毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖区土壤水分收支变化特征

探究半干旱生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤水文过程的影响,并量化生物结皮覆盖下土壤水分收支状况,可为荒漠地区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。本研究基于2018—2020年生长季(5—10月)对毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮(如藻类和苔藓)覆盖区土壤水分的连续观测,以裸沙为对照,分析了生物结皮对0～40 cm土壤水分收支的影响。结果表明: 与裸沙相比,藻类结皮和苔藓结皮显著降低了降雨对40 cm以下土壤水分的补充,增加了土壤水分的蒸发损失。在相对湿润年份(2018年),裸沙和不同类型生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量(渗漏量+蒸发量)均低于降雨量,土壤水分状况为收入;在相对干旱年份(2019和2020年),藻类结皮和苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量高于降雨量,土壤水分产生亏缺,但是裸沙相反。可见,生物结皮导致其下覆0～40 cm土壤水分收支不平衡,在相对干旱年份出现了水分亏缺,这可能驱动该区域植被群落向浅根系植物演替。     

水分对具鞘微鞘藻构建人工藻结皮的作用

为探讨水分在利用室内培养具鞘微鞘藻构建人工藻结皮中的作用,本文研究了不同施水量和施水时间下人工藻结皮中的藻类生物量、结皮厚度、抗压强度和微结构变化.结果表明:利用具鞘微鞘藻在裸沙上接种,无水处理藻类生物量极低,无藻结皮形成.随着施水量的增加,藻结皮开始出现直至形成稳定的藻结皮,藻类生物量、结皮厚度和抗压强度显著增加,藻丝和胞外多糖逐渐增多,与沙粒缠绕成复杂的网状结构.施水15 d,形成稳定的藻结皮,藻类生物量、结皮厚度和抗压强度最高.具鞘微鞘藻形成藻结皮的最适施水量是3～4L·m-2·d-1,施水时间为15 d.土壤可利用水分可促进具鞘微鞘藻的代谢活动和胞外多糖合成,从而增加藻类生物量,提高其耐旱能力,早期的水分获得是其成功形成藻结皮的关键因素.研究结果将为利用荒漠藻类进行人工生物结皮恢复提供重要的理论依据.     

毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮细菌群落差异及其驱动因子

生物结皮在干旱半干旱区具有极为重要的生态功能,细菌是生物结皮中的重要微生物类群,在生物结皮形成、养分循环与调控过程中发挥着关键作用。然而,对于毛乌素沙地生物结皮演替过程中细菌群落多样性和关键环境因子的认识尚不清楚。因此,本文通过q PCR和高通量测序方法调查了毛乌素沙地裸地、藻结皮、地衣结皮和藓结皮之间的细菌丰度和群落多样性,并探究了生物结皮中细菌群落及其与关键环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,随着生物结皮的演替,细菌16S rRNA基因丰度呈显著上升趋势,细菌Chao1、Shannon指数和系统发育多样性呈先降低后增加的模式。生物结皮不同阶段的细菌门、目和属的相对丰度均存在显著差异,在裸地阶段优势细菌类群是拟杆菌门的噬几丁质菌目、放线菌门的红色杆菌目和变形菌门的根瘤菌目;藻结皮和地衣结皮中均以蓝藻门的颤藻目占绝对优势;藓结皮的细菌以拟杆菌门的噬几丁质菌目和变形菌门的根瘤菌目占优势。全磷、全氮、pH和总有机碳是影响土壤细菌群落的关键环境因子。综上所述,生物结皮的演替通过改变土壤理化特性,为细菌群落提供了不同生态位,其中,土壤养分和pH等环境因子对毛乌素沙地生物结皮细菌物种筛选和群落塑造发挥...     

