拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性和影响

蜜蜂是最重要的农业授粉昆虫之一,蜜蜂在授粉过程中极有可能接触到广泛使用的广谱杀虫剂-拟除虫菊酯,大多数拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂等农业授粉昆虫有较高的毒性.本文对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的作用机理进行了综述;总结了蜂群及蜂产品中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的残留现状、拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂的急性毒性以及亚致死效应,讨论了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂复配农药对蜜...     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂健康的影响

新烟碱类杀虫剂（neonicotinoid insecticides）,是目前全球应用最为广泛的一类杀虫剂,它能够通过导管运输方式扩散到植物各个组织中,并与昆虫乙酰胆碱受体结合,从而发挥剧烈的神经毒害效应。蜜蜂作为自然界最主要的传粉者,具有重要的经济和生态价值。近年来,蜜蜂等授粉昆虫数量大规模的骤减引起了各界极大关注。虽然具体原因尚未定论,但新烟碱类杀虫剂对它们的影响已被广泛认可。本文综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂及其对蜜蜂的致死和亚致死效应,并阐述了不同国家和地区相关针对性的举措。通过总结国内外有关新烟碱类杀虫剂与蜜蜂健康的研究形势,以期为我国开展相关具体研究提供参考。     

三种杀虫剂亚致死浓度对川硬皮肿腿蜂繁殖和搜寻行为的影响

在实验室条件下通过药膜法研究了3种杀虫剂对川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao成蜂的毒力和对繁殖的亚致死效应,并采用EthoVision3.1行为仪分析了杀虫剂对其搜寻行为的影响.结果表明,川硬皮肿腿蜂对啶虫脒最敏感,致死中浓度LC50和亚致死浓度LC10分别为7.71和4.46 mg/L,其次为吡虫啉(11.22和6.68 mg/L)和功夫菊酯(27.72和9.36 mg/L).经啶虫脒、吡虫啉和功夫菊酯亚致死浓度(LC10)处理的肿腿蜂,亲代、F1和F2代的寄生成功率均受到抑制;经功夫菊酯处理的肿腿蜂,亲代单蜂产卵量显著增加(P＜0.05);经啶虫脒和吡虫啉肿腿蜂,亲代的出蜂率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),但对F1代影响显著(P＜0.05).经啶虫脒和吡虫啉亚致死浓度(LC10)处理的肿腿蜂搜寻行为变弱.结果表明,功夫菊酯对川硬皮肿腿蜂较安全;啶虫脒和吡虫啉对川硬皮肿腿蜂的繁殖和搜寻行为影响较大.研究结果对评估3种药剂对川硬皮肿腿蜂的安全性,为指导合理用药,协调化学防治和生物防治提供科学依据.     

在玻璃表面上短时接触硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的致死效应和亚致死效应（英文）

四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)是伊朗豇豆种子上的主要贮藏害虫。控制这一害虫时, 用生物杀虫剂比用常规杀虫剂更为合适。本研究评价了室内条件下在玻璃表面上硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死效应和亚致死效应。结果表明： 硅藻土处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为 1.47和0.2 g/m²; 多杀菌素处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为102.9 和68.8 mg ai/L, 说明两种化合物都对四纹豆象成虫具有较高的急性毒性。通过检测生物学参数, 研究了LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的亚致死效应。LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使四纹豆象成虫的繁殖力分别比对照降低了71.5%和17.2%, 卵孵化率降低了57.5%和27.8%, 成虫寿命缩短了74.7%和17.1%。接触LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使这一害虫的蛹期分别比对照延长了4.8%和2.3%。亚致死效应研究表明, 硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的生命参数均产生了负面影响。总之, 致死效应和亚致死效应综合显示, 硅藻土在防治四纹豆象上具有较大的潜力。     

