阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠的特点和应用

建立动物模型的目的是在实验动物身上复制人类疾病的模型,用于研究人类疾病的病因、发病、病理变化以及疾病的预防和治疗。目前尚无理想的阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）动物模型,AD实验动物模型的滞后在很大程度上制约了AD治疗药物的筛选。随着AD病因和发病机制研究的不断深入,更完善的AD动物模型也在陆续出现。近年来出现的转基因动物模型属于AD的病因模型,但也不能完整复制出AD的所有特征。最大的缺憾在于缺乏神经原纤维缠结（neurofibrillary tangles,NFTs）和在某些转基因模型中（尤其是单转基因模型）无广泛的神经元丢失。虽然用免疫组化方法检测到tau蛋白,但从未发现成对螺旋纤丝（paired helical filaments,PHF）。     

肺癌动物模型的制备与应用

肺癌动物模型在研究人类肺癌的诊断和治疗等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。根据制备方法及研究目的的不同,肺癌动物模型可分为自发性、诱发性、移植性和转基因动物模型,每种动物模型都有其特征和应用特点。本文旨在介绍肺癌动物模型的制备方法、应用以及近年来的研究进展。     

肺癌的遗传因素探讨

在肺癌的病因研究中,人们常注重于特殊的环境因素,如吸烟、空气污染等,较少考虑遗传因素的作用。Tohuhata和Lilienfeld首先报道肺癌有家族聚集现象。近些年来,有关肺癌的病因研究亦表明,肺癌与遗传有关,并且逐渐形成了遗传对肺癌易感性(susceptibility)的若干种假说。我国探讨肺癌与遗传的关系还很少报道,高锦声等曾综述了Tokuhata和Histosugi等的发现,提出在我国开展肺癌与遗     

受体型酪氨酸激酶RON在人细支气管肺泡癌发病机理中的作用

细支气管肺泡癌（bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,BAC）是一种以在肺泡和终末细支气管生长为主要特征的肺癌,占全部肺癌的5％-10％。近期BAC的发病率呈上升趋势。绵羊肺腺病是一种在病理形态上与人BAC极其类似的肺恶性肿瘤,病因是Jaagsiekte绵羊逆转录病毒。然而,人BAC的病因及发病机理至今不明。受体型酪氨酸激酶RON是原癌基因MET家族的一员,RON及其变异体在人BAC样品中呈高度的异常表达。转基因小鼠的实验进一步证明,定向性的在肺泡二型上皮细胞中表达RON,能诱发具有人BAC特征的小鼠肺肿瘤,RON致癌的基础是其传导的异常信息途径。采用特异性siRNA和单克隆抗体干扰RON的表达,能抑制RON介导的BAC的生长。因此,RON的异常表达是特异性药物作用的靶点,阐明原癌基因RON在BAC发病机理中的作用具有重要的临床意义。     

阿尔兹海默症转基因小鼠模型研究进展及评价

随着世界人口的老龄化,阿尔兹海默症已经成为严重威胁老年人健康的主要疾病之一,研究并建立可靠的阿尔兹海默症动物模型对于探明疾病的病因、发病机制及防治药物的开发均具有重要意义。本文就目前使用最为广泛和研究最为深入的转基因小鼠模型的病理、行为学变化特点及其在阿尔兹海默症研究中的应用和发现作一介绍。     

规范信念、感知风险与农户转基因水稻种植意愿

从认知心理学的角度,在现有TAM模型基础上,提出了农户技术选择意愿模型,将规范信念、感知风险等要素纳入模型的概念框架,利用SEM的测量模型与结构模型研究方法,基于湖北地区农户调研,对所提出的模型与假设进行了实证检验与分析。结果表明：不同的农户特征对转基因水稻的易用性与有用性的感知有显著差异;农户对转基因水稻的感知易用性对感知有用性存在显著的正向影响;农户关于转基因水稻的感知易用性、主观规范信念对感知有用性存在显著的正向影响;农户关于转基因水稻的感知有用性对其种植意愿存在显著的正向影响;不同类型的风险感知对农户转基因水稻种植意愿的影响也存在较大差异。最后,提出了转基因水稻推广的政策建议。     

Cramp转基因小鼠的构建及鉴定

目的建立系统性表达Cramp转基因模型小鼠,为研究Cramp在衰老中的作用提供模型动物。方法把Cramp cDNA插入系统性表达CMV启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,显微注射法建立Cramp转基因小鼠。PCR鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法筛选高表达品系。结果成功构建Cramp cDNA转基因载体,建立了Cramp转基因小鼠,通过RT-PCR和Western blotting方法筛选出3个高表达品系。结论建立了系统表达Cramp转基因小鼠,转入的Cramp基因在骨髓、脾脏、肝脏等组织高表达,为研究Cramp基因在衰老中的作用及机制提供了动物模型。     