干燥对人工生物土壤结皮固氮酶活性恢复过程的影响

本文研究了不同演替阶段的人工生物土壤结皮其光合和固氮酶活性恢复过程对干燥时长的响应.生物土壤结皮通过人工接种丝状土壤蓝藻诱导形成,并根据藻类和苔藓丰度的不同划分为蓝藻结皮、藻-藓结皮、藓-藻结皮和苔藓结皮等4个演替阶段.经不同时长干燥处理的结皮,复水后测定其光合活性(F_v/F_m)和固氮酶活性(NA)的恢复过程.结果表明,苔藓结皮F_v/F_m的恢复速率与干燥时长呈负相关,但其他演替阶段结皮的F_v/F_m恢复速率几乎不受干燥时长的影响.早期演替阶段的结皮(藻结皮、藻-藓结皮和藓-藻结皮)显示出相同的NA活性恢复模式和不同的NA速率,而苔藓结皮NA活性的恢复较慢.光照条件下,干燥时长不超过8天时,则干燥时间越长,早期演替阶段结皮的NA活性越低,但在此较短的干燥时长范围内,苔藓结皮NA活性的恢复并不受干燥时长的影响;黑暗条件下,不同演替阶段结皮干燥两天后固氮酶活性均较低.相反,较长时间的干燥后(4~6个月),所有结皮均恢复了较高的NA活性.结果表明,不同演替阶段的人工生物土壤结皮其生理活性对干燥有不同的耐受性.     

生物结皮影响下沙漠土壤表面凝结水的形成与变化特征

在水资源匮乏的沙漠生境,凝结水是植物、生物结皮、无脊椎和脊椎小动物的重要水分来源之一.采用微渗计法对比研究3种生物结皮类型(藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮)和自然裸沙对地表凝结水量及凝结水蒸散过程的影响.微渗计的规格为内径6 cm,高3.5 cm的PVC管.研究结果表明:不同类型地表的总凝结水量之间存在极显著的差异(P < 0.01),总凝结水量随生物结皮发育水平呈显著增加的趋势,依次为:裸沙 < 藻结皮 < 地衣结皮 < 苔藓结皮,即生物结皮的存在有利于沙漠地表凝结水的形成.不同类型地表凝结水量的日均值有所差异.对于同一地表类型,凝结水量的最大值为最小值的数倍.黎明时,苔藓结皮的凝结水量最大,而裸沙的凝结水量最小,地衣结皮和藻结皮居中.凝结现象自20:00～22:00,次日8:00～9:00结束.大多数日出后凝结现象仍继续发生.不同类型地表的凝结及蒸散过程经历2个阶段:日出前凝结水量呈缓慢增加的趋势,日出后随温度的升高凝结水量快速减少,其中以苔藓结皮凝结水量下降最为迅速.凝结水量主要受温度、大气湿度、凝结面类型、气象条件和生境等方面因素的影响.     

模拟氮沉降对不同类型生物土壤结皮生长和光合生理的影响

生物土壤结皮是荒漠生态系统的重要组分,其如何响应氮沉降的增加还鲜见报道。以古尔班通古特沙漠中3种不同类型生物土壤结皮为研究对象,设置0(N0)、0.3(N0.3)、0.5(N0.5)、1.0(N1)、1.5(N1.5)和3.0(N3)g N m-2a-16个不同氮素处理浓度,研究氮素增加对生物土壤结皮生长和光合生理的影响。结果表明,经过3a的模拟增氮实验,藻类结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮的总叶绿素、实际光化学效率YII、可溶性糖含量以及苔藓个体生物量随着氮素增加先增加后减少,但各指标的最大值位于不同的浓度处理。氮素增加对藻类和地衣结皮类胡萝卜素影响不显著,而低氮(N0.3-N0.5)对苔藓类胡萝卜素具有促进作用。高氮(N3)对3种类型结皮的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm均具有抑制作用。氮素增加对藻类结皮和地衣结皮的可溶性蛋白影响较小,但对苔藓结皮可溶性蛋白的影响表现为先增加后降低的趋势。3种结皮类型中,苔藓结皮对氮素增加的响应最为敏感,受影响最大,其次是藻类和地衣结皮。研究表明,低浓度氮沉降对3种类型结皮生长的影响较小,但是高浓度氮沉降则具有明显的负效应。     

荒漠土壤藻群落结构的原生演替

微生物结皮是荒漠化治理中新的热点之一,但其关键形成生物——微型藻类如何通过群落结构的变化向地衣结皮、藓类结皮转变的机理仍是未知的。本文以时空替代法,将沙坡头流沙,4、8、17、34及42龄结皮当作同一群落演替进程中的6个阶段,通过系统聚类、主分量分析的方法首次对这一问题进行了研究,结果显示该地荒漠藻群落的原牛演替朝着蓝藻总丰度和爪畦伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)丰度逐渐下降,纤细席藻(Phormidium tenue)、绿藻、硅藻丰度逐渐增加的方向进行;多样性随群落演替的发展而增高;生物量在初期呈正向演替,后期随地衣、藓类的入侵逐渐下降;演替速度非常缓慢,高龄结皮中的优势种仍是建群种,只是优势度略有下降;水分、植被覆盖、地形、时间,土壤理化性质都影响演替徐径和速度．特别是Mn含量对演替有重要的阈值作用。     