11种不同类型杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂繁殖的亚致死效应

在实验室条件下通过药膜法研究了11种不同类型的杀虫剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja成蜂的毒性, 并研究了杀虫剂对其繁殖的亚致死效应, 旨在评估各药剂对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的安全性, 为小菜蛾Plutella xylostella防治过程中杀虫剂的合理施用提供科学依据。研究结果表明, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂对阿维菌素最敏感, 致死中浓度LC₅₀和亚致死浓度LC₃₀分别为0.1984和0.1660 mg/L, 其次为氟虫腈（0.2027和0.1903 mg/L）、溴虫腈（0.3069和0.2038 mg/L）、多杀霉素（1.3630和1.0481 mg/L）、杀螟丹（8.1042 和6.7891 mg/L）、高效氯氰菊酯（10.3647和5.8035 mg/L）和丁醚脲（11.5318 和9.9212 mg/L）。经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的阿维菌素、溴虫腈、杀螟丹、丁醚脲、多杀霉素和氟虫腈处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（1.00~1.67 d）显著缩短, 寄生卵量（0~21.70粒/雌）明显降低, 种群参数（净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m、周限增长率λ和世代平均历期T）明显低于对照（P<0.05）。田间推荐浓度的茚虫威、氟啶脲、苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis、虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂寿命及产卵量均没有不利影响, 但能通过缩短其世代平均历期T, 从而使净生殖力R₀、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ增加。而经亚致死浓度LC₃₀的高效氯氰菊酯处理后, 卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的寿命（3.77 d）显著延长, 寄生卵量（55.47粒/雌）明显提高, 种群参数明显高于对照(P<0.05)。结果说明, 氟啶脲、茚虫威、苏云金杆菌和虫酰肼对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂较安全; 丁醚脲对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的寄生能力影响极大, 在田间施用时应当尽量避开卷蛾分索赤眼蜂成蜂的盛发期。     

农药对家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)的亚致死效应研究进展

明确农药对家蚕的影响对综合评价农药的生态效应与合理使用农药具有理论和实践意义.从生长发育、经济性状和食物利用方面综述了农药对家蚕的亚致死效应;从生理代谢、组织器官亚显微结构和培养细胞方面介绍了亚致死效应产生的机制,并结合杀虫剂对其它鳞翅目昆虫亚致死影响方面的研究结果对其进行了讨论,提出了今后加强研究的重点.总的来说,亚致死剂量农药的胁迫可使家蚕幼虫眠性不齐,眠蚕体重和蛹重减轻,发育历期延长,严重者结茧(上蔟)时间推迟,且吐丝营茧功能失常,最终导致蚕茧质量下降.桑叶上残留的农药在一定程度上还会对家蚕的取食行为以及食物摄入后的消化吸收产生影响.农药对家蚕亚致死效应产生的机制目前主要有3个:家蚕体内正常生理水平和代谢平衡受到扰动、家蚕的一些重要组织器官如中肠和后丝腺等微形态结构受到损伤和家蚕卵巢细胞出现凋亡现象.农药对家蚕的亚致死效应因农药种类、试验剂量和家蚕受药时间而异,产生的机理也十分复杂.今后应着重开展新农药对家蚕亚致死效应研究,特别是对生化和分子机制方面的研究以及农药复合污染对家蚕影响的研究.     

近二十年我国杀虫剂毒理学研究进展(Ⅰ)——杀虫剂的毒性与环境安全性研究

本文介绍了中国昆虫学家、杀虫剂毒理学研究者与植物保护专家及害虫防治工作者最近20年来在杀虫剂的毒性,尤其是杀虫剂对靶标害虫及非靶标昆虫的毒性方面的研究进展,并就杀虫剂对害虫的防控效果、杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的影响以及杀虫剂的环境安全性方面的研究内容进行了系统性综述。     

亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫捕食作用的影响

为探讨害虫化学防治与生物防治的协调技术,提高综合防治水平,测定了吡虫啉,鱼藤酮,氰戊菊酯和阿维菌素A种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对异色瓢虫成虫捕食桃蚜功能反应的影响。亚致死剂量杀虫剂对异色瓢虫功能反应模型的基本结构没有改变,但影响到了模型的各项参数,药剂处理后异色瓢虫最大日捕食量降低,处理猎物的时间延长,捕食速率和寻找效应一般也被减弱,影响结果还与异色瓢虫受药的方式有关,4种药剂中以氰戊菊酯的影响最大,鱼藤酮的胃毒作用也较明显,研究结果表明亚致死剂量的杀虫剂对天敌异色瓢虫的捕食作用存在着不良影响,这为害虫治理中如何协调利用化学防治和生物防治措施,指导科学用药提供了一定的理论基础。     

