金属离子对早期仔鱼的耗氧量的影响。结果表明:在(25±0.5)℃条件下,卵形鲳鲹胚胎和早期仔鱼的耗氧量均随着发育时间的延长总体上呈上升的趋势,胚胎耗氧量在出膜前达到最大值,其中以原肠期和出膜期耗氧量变化最为显著。胚胎耗氧量随着温度、盐度、pH的增大而逐渐升高,在水温25℃、盐度35和pH为8时耗氧量到达最大值,随后逐渐减小。随着Cu²⁺浓度的升高,早期仔鱼耗氧量呈先增大后减小,在0.01mg·L^-1时耗氧率最大:胚胎耗氧量随着Cd²⁺浓度的升高而逐渐降低。     

Adaptive specific features of energy metabolism in fish ontogenesis

A review of data on the pattern of change of the intensity of oxygen consumption during early ontogenesis of different fish species (rainbow trout, loach, zebrafish, carp, and grass carp) is provided. It has a similar pattern: this index increases in the period of embryonic and larval development and, after passing of larvae to an active feeding, it begins to gradually decline. This dynamics is determined by specific features of an increase in the rate of oxygen uptake and body weight in the course of early stages of fish ontogenesis. For determining optimal temperature conditions of development, a method of total (for a definite stage of development) oxygen uptake was suggested, which makes it possible to determine minimal energy expenditures necessary for the process of a particular stage of embryogenesis to take place. Analysis of temperature dependence of kinetic properties of enzymes with reference to the Michaelis constant (Km) for lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated that minimal Km, corresponding to maximal enzyme-substrate affinity, for embryos of different fish species differs in correspondence with differences in temperature conditions of development of these species in nature. For embryos of one species developing at changing temperature conditions (salmonids), this index changes in accordance with a temperature drift in nature.     

Developmental stages and germ cell lineage of the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

The staging of embryonic and larval development, and the germ cell lineage of the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, are described. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial insemination. For the convenience of detailed observation and photography of the external appearance, we use dechorionated embryos. Through a series of operations, these embryos were cultured at 20 degrees C in an incubator. Embryonic and larval development of the loach was divided into five periods: cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and hatching. Stages were assigned within each of these periods. Developmental stages were determined and named by morphological features and somite number. The staging series were photographed and tabulated. The germ cell lineage was then elucidated by whole mount in situ hybridization of mRNA expression of the germ-cell-specific marker vasa and histological analysis. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the loach derived from the cleavage furrows of 8-cell stage embryos began proliferation in the late blastula period and migrated to the gonadal anlagen through a migration pathway similar to that of the zebrafish. However, it is characteristic of the loach that PGCs migrate a long distance and stay in the posterior part of the yolk-extension region.     

泥鳅雄核发育纯合二倍体的产生

以机械方法挑去泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)×大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)(♀)属间杂交受精卵的雌核,得到泥鳅雄核发育单倍体胚胎。将这种单倍体胚胎的囊胚细胞核移植到大鳞副泥鳅去核卵中,获得了243个原肠胚胎,其染色体鉴定表明,29.6%的核移植体的染色体发生了加倍。在另一实验组中,从769个核移植卵得到了5尾2cm以上的个体。尾鳍染色体鉴定、肌肉LDH同工酶电泳和形态鉴别表明,这5尾核移植体为泥鳅雄核发育纯合二倍体。     

The rate of oxygen consumption during embryogenesis of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda)

We studied the rate of oxygen consumption by the Lymnaea stagnalis embryos. The rate of oxygen consumption increased consistently during embryogenesis. The volume specific rate of oxygen consumption increased initially from the early cleavage stages until the gastrula stage and then decreased gradually to the eclosion of snails. There are three periods in embryogenesis of L. stagnalis, which differ in the coefficients of allometric dependence between the rate of oxygen consumption and volume of embryos: (1) early embryogenesis, when the increase in the rate of oxygen consumption is not accompanied by the growth of volume of the embryos; (2) larval period (trochophore and veliger stages; exponential coefficient k = 0.514), and (3) postlarval period (exponential coefficient k = 0.206).     

Nuclear function during early development of remote fish hybrids

The participation of paternal genome was studied in the development of remote hybrids obtained as a result of artificial insemination of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs by the sperm of aquarial Cyprinids (Brachydanio rerio, Danio malabaricus, Barbus tetrazona, Razbora heteromorpha, Carassius auratus) and Cobitids (Acanthophtalmus kuhlii). The hybrids obtained differed at the stage of hatching both from each other and from the loach by some morphological features. To study the function of heterologous nuclei, haploid nucleocytoplasmic hybrids were obtained by means of chromosome inactivation in the loach eggs by heavy doses of X-rays. The participation of paternal genome in development was estimated by comparison of the curves of viability of diploid and haploid hybrids with those of diploid, haploid and "anuclear" loach embryos. Patterns of mortality of embryos and larvae in each hybrid combination (percentage, stage) suggest the functioning of paternal genome already at the early stages of development. The activity of hybrid and heterologous nuclei was also estimated by the onset and the intensity of morphogenetic function which was determined by the time of embryonic death following nuclear inactivation at different stages. The onset of nuclear function in all hybrids coinsides with that in the loach, except B. rerio in which it occurs somewhat earlier. The data obtained prove the participation of paternal genes in development and maintenance of viability of embryos at all developmental stages beginning from the early ones (blastula).     

The rate of oxygen consumption during embryogenesis of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda)

We studied the rate of oxygen consumption by the Lymnaea stagnalis embryos. The rate of oxygen consumption increased consistently during embryogenesis. The volume specific rate of oxygen consumption increased initially from the early cleavage stages until the gastrula stage and then decreased gradually to the eclosion of snails. There are three periods in embryogenesis of L. stagnalis, which differ in the coefficients of allometric dependence between the rate of oxygen consumption and volume of embryos: (1) early embryogenesis, when the increase in the rate of oxygen consumption is not accompanied by the growth of volume of the embryos; (2) larval period (trochophore and veliger stages; exponential coefficient k = 0.514), and (3) postlarval period (exponential coefficient k = 0.206).