具鞘微鞘藻在荒漠藻结皮形成过程中的作用

具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)是荒漠藻结皮主要的优势物种,在藻结皮的形成和发育过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。为了探讨具鞘微鞘藻在荒漠藻结皮形成过程中的作用,通过实验室内模拟藻结皮不同发育阶段,研究了具鞘微鞘藻在结皮形成过程中对藻类生物量、结皮厚度及其抗压强度的影响;同时利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对藻结皮微结构观察,分析了不同发育阶段沙粒和具鞘微鞘藻之间的胶结方式和作用机理。结果表明:(1)藻结皮形成的最初阶段,结皮状态主要由细菌及小型蓝绿藻分泌胞外多糖的黏结作用和结皮表面有机质层的保护作用维持,但该阶段的藻结皮比较脆弱,抗压强度仅为(12.21±1.58)Pa;当具鞘微鞘藻大量出现后,逐步占据了明显的优势地位,沙粒间的黏结作用被更高强度的具鞘微鞘藻机械束缚力所取代,成为该阶段藻类结皮硬度提高的重要贡献者;(2)随着具鞘微鞘藻接种比例的逐渐增加,藻结皮中的藻类生物量、结皮厚度及抗压强度均呈现出升高的趋势(P0.01),当接种比例增加为80%时达到最高值;然而,当具鞘微鞘藻接种比例为100%时,各项指标却又有所下降。重点探讨藻结皮不同发育阶段沙粒间的胶结形式及微形态变化,深入揭示具鞘微鞘藻在藻结皮形成和发育过程中的作用机理,为旱生藻类广泛应用于荒漠植被恢复与重建过程提供重要的试验数据和理论依据。     

生物结皮粗糙特征——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

摘要：空气动力粗糙度可以反映地表气流与下垫面的相互作用。古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,其间广泛分布的生物结皮在稳定地表和改善环境方面意义重大。对未经扰动的4种类型生物结皮进行表面微形态观察,并通过风洞实验确定动力粗糙度Z0和摩阻风速u*,结果表明：（1）不同生物结皮类型,其组成和表面微形态等都具有明显差异。藻结皮以表面致密光滑为显著特征,由藻类分泌物和藻丝体粘结细粒物质所形成;地衣结皮表面藻类和真菌形成的叶状体匍匐沙面生长,呈现三维生长方式,形成有明显凹凸的壳状覆被;苔藓结皮以苔藓植物体密集丛生为特点,地上部分出现了茎叶分化,有一定的柔韧性。（2）就动力粗糙度的大小而言,是按地衣结皮>藻类－地衣结皮>苔藓结皮>藻结皮的顺序排列的,Z0平均值依次为（6.5890.850）mm、（4.1790.239）mm、（2.5420.357）mm和（0.3930.220）mm,与定床裸沙面的（0.0420.019）mm相比,生物结皮Z0值提高了10—150倍。随着风速的增大Z0值有所减小,其中以地衣结皮的减小趋势较为明显。（3）由风速廓线对比发现,四类生物结皮对气流阻滞作用的差异主要局限于4 cm以下的高度范围,风速越大这种差异也越大。各类生物结皮摩阻风速u*随风速增大而增大,其中藻结皮的增大速率明显低于其它三类结皮,说明藻结皮随风速增大的阻滞效应较其它三类结皮要差。（4）在净风条件下,地衣结皮具有最好的防风效果,其次为藻类－地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,藻结皮最差。当生物结皮破损后,床面结构和气流性质将发生变化,对空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速产生的影响将有待于进行更深入的研究。     

宁夏沙坡头地区藻类及其分布

通过野外采样,室内培养、观察、鉴定,研究了沙坡头地区藻类多样性和分布特点,并为当地藻类资源利用提出建议。研究发现沙坡头地区藻类植物共计40种(包括1变型),其中蓝藻17种,绿藻10种,硅藻9种,裸藻4种,全为普生种,陆地生境中种类最丰富。亚气及陆地生境中蓝藻在种类数(除灌溉林地结皮)、生物量方面占主导地位;贫瘠水体生境中硅藻占主要地位,营养较丰富水体中绿藻处于优势地位。另外,陆生生境中多以具鞘微鞘藻Microcoleus vaginatus为优势种,小席藻Phormidium tenue为主要种。     

Assessing Level of Development and Successional Stages in Biological Soil Crusts with Biological Indicators

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) perform vital ecosystem services, but the difference in biological components or developmental level still affects the rate and type of these services. In order to differentiate crust successional stages in quantity and analyze the relationship between crust developmental level and successional stages, this work determined several biological indicators in a series of different developmental BSCs in the Shapotou region of China. The results showed that crust developmental level (level of development index) can be well indicated by crust biological indicators. Photosynthetic biomass was the most appropriate to differentiate crust successional stages, although both photosynthetic biomass and respiration intensity increased with the development and succession of BSCs. Based on of the different biological compositions, BSCs were quantificationally categorized into different successional stages including cyanobacterial crusts (lichen and moss coverages <20 %), lichen crusts (lichen coverage >20 % but moss coverage <20 %), semi-moss crusts (moss coverage >20 % but <75 %), and moss crusts (moss coverage >75 %). In addition, it was found that cyanobacterial and microalgal biomass first increased as cyanobacterial crusts formed, then decreased when lots of mosses emerged on the crust surface; however nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and heterotrophic microbes increased in the later developmental BSCs. The structural adjustment of biological components in the different developmental BSCs may reflect the requirement of crust survival and material transition.     

Diurnal variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange of biological soil crusts in different successional stages in the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) formed by different combinations of photosynthetic algae, cyanobacteria, lichens and mosses are well-developed in the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China. To investigate the different responses of BSCs to environmental factors, the diurnal variations of chlorophyll fluorescence and CO₂ exchange of BSCs in different successional stages were measured following artificial rehydration in the field. Results showed that the maximum potential quantum efficiency of PSII (F _v/F _m), the actual PSII efficiency (Φ_PSII) and the relative rate of electron transport as well as net photosynthesis of the different successional BSCs varied similarly and changed markedly with diurnal fluctuations in light and temperature. Further analyses indicated that CO₂ exchange and photosynthetic pigment content of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids increased with the developmental level of BSCs, from cyanobacterial crust to lichen crust to moss crust. The differences in responses of BSCs to environmental factors and photosynthetic pigment content may be partially attributed to differences in species composition and morphological characteristics of the various BSCs. Overall, moss crust is better adapted to a wide range of irradiance and higher temperatures than lichen and cyanobacterial crusts. Therefore, BSCs in a later successional stage are expected to play a more important role in desertification control than those of the earlier stages.     

生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤线虫群落的影响

在干旱的沙漠生态系统中,生物土壤结皮对于沙丘的固定和土壤生物的维持起着相当重要的作用.土壤线虫能敏感的指示土壤的恢复程度,是衡量沙区生态恢复与健康的重要生物学属性,而目前关于生物土壤结皮与土壤线虫的关系研究很少.为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤线虫的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区藻结皮和藓类结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙年限的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(1956、1964、1981和1991年固沙区),以流沙区作为对照;同时,在不同季度(4、7、9和12月)分别采集腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区藻结皮和藓类结皮覆盖下不同土层(0-10、10-20和20-30 cm)的沙丘土壤,以沙坡头地区的红卫天然植被区为对照,分析生物土壤结皮下土壤线虫的时空变化.采用改良的Baermann漏斗法进行分离线虫,用光学显微镜鉴定并统计.研究表明:1956、1964、1981和1991年人工植被固沙区的藻结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高其下土壤线虫多度、属的丰富度、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、富集指数和结构指数(P＜0.05),这可能是因为生物土壤结皮的存在为土壤线虫提供了重要的食物来源和适宜的生存环境;固沙年限与结皮下土壤线虫多度、属的丰富度、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、富集指数和结构指数存在显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05),这说明固沙年限越久,越有利于土壤线虫的生存和繁衍;结皮类型显著影响土壤线虫群落,相对于藻结皮而言,藓类结皮下土壤线虫多度与属的丰富度更高(P＜0.05),这说明演替后期的藓类结皮比演替早期的藻结皮更有利于土壤线虫的生存和繁衍.此外,藻结皮和藓类结皮均可显著增加其下0-10、10-20和20-30 cm土层线虫多度和属的丰富度(P＜0.05),但随着土壤深度的增加,这种影响逐渐减弱,表明生物土壤结皮更有利于表层土壤线虫的生存;而且,随着季节的变化,藻结皮和藓类结皮下土壤线虫多度基本表现为秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季,这些反映了生物土壤结皮的生物量、盖度和种类组成随着季节变化而变化.因此,腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮的存在与演替有利于土壤线虫的生存和繁衍,增加了线虫数量、种类和多样性,这指示了生物土壤结皮有利于该区土壤及其相应生态系统的恢复.     