中国杀虫药剂毒理研究进展概况

<正> 杀虫剂的应用历史悠久,但是由于应用杀虫剂防治害虫而兴起的杀虫药剂毒理学却是一门比较年轻的科学。它虽然研究哪些物质对昆虫有毒,产生什么中毒征象,然而其主要任务是研究杀虫药剂杀死昆虫的机制以及昆虫对杀虫药剂的反应。它还包括环境及昆虫生理状态等因素对杀虫剂毒杀作用的影响,以及杀虫剂对     

四种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽发育和繁殖的影响

使用瓶膜法确定4种常用杀虫剂（毒死蜱、硫丹、氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉）对中黑盲蝽Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev 1日龄成虫的亚致死剂量（LC₁₀,LC₂₀和LC₃₀）,并研究了其对中黑盲蝽的亚致死效应。结果表明：4种杀虫剂L₂₀剂量处理成虫均能降低雌雄虫的寿命,延长下一代卵的发育历期,但对卵的孵化率没有显著的影响;毒死蜱和硫丹能缩短产卵前期,氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉能降低产卵量。毒死蜱亚致死剂量LC₁₀和LC₃₀处理过的成虫与未处理过的成虫交叉配对后雌雄虫寿命均显著缩短;LC10各交叉处理能够缩短产卵历期,降低单雌产卵量和卵的孵化率,延长卵的发育历期;LC₃₀♀×CK♂和LC₃₀♀×LC₃₀♂的下代若虫存活率为28.00％和36.36％,显著低于对照71.88%。结果说明这4种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量对中黑盲蝽生殖均有不利影响,接触杀虫剂与未接触杀虫剂的成虫交配对其后代也有不利影响。研究对于中黑盲蝽区域性综合防治具有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of selected insecticides on Diadegma semiclausum（Hymenoptera： Ichneumonidae） and Oomyzus sokolowskii （Hymenoptera： Eulophidae）, parasitoids of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae）

Abstract Field doses of six selected insecticides were tested against the immature (pupae) and mature (adult) stages of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Effects of contact toxicity (direct spraying) of the six insecticides on emergence of parasitoids were found negligible on both species except permethrin which caused 37.5% mortality. All adults of both parasitoid species died 24 hours after exposure to chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate and permethrin. In contrast, the three insect growth regulators (IGRs), chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and teflubenzuron, were found harmless to both species, and adult mortality of both parasitoid species was 0–16.7%. However, parasitism by the females of both parasitoid species was severely impaired when the females were offered the three IGR diluted solutions for 24 hours. Effects of oral toxicities of the IGRs on longevity of both parasitoids after 12 hours exposure were found to be significantly different between males and females. Compatibility of tested insecticides with D. semiclausum and O. sokolowskii and integration of compatible insecticides with these parasitoids in integrated pest management programs of crucifers are discussed.     

Effects of Botanical Insecticides on Hymenopteran Parasitoids: a Meta-analysis Approach

Botanical insecticides (BIs) are considered a valuable alternative for plant protection in sustainable agriculture. The use of both BIs and parasitoids are presumed to be mutually compatible pest management practices. However, there is controversy on this subject, as various studies have reported lethal and sublethal effects of BIs on hymenopteran parasitoids. To shed new light on this controversy, a meta-analytic approach of the effects of BIs on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence under laboratory conditions was performed. We show that BIs increased mortality, decreased parasitism, and decreased parasitoid emergence. Botanical insecticides derived from Nicotiana tabacum and Caceolaria andina were particulary lethal. Most of the parasitoid groups showed susceptibility to BIs, but the families Scelionidae and Ichneumonidae were not significantly affected. The negative effects of BIs were seen regardless of the type of exposure (topical, ingestion, or residual). In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that under laboratory conditions, exposure of hymenopteran parasitoids to BIs had significant negative effects on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence.     

Effects of selected insecticides on adults of two parasitoid species of Liriomyza trifolii: Ganaspidium nigrimanus (Figitidae) and Neochrysocