古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

民勤绿洲边缘沙丘生物土壤结皮发育对浅层土壤质地、养分含量及微生物数量的影响

为探明干旱沙区沙丘生物土壤结皮形成及发育对浅层土壤质地、养分含量及微生物数量的影响,以民勤绿洲边缘结皮前期阶段(NCS)、物理-藻类结皮阶段(PACS)、藻类-地衣结皮阶段(ALCS)以及地衣-藓类结皮阶段(LMCS)的0—1 cm层土壤为研究对象,研究了土壤颗粒组成、土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量以及土壤微生物数量动态变化。结果表明:1)生物土壤结皮在NCS向ALCS的发育过程中,其有效地提高了0—1 cm层土壤细沙粒(0—200μm)含量,同时降低了粗砂粒(200—2000μm)含量;在ALCS向LMCS演替过程中,土壤粒度组成无明显变化。2)土壤结皮形成与发育对0—1 cm层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均有显著影响(P0.05),4种养分含量均随生物结皮演替逐渐增大。3)在土壤结皮形成与演替过程中,0—1 cm层土壤细菌、放线菌以及真菌数量均呈现出先增大后减小趋势(峰值均出现在PACS),土壤总藻生物量一直处于持续增大趋势;在5—12月期间,土壤微生物数量或生物量变化均呈现出先增大后减小趋势。4)土壤结皮在NCS向PACS演替过程中,土壤颗粒组成的改变是土壤微生物量及养分变化的主要驱动因子;PACS向LMCS演替过程,土壤藻类、地衣、藓类是提高土壤养分含量的主要因子。表明民勤绿洲边缘沙丘生物土壤结皮形成与发育能有效地改善浅层土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,同时对土壤生态系统改善及生态环境保护具有重要作用。     

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被演替生物土壤结皮盖度对沙埋的响应

生物土壤结皮(简称结皮)的形成与发展是沙区固沙植被建设成功的重要标志之一,其盖度随固沙植被演替的变化趋势是表征该植被系统地表稳定性的一个直观性生态学指标。利用空间代时间的方法,以腾格里沙漠不同始植年代(1956、1973、1981和1987年)固沙植被区发育的4种优势结皮-真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)结皮、土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis(Brid.)Zand.)结皮、齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.)结皮和藻-地衣-藓类混生结皮(Mixed crust)为研究对象,在测定结皮盖度、高度以及粗糙度随沙埋厚度逐渐增加变化的基础上,计算了使结皮盖度(从99.99%)开始降低的初始沙埋厚度(D1)和盖度降低为0%的临界沙埋厚度(D2),研究了该区固沙植被演替过程中结皮盖度对沙埋厚度增加的响应特征及其相关机制。结果显示:(1)4种结皮的盖度随沙埋厚度的增加呈logistic曲线逐渐降低。(2)在同一年代固沙区不同种间比较,混生结皮的D1值最小,D2值最大;真藓结皮的D1和D2值均小于其他两种藓类结皮;土生对齿藓结皮和齿肋赤藓结皮因固沙年限的不同而不同,在1956年固沙区,土生对齿藓结皮齿肋赤藓结皮,而在1973年固沙区和1981年固沙区,齿肋赤藓结皮土生对齿藓结皮。(3)随固沙植被演替,4种结皮盖度随沙埋厚度增加的降低速率逐渐减小,D1和D2值逐渐增大。(4)结皮总盖度随沙埋厚度增加的降低速率逐渐减小,表明随固沙植被演替,结皮对沙埋的抵御能力逐渐增强,固沙区植被系统地表稳定性增加。(5)结皮的粗糙度和高度随固沙植被演替逐渐增加,并显著影响了4种结皮盖度随沙埋厚度增加的降低速率、D1及D2值。研究为全面评估沙埋对沙区结皮结构、功能的影响乃至固沙植被稳定性提供了参考。     

干燥对人工生物土壤结皮固氮酶活性恢复过程的影响

本文研究了不同演替阶段的人工生物土壤结皮其光合和固氮酶活性恢复过程对干燥时长的响应.生物土壤结皮通过人工接种丝状土壤蓝藻诱导形成,并根据藻类和苔藓丰度的不同划分为蓝藻结皮、藻-藓结皮、藓-藻结皮和苔藓结皮等4个演替阶段.经不同时长干燥处理的结皮,复水后测定其光合活性(F_v/F_m)和固氮酶活性(NA)的恢复过程.结果表明,苔藓结皮F_v/F_m的恢复速率与干燥时长呈负相关,但其他演替阶段结皮的F_v/F_m恢复速率几乎不受干燥时长的影响.早期演替阶段的结皮(藻结皮、藻-藓结皮和藓-藻结皮)显示出相同的NA活性恢复模式和不同的NA速率,而苔藓结皮NA活性的恢复较慢.光照条件下,干燥时长不超过8天时,则干燥时间越长,早期演替阶段结皮的NA活性越低,但在此较短的干燥时长范围内,苔藓结皮NA活性的恢复并不受干燥时长的影响;黑暗条件下,不同演替阶段结皮干燥两天后固氮酶活性均较低.相反,较长时间的干燥后(4~6个月),所有结皮均恢复了较高的NA活性.结果表明,不同演替阶段的人工生物土壤结皮其生理活性对干燥有不同的耐受性.     

腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被演替过程中生物土壤结皮归一化植被指数的变化特征

生物土壤结皮(简称结皮)影响干旱沙区生态系统归一化植被指数(NDVI)。该文基于空间代时间的方法,利用地物光谱仪采集腾格里沙漠不同始植年代(1956、1964和1973年)固沙植被区发育的5种优势结皮的NDVI数据,分析了固沙植被演替过程中结皮NDVI的变化特征及其对降水和温度变化的响应规律,并通过与固沙区主要地物进行比较,评估了结皮NDVI在该沙区生态系统NDVI中的作用。结果表明:1)随着固沙植被演替,结皮NDVI逐渐增加。不同种类结皮NDVI相比较,土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)结皮真藓(Bryum argenteum)结皮混生结皮地衣结皮藻结皮。2)结皮NDVI受降水量、气温及二者间的交互作用影响显著,且具有明显的季节差异。结皮NDVI与降水量及其覆盖土壤浅层含水量均呈显著线性正相关关系,并且结皮NDVI对水分的敏感性随固沙植被演替而逐渐增加。结皮NDVI总体与日平均气温呈显著线性负相关关系,而与结皮表面温度呈显著指数负相关关系,并且结皮NDVI对温度的敏感性随固沙植被演替逐渐增加。结皮NDVI对温度变化的敏感性春季高于夏季,对水分变化的敏感性夏季高于春季。3)春季降水后,藓类结皮NDVI显著高于油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)等灌木及裸沙;夏季降水后,结皮NDVI显著低于灌木。若考虑结皮较高的盖度,春、夏季结皮NDVI对固沙区系统NDVI的贡献率分别为90.01%和82.53%,均超过灌木(春季9.99%和夏季17.47%),并且结皮对固沙区系统NDVI的贡献率随着固沙植被演替而逐渐增加,而灌木的贡献率逐渐降低。该研究证明了在区域尺度上利用结皮NDVI并结合气象资料区分结皮演替阶段的可行性,并为干旱沙区在区域尺度上地表生态参量遥感估算的误差分析及结皮遥感监测的时相选择提供了数据基础。     

黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮表面糙度特征及影响因素

地表糙度是影响地表径流和侵蚀过程的重要属性.生物结皮在干旱半干旱区广泛分布,是地表糙度的影响因子之一.本文采用链条法测定了黄土丘陵区不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度特征,分析了不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度对坡向、土壤含水量和冻融作用的响应及其与各理化性质的相关性,初步探索了生物结皮对地表糙度的影响及其相关因素.结果表明: 生物结皮显著改变地表糙度,随着生物结皮从藻结皮向藓结皮演替,其糙度先降低后增加,生物结皮发育形成10年以后,其表面糙度基本趋于稳定;研究区早期形成的藻结皮表面糙度较裸土降低47.0%,深色藻结皮(藓类盖度<20%)较裸土降低20.4%,混生结皮(藓类盖度为20%～60%)和苔藓结皮(藓类盖度>70%)表面糙度与深色藻结皮基本一致;坡向对发育10年以上的生物结皮表面糙度的影响不显著;土壤含水量影响地表糙度特征.研究区浅色藻结皮表面糙度随水分变化较为剧烈;随着生物结皮发育,深色藻结皮、混生结皮和苔藓结皮表面糙度随水分的变化趋于平缓.冻融增加了生物结皮表面糙度.浅色藻结皮经两次冻融后表面糙度增加29.7%;深色藻结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮表面糙度的影响需经过反复冻融才有所体现.生物结皮表面糙度与藓结皮盖度呈显著正相关(P＜0.1).     

生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响

研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘在不同自然条件（风、温度、水分）下,人工固沙植被区（24龄、41龄、50龄）和相邻天然植被区的两种生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响。结果表明,荒漠土壤种子库在苔藓结皮上的储量显著高于藻类结皮。随着生物土壤结皮的发育,种子萌发量在苔藓结皮上增加,在藻类结皮上减少。生物土壤结皮层的含水量对种子萌发有显著的影响（p〈0.05）,植物种子在湿润处理的生物土壤结皮上的萌发量高于干燥处理的生物土壤结皮上的种子萌发量。生物土壤结皮表层温度和亚表层温度对荒漠植物种子萌发无显著影响（p〉0.05）,但总体而言,对于苔藓结皮,植物种子在较高温度下的萌发量略高于在较低温度下的萌发量,而对于藻类结皮,植物种子在较低温度下的萌发量略高。     

生物结皮对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

生物结皮是铜尾矿废弃地自然原生演替的最初阶段.本研究以铜陵杨山冲铜尾矿库和铜官山新铜尾矿库为对象,采用熏蒸浸提和化学分析法研究了两尾矿库不同类型生物结皮下土壤微生物量C、N及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性.结果表明：铜尾矿废弃地上的生物结皮能够显著提高表层尾矿中的微生物量和土壤酶活性,其中藻类结皮对土壤微生物量C、N的影响高于藓-藻混合结皮,藓类结皮的影响最小;随着土壤生物结皮类型的变化,土壤微生物区系也随之变化;各类生物结皮下表层尾矿中土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,但与土壤pH呈显著负相关.此外,藓类植物假根能够显著提高藓类结皮假根层的微生物量和酶活性.     

植被覆盖对科尔沁沙地土壤生物结皮及其下层土壤理化特性的影响

为了解不同植被覆盖对沙地土壤生物结皮及其下层土壤的影响,于2006年调查了科尔沁沙地冷蒿、小红柳、杨树和樟子松等植被封育区土壤生物结皮及结皮下0～5 cm土壤的理化特性.结果表明：经过15年的封育保护和植被建设,科尔沁沙地天然植被和人工植被下流动沙地大部分被生物结皮所覆盖,其结皮覆盖度可达60%～80%,厚度1～2 cm;在调查的几种植被中,小红柳植被区的土壤结皮厚度、硬度、粘粉粒、有机质和养分含量最高,其次是樟子松林地,杨树林地和冷蒿植被区相对较差;几种植被区的苔藓结皮的结皮厚度、硬度、粘粉粒、有机质和养分含量均优于地衣结皮;与流动沙地相比,结皮下0～5 cm土壤的理化特性有明显改善,改善程度苔藓结皮强于地衣结皮,小红柳和樟子松植被区强于杨树林地和冷蒿群丛;土壤结皮及结皮下表土理化特性的变化既受植被覆盖类型的影响,也受制于土壤结皮的发育.由于枝叶繁茂的中、高植被有利于降风滞尘和产生较多的凋落物,因而更能促进沙地结皮发育和土壤改良,而苔藓结皮较地衣结皮更有利于其下层土壤理化特性的改善.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤种子库多样性与分布特征的影响

古尔班通古特沙漠地表广泛分布着生物土壤结皮,研究其覆盖下的土壤种子库,有利于了解生物土壤结皮的生态功能及当地植被更新与恢复的潜力。本文研究了该地区3种生物土壤结皮(藻结皮、地衣结皮、苔藓结皮)对土壤种子库分布特征和多样性的影响。结果表明:在种子库水平分布上,相比于裸沙,生物土壤结皮增加了种子库密度,且不同结皮类型对种子库的影响程度不同。地衣结皮土壤种子库的密度最大(5905±778粒·m~(-3)),其对种子的捕获作用最为明显,其次是苔藓结皮(1138±380粒·m~(-3)),藻结皮与裸沙无显著差异;水平分布上的差异与结皮的发育程度、种子的形态、不同生物土壤结皮空间分布的异质性有关。在垂直分布方面,结皮发育土壤,种子库集中分布在土壤浅层(0~2 cm),这与裸沙种子库的垂直分布特征基本一致,说明结皮的存在并没有显著改变种子库的垂直分布格局。此外,从裸沙到苔藓结皮,土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性不高(0.14~0.29),土壤种子库中的物种多样性和丰富度指数不及地上植被高。该研究区土壤种子库在植被恢复中的潜力可能较小,但相对于裸沙,生物土壤结皮的存在有益于土壤种子库的保持,对荒漠生态系统物种多样性的维持和稳定具有重要意义。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮不同发育阶段中藻类的变化

通过在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘相同的地貌部位,选择裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮4种不同演替阶段中的生物结皮,研究了藻类的种类组成、优势种和生物量的变化.结果表明:(1)在结皮的不同演替阶段,藻类种类组成不同,其常见物种有一定的差异,如裸沙中藻类常见种是脆杆藻2(Fragilaria sp.2)、威利颤藻(Oscillatoria willei)和奥克席藻(Phormidium okenii),藻结皮的常见种是小聚球藻(Synechococcus parvus)、颗粒常丝藻 (Tychonema granulatum)、韧氏席藻(Phormidium retzli);同时在不同发育阶段亦存在一些特有种.(2)在裸沙发育到成熟生物结皮的过程中,藻类的优势物种也发生相应的变化.裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮的优势种分别是脆杆藻1(Fragilaria sp.1)、具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、具鞘微鞘藻、眼点伪枝藻(Scytonema ocellatum)或集球藻(Palmellococcus miniatus).(3)藻类生物量在生物结皮不同演替阶段差异极显著(P<0.01),在裸沙中藻类生物量最低,随着生物结皮的逐渐发育,藻类生物量明显升高,地衣结皮最高,约是裸沙的8.3倍,当发育至苔藓结皮时,藻类生物量又有所下降.(4)在裸沙中基本为松散的沙粒,随着生物结皮的演替,丝状种类占明显的优势,尤其是具鞘微鞘藻,另外真菌菌丝和苔藓假根分别在地衣结皮和苔藓结皮中起着重要作用.     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

Chlorophytes of biological soil crusts in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

In this paper, chlorophytes collected from 253 biological soil crust samples in Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China were studied by field investigation and microscopical observation in lab. The flora composition, ecological distribution of chlorophytes in the desert and dynamic changes of species composition of chlorophytes in different developing stages of biological soil crusts are preliminarily analyzed. Results showed that there were 26 species belonging to 14 genera and 10 families, in which unicellular chlorophytes were dominant. There existed some differences in distribution of varied sand dune positions. The taxa of chlorophytes in leeward of sand dunes are most abundant, but the taxa in windward, interdune and the top of sand dunes reduced gradually. Chlorophytes were mainly distributed within the crust and the taxa of chlorophytes decrease obviously under the crust. In the devel-oping stages of the biological soil crust, species diversity of chlorophytes changed a little, but species composition pre-sented some differences. Chlorococcum humicola, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas ovalis and Chlamydomonas sp. nearly existed in all developing stages of biological crusts. In several former stages of the biological soil crust there were spherical chlorophytes and filamentous ones. When moss crust formed, filamentous chlorophytes disappeared, such as Microspora and Ulothrix.     

Long-Term Ecosystem Effects of Sand-Binding Vegetation in the Tengger Desert, Northern China

The planting of sand‐binding vegetation in the Shapotou region at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert began in 1956. Over the past 46 years, it has not only insured the smooth operation of the Baotou–Lanzhou railway in the sand dune section but has also played an important role in the restoration of the local eco‐environment; therefore, it is viewed as a successful model for desertification control and ecological restoration along the transport line in the arid desert region of China. Long‐term monitoring and focused research show that within 4–5 years of establishment of sand‐binding vegetation, the physical surface structure of the sand dunes stabilized, and inorganic soil crusts formed by atmospheric dust gradually turned into microbiotic crusts. Among the organisms comprising these crusts are cryptogams such as desert algae and mosses. In the 46 years since establishing sand‐binding vegetation, some 24 algal species occurred in the crusts. However, only five moss species were identified, which was fewer than the species number in the crust of naturally fixed sand dunes. Other results of the planting were that near‐surface wind velocity in the 46‐year‐old vegetation area was reduced by 54.2% compared with that in the moving sand area; soil organic matter increased from 0.06% in moving sand dunes to 1.34% in the 46‐year‐old vegetation area; the main nutrients N, P, K, etc., in the desert ecosystem increased; soil physicochemical properties improved; and soil‐forming processes occurred in the dune surface layer. Overall, establishment of sand‐binding vegetation significantly impacted soil water cycles, creating favorable conditions for colonization by many herbaceous species. These herbaceous species, in turn, facilitated the colonization and persistence of birds, insects, soil animals, and desert animals. Forty‐six years later, some 28 bird species and 50 insect species were identified in the vegetated dune field. Thus, establishment of a relatively simple community of sand‐binding species led to the transformation of the relatively barren dune environment into a desert ecosystem with complex structure, composition, and function. This restoration effort shows the potential for short‐term manipulation of environmental variables (i.e., plant cover via artificial vegetation establishment) to begin the long‐term process of ecological restoration, particularly in arid climates, and demonstrates several techniques that can be used to scientifically monitor progress in large‐scale restoration projects.     

人工固沙措施对沙丘沉积物特征及土壤养分的影响

为探明人工铺设尼龙网状固沙措施对风沙危害的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南部人工固定沙丘、两类自然流动沙丘以及防护林的地表沉积物和结皮为研究对象,研究沙丘不同位置、不同深度沉积物的颗粒组成、土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾含量等养分特征。结果表明:(1)人工固定沙丘和自然流动沙丘粒度组成和土壤养分含量都存在显著差异(P0.5),沙障的防风,固沙和土壤改良作用明显。(2)人工固定沙丘各个地貌位置沉积物粒度频率曲线均出现三峰,反映了沙障对粉尘沉积物的拦截作用,体现了沙障对土壤理化性质的改良过程;分选性随风向逐渐变差,随着粒径变细而好;偏度和峰度明显高于其他。(3)整个研究区沉积物偏碱性,影响着土壤养分含量。人工固定沙丘养分含量最高,有效氮和有机质含量均为最大,有效磷和有效钾含量略低于对比林,其粉沙物质含量与养分含量成正比。(4)人工固定沙丘的沙丘迎、背风坡均有植被分布,并覆有土壤物理结皮,沉积物粒级分配较自然发育的流动沙丘分散,养分含量增加。由此可见,沙障对沙区的土壤环境和生态环境改善具有重要的影响。     

Chlorophytes of biological soil crusts in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China