风力胁迫对具鞘微鞘藻结皮光合活性的影响

抵抗风力胁迫是荒漠藻类适应干旱区环境的重要生物学机制,也是藻结皮能够拓殖流沙的必要条件之一,但有关藻类对风力胁迫的响应机理国内外尚无研究报道。以具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus Gom.)人工结皮为实验对象,研究了不同强度风力吹蚀对结皮含水量、藻类活力、生物量、及其光合活性的影响。结果表明:不论低于当地起沙风(3m/s)还是高于起沙风(5m/s和7m/s)的风力吹蚀,结皮中藻类生物量均明显下降,而且结皮生物量的变化与风速大小和吹蚀时间呈线性关系(y=14.78+0.035a-1.48b,a风速,b时间,r2=0.79)。进一步分析发现,风力吹蚀后结皮中藻类活力并没有降低但主要光合色素和天线色素的含量普遍降低,叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)和净光合速率(Pn)明显下降,并且风速越大,降幅越大。这些结果说明风力胁迫对藻结皮生长和光合活性的影响主要是通过影响光合色素代谢合成和电子传递速率引起的,对其生命力没有明显影响。       

Small-Scale Vertical Distribution of Algae and Structure of Lichen Soil Crusts

Although many studies have been conducted on the ecological functions and ecophysiological characteristics of lichen soil crusts (LSCs), no explanation of these results has been provided based on crust structures. Using algae soil crusts (ASCs) as comparison, this work studied the small-scale vertical distribution of algal biomass and stratification in two types of LSCs, by combining the binocular stereomicroscope observations, microscope observations, plate cultures, chlorophyll analysis, and polysaccharides analysis. The results showed an obvious difference in the proportion but not the composition of the algae species between the ASCs and the two LSCs. Approximately 60% and 80% of the total algal biomass were concentrated in the top 1 mm of the soil profile and thalli in the ASCs and LSCs, respectively. This implies that symbiotic algae are the dominant species and primary organic carbon producers in LSCs, and the algal biomass decreased with the depth in both the ASCs and LSCs. The small-scale vertical distributions of the crustal algal biomass and polysaccharides were characterized by obvious successional stage, whereas these were unrelated to the crust type within the successional stage. Additionally, a large amount of fungi, which were always piercing the entire crusts, were observed in the LSCs, but only occasionally in the ASCs. These special structures are purported to cause the LSCs to achieve specific ecological functions, such as higher carbon fixation and greater compressive strength. High biomass, large living space, and advantageous resource utilization privilege suggest that the lichen association is mutualistic and the direction from ASCs to LSCs is developmental.     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

Community Assembly of Biological Soil Crusts of Different Successional Stages in a Temperate Sand Ecosystem, as Assessed by Direct Determination and Enrichment Techniques

In temperate regions, biological soil crusts (BSCs: complex communities of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae, bryophytes, and lichens) are not well investigated regarding community structure and diversity. Furthermore, studies on succession are rare. For that reason, the community assembly of crusts representing two successional stages (initial, 5 years old; and stable, >20 years old) were analyzed in an inland sand ecosystem in Germany in a plot-based approach (2 × 18 plots, each 20 × 20 cm). Two different methods were used to record the cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae in these communities comprehensively: determination directly out of the soil and enrichment culture techniques. Additionally, lichens, bryophytes, and phanerogams were determined. We examine four hypotheses: (1) A combination of direct determination and enrichment culture technique is necessary to detect cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae comprehensively. In total, 45 species of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae were detected in the study area with both techniques, including 26 eukaryotic algae and 19 cyanobacteria species. With both determination techniques, 22 identical taxa were detected (11 eukaryotic algae and 11 cyanobacteria). Thirteen taxa were only found by direct determination, and ten taxa were only found in enrichment cultures. Hence, the hypothesis is supported. Additionally, five lichen species (three genera), five bryophyte species (five genera), and 24 vascular plant species occurred. (2) There is a clear difference between the floristic structure of initial and stable crusts. The different successional stages are clearly separated by detrended correspondence analysis, showing a distinct structure of the community assembly in each stage. In the initial crusts, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Klebsormidium cf. klebsii, and Stichococcus bacillaris were important indicator species, whereas the stable crusts are especially characterized by Tortella inclinata. (3) The biodiversity of BSC taxa and vascular plant species increases from initial to stable BSCs. There are significantly higher genera and species numbers of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae in initial BSCs. Stable BSCs are characterized by significantly higher species numbers of bryophytes and vascular plant species. The results show that, in the investigated temperate region, the often-assumed increase of biodiversity in the course of succession is clearly taxa-dependent. Both successional stages of BSCs are diversity “hot spots” with about 29 species of all taxa per 20 × 20 cm plot. (4) Nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations increase in the course of succession. The chlorophyll a content of the crusts (cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae, bryophyte protonemata) is highly variable across the studied samples, with no significant differences between initial and stable BSCs; nor were ecologically significant differences in soil nutrient contents observed. According to our results, we cannot confirm this hypothesis; the age difference between our two stages is probably not big enough to show such an increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄不同部位藻类的垂直分布特征

 通过2005和2006年夏季两次对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南部荒漠土壤中藻类植物进行采样、培养、鉴定和生物量测定,分析了该区沙漠沙垄不同部位藻类物种组成、优势种和生物量的垂直变化。结果表明：1）在不同地貌部位的不同层次中,藻类的种类组成均有所差异。2）藻类优势物种主要集中在0～2 cm层次中,2 cm以下的土层中藻类细胞很少,绝大部分土层以具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)为第一优势种,有些部位的土层中第一优势种是伪双点颤藻(Oscillatoria pseudogeminata),如垄间低地和迎风坡的1～2 cm中。此外,大型集胞藻（Synechocystis crassa）、舟形藻 (Navicula sp.)、卵圆双眉藻(Amphora ovalis)数量也较多。3）除垄顶外,藻类生物量在其它3个部位不同层次的差异呈极显著水平（p<0.01）,生物量由表及里锐减;在同一土层,藻类生物量基本表现为垄间低地最高,迎风坡与背风坡居中, 垄顶最低,不同地貌部位对藻类生物量影响呈显著或极显著水平。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响

在水分极度匮乏的荒漠生态系统,凝结水是除降雨之外最重要的水分来源之一,它对荒漠生态系统结构、功能和过程的维持产生重要的影响。为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮表面的凝结水形成和蒸发特征,采用自制的微型蒸渗计(直径7 cm、高5 cm的PVC管)实验观测了不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮)对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)观测期间共有20次凝结水形成记录,除降雨天气外,几乎每天都能观测到水分凝结现象;(2)不同类型地表凝结水总量依次为(1.998±0.075),(2.326±0.083),(2.790±0.058)和(3.416±0.068) mm,生物结皮表面的凝结水总量显著大于裸沙(P < 0.05);随生物结皮的发育,不同类型生物结皮表面的凝结水总量呈增加的趋势,凝结水总量之间差异显著(P < 0.05);观测期间不同类型地表日平均凝结水量依次为(0.100±0.003),(0.116±0.004),(0.140±0.002)和(0.171± 0.003) mm,不同类型地表日平均凝结水量之间差异极显著(P < 0.01);(3)凝结水形成过程的观测结果显示,凝结水19:00开始形成,23:00-凌晨1:00形成不明显,1:00-7:00继续形成,除浅灰色藻类结皮外,太阳升出后在黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮表面继续形成少量的凝结水;凝结水7:30开始蒸发,10:30到11:00之间结束蒸发,凝结水在裸沙和浅灰色藻类结皮中的保持时间显著大于黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮中的保持时间(P < 0.05);(4)凝结水的形成受大气温度、地表温度、空气相对湿度和大气地表温度差等气象因素的影响,但其形成过程不与某一个气象因素呈简单的线性关系。