转基因家兔模型制作方法

作为生物医学研究重要的实验动物模型,转基因家兔已经被广泛应用在人类心脑血管疾病、艾滋病以及癌症等生物医学研究领域,特别是利用转基因家兔模型在人类动脉粥样硬化实验研究中已经取得了令人注目的成绩。本文结合我们自己制作转基因家兔的经验、研究成果以及文献资料,详细介绍了利用原核显微注射法、直接将外源基因注入受精卵雄原核中的转基因家兔制作技术,回顾了利用转基因家兔模型在生物医学研究中取得的重要进展。     

胆固醇酯转移蛋白转基因家兔制作及生物学特性分析

目的制作肝脏特异性高表达人胆固醇酯转移蛋白(CETP)转基因家兔并对其生物学特性分析进行分析。方法利用显微注射方法制作CETP转基因家兔,利用Western blot、real-time PCR和CETP活性鉴定试剂盒鉴定模型家兔中人CETP转基因的表达和活性。结果 PCR检验结果显示成功获得CETP转基因家兔,转基因主要在肝脏特异性表达,其血浆CETP活性相对于非转基因家兔明显升高。结论成功建立了高表达人CETP的转基因家兔,为研究CETP功能和其参与心血管疾病的机制提供了良好模型。     

代谢病相关的遗传工程小鼠模型

糖尿病及肥胖症等代谢性疾病已成为影响人类健康的主要疾病,属于多基因所致的代谢综合征,遗传模式复杂多样,至今仍所知甚少。理想的实验动物模型是我们深入了解代谢病病因、遗传及环境因素的必要工具,并且可以用来研究验证新的治疗药物。近年来,已经获得了大量的遗传工程动物模型,包括转基因、基因敲除模型等遗传工程动物,对于代谢性疾病的研究意义重大。本文主要介绍近年来应用较多的糖尿病及肥胖相关的遗传工程小鼠模型遗传特征及应用。     

人乳腺癌干细胞异种移植动物模型的制备和应用

越来越多的证据显示乳腺癌干细胞是导致乳腺癌发生、发展、复发和转移的根源。因此,模拟出与人乳腺癌发病机制相似的动物模型将对乳腺癌的治疗起着至关重要的作用。本文旨在介绍乳腺癌干细胞异种移植动物模型的制备方法、应用以及近年来的研究进展。     

Animal models in carotenoids research and lung cancer prevention

Numerous epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that individuals who eat more fruits and vegetables (which are rich in carotenoids) and who have higher serum β-carotene levels have a lower risk of cancer, especially lung cancer. However, two human intervention trials conducted in Finland and in the United States have reported contrasting results with high doses of β-carotene supplementation increasing the risk of lung cancer among smokers. The failure of these trials to demonstrate actual efficacy has resulted in the initiation of animal studies to reproduce the findings of these two studies and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the harmful or protective effects of carotenoids in lung carcinogenesis. Although these studies have been limited by a lack of animal models that appropriately represent human lung cancer induced by cigarette smoke, ferrets and A/J mice are currently the most widely used models for these types of studies. There are several proposed mechanisms for the protective effects of carotenoids on cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis, and these include antioxidant/prooxidant effects, modulation of retinoic acid signaling pathway and metabolism, induction of cytochrome P450, and molecular signaling involved in cell proliferation and/or apoptosis. The technical challenges associated with animal models include strain-specific and diet-specific effects, differences in the absorption and distribution of carotenoids, and differences in the interactions of carotenoids with other antioxidants. Despite the problems associated with extrapolating from animal models to humans, the understanding and development of various animal models may provide useful information regarding the protective effects of carotenoids against lung carcinogenesis.     

结核病动物模型研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的传染病,是危害人类健康的主要传染病之一。动物模型已经成为研究人类传染病的标准化工具。虽然对于结核分枝杆菌而言并没有真正意义的动物资源,但由于不同种类的动物,对分枝杆菌的敏感性不一样,因此可以成为结核病研究的有利工具。结核病最常用的实验动物模型包括小鼠、兔和豚鼠。每种动物有其自身特点,但并不能完全模拟人类疾病。通过建立结核病的动物模型,可以大大增加我们对疾病的病因、毒力和发病机制的理解。除了这三种模型外,非人灵长类也常被用于结核病的研究。本文总结了这几种结核病模型的研究状况。     

优化胶粘贴法建立裸鼠胃癌原位种植模型

目的通过对两种胶粘贴法建立的胃癌原位种植动物模型的比较研究,为探讨胃癌的发病机制和实验治疗提供理想的动物模型。方法用OB胶和FS生物蛋白胶法分别建立胃癌原位种植动物模型,观察和比较两种方法所建立的模型肿瘤生长状况、转移情况和形态学变化。结果FS生物蛋白胶组未出现肿瘤大片坏死,腹水形成率为85.7%,幽门梗阻发生率为57.1%;而OB胶组肿瘤大片坏死发生率为100%,腹水形成率为14.3%,未出现幽门梗阻。FS生物蛋白胶组有三例出现了肺和脑转移。结论FS生物蛋白胶法建立的裸鼠胃癌原位种植动物模型能更好的模拟人胃癌患者的临床过程,为研究人胃癌转移机制和实验治疗提供理想的动物模型。     

人类疾病的动物模型

发展对人类疾病有效的预测、预防、诊断和治疗等途径,一直是人口健康领域关注的焦点.任何人类疾病似乎都可归咎于遗传背景和环境因素的共同作用,并影响到疾病的发生、病程、药物疗效和预后等.最有效的研究策略足直接针对患者的各方面临床研究,但这一策略常常会而临着同一临床症状却有不同病因(异质性)、个体差异显著(如治疗效果因人而异)以及难以回溯性地研究人类疾病的发生、发展(如发病以前的事件或经历)等问题,而且医学伦理学的要求使得大量医学研究和新药新疗法不能直接应用于人体,必须先有动物实验阐明其安全性和必要性.最佳的研究策略足创建人类疾病的动物模型,因为可严格地控制病因、遗传背景、环境因子等,也可跟踪性研究动物模型病症的发生、发展、治疗反应和结局等,但这一策略也常常面临着一系列问题和误解.对此,在<动物学研究>出版<灵长类动物与人类疾病模型>专刊之际,撰写此评述性论文,将系列问题和误解一一提出,并讨论其应对策略.     

Sex differences in mouse models of asthma

Differences in disease susceptibility and prognosis between men and women are known to occur in the incidence and development of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and immunological disorders. In the lung there are also sex-based differences in the incidence, prevalence, and pathogenesis of lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma. In the general population, sex-based differences in asthma have been shown by epidemiologic studies, but unfortunately these studies are not consistent in their conclusions. This variability in human epidemiological studies justifies the need for more focused studies of the effects of specific hormones. Such specific mechanistic studies can most easily be performed in animal models, and since mouse models have the potential for separating specific genetic factors from environmental and exogenous factors, this species has become increasingly important in the design, analysis, and interpretation of asthma research. This review will document the male and female differences in airway function of na?ve and sensitized mouse models, as well as the great variability in the functional measurements of airway tone. Until the situation is better understood, this variability between males and females should be kept in mind when designing, analyzing, and interpreting studies of smooth muscle responses in animal models and human subjects.     

The Use of Naturally Occurring Cancer in Domestic Animals for Research into Human Cancer: General Considerations and a Review of Canine Skeletal Osteosarcoma

For many years, research into human cancer has concentrated on human patients and on artificially induced neoplasms in inbred murine hosts. Cancer, however, affects a great variety of mammals, particularly those that have been domesticated. Suchf naturally occurring neoplasms are common in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, etc., and offer fertile ground for studies relating to epidemiologyf, etiology, immunobiology, and therapy. Canine osteosarcoma is described in detail. The clinicopathologic features of this canine tumor closely approximate that of human osteosarcoma and thus make canine osteosarcoma an invaluable comparative model. Canine osteosarcoma and other naturally occurring tumors lie intermediate between the mouse models and human cancer. The use of these veterinary models in the future fabric of cancer research will broaden its base and will influence our conceptual approach to research and clinical options.     

Animal models of acute lung injury

Acute lung injury in humans is characterized histopathologically by neutrophilic alveolitis, injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and microvascular thrombi. Different animal models of experimental lung injury have been used to investigate mechanisms of lung injury. Most are based on reproducing in animals known risk factors for ARDS, such as sepsis, lipid embolism secondary to bone fracture, acid aspiration, ischemia-reperfusion of pulmonary or distal vascular beds, and other clinical risks. However, none of these models fully reproduces the features of human lung injury. The goal of this review is to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of existing models of lung injury. We review the specific features of human ARDS that should be modeled in experimental lung injury and then discuss specific characteristics of animal species that may affect the pulmonary host response to noxious stimuli. We emphasize those models of lung injury that are based on reproducing risk factors for human ARDS in animals and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model and the extent to which each model reproduces human ARDS. The present review will help guide investigators in the design and interpretation of animal studies of acute lung injury.