In this paper, chlorophytes collected from 253 biological soil crust samples in Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China were studied by field investigation and microscopical observation in lab. The flora composition, ecological distribution of chlorophytes in the desert and dynamic changes of species composition of chlorophytes in different developing stages of biological soil crusts are preliminarily analyzed. Results showed that there were 26 species belonging to 14 genera and 10 families, in which unicellular chlorophytes were dominant. There existed some differences in distribution of varied sand dune positions. The taxa of chlorophytes in leeward of sand dunes are most abundant, but the taxa in windward, interdune and the top of sand dunes reduced gradually. Chlorophytes were mainly distributed within the crust and the taxa of chlorophytes decrease obviously under the crust. In the developing stages of the biological soil crust, species diversity of chlorophytes changed a little, but species composition presented some differences. Chlorococcum humicola, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas ovalis and Chlamydomonas sp. nearly existed in all developing stages of biological crusts. In several former stages of the biological soil crust there were spherical chlorophytes and filamentous ones. When moss crust formed, filamentous chlorophytes disappeared, such as Microspora and Ulothrix. __________ Translated from Arid Zone Research, 2006, 23(2): 189–193 [译自: 干旱区研究]     

Biological soil crusts determine the germination and growth of two exotic plants

In arid and semiarid ecosystems, the potential threats of exotic invasive species are enhanced due to increasing human activities. Biological soil crusts (BSCs), acting as arid ecosystem engineers, may play an important role in preventing the establishment of exotic invasive plants. Our goal was to examine whether BSCs could inhibit the establishment of probable exotic plant species originating from adjacent grasslands located along the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert. In our study, we investigated the effects of three BSC types (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss crusts) under two disturbance conditions (intact and disturbed) on the establishment of two exotic plant species (Ceratoides latens and Setaria viridis) using indoor experiments. We found both negative and positive effects of BSCs on the establishment of the two exotic plant species. Compared with the disturbed BSCs, the germination percentages of C. latens and S. viridis were reduced by 54% to 87% and 89% to 93%, respectively, in intact BSCs. In contrast, BSCs significantly promoted the height growth and aboveground biomass of the two exotic plant species (p < .05) by enhancing the soil water and nutrient availability for the exotic plants. Our results confirm that BSCs strongly suppress the rapid expansion of exotic plant populations by inhibiting germination of seed with big size or appendages and have a weak inhibitory effect on exotic plant with small and smooth seeds. This may decrease the threat of propagation of exotic species. In the meantime, BSCs promote the growth of a few successful engraftment seedlings, which increased the beta diversity. Our work suggests that better understanding the two opposing effects of BSCs on the establishment of exotic plant species in different growth stages (germination and growth) is important for maintaining the health and stability of revegetated regions.     

模拟增温对荒漠生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO2、CH4和N2O通量的影响

目前, 有关增温条件下荒漠生物土壤结皮(BSCs)-土壤系统与大气之间主要温室气体(CO₂、CH₄和N₂O)通量变化的研究十分匮乏, 以致很难准确地评估荒漠生态系统温室气体通量对气候变暖的响应与反馈的方向和程度。该文选择腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区由藻类、藓类以及二者混生的3种类型的BSCs覆盖土壤为研究对象, 以开顶式生长室(OTC)为增温方式模拟全球变暖, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法探究了2012年7月至2013年6月增温和不增温处理下CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的变化特征。结果表明: 增温和结皮类型对CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量没有显著影响。采样日期、结皮类型与采样日期, 以及增温与结皮类型和采样日期的互作显著影响CO₂和CH₄通量, 增温和采样日期互作显著影响CH₄通量。BSCs-土壤系统的CO₂、CH₄和N₂O年通量及其增温潜能在增温和不增温处理下的差异均不显著。CO₂通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度呈显著的指数正相关关系, 与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈线性正相关关系; 藓类、混生结皮的CH₄通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度和10 cm深度的土壤湿度均呈显著的线性负相关关系; 3种结皮类型的N₂O通量与5 cm深度的土壤温度均无相关关系, 藓类结皮的N₂O通量与10 cm深度的土壤湿度呈显著的线性负相关关系。藓类结皮的CO₂和CH₄在增温和不增温两种处理下的通量差异与5 cm深度的土壤温度差异呈显著的负线性相关, 藻类结皮N₂O的通量差异与温度差异呈近似正相关关系(p = 0.051)。以上结果说明: 在全球变暖的背景下, 荒漠BSCs-土壤系统主要温室气体通量不会有明显的变化, 意味着荒漠生态系统温室气体的排放可能对气候变暖没有明显的 反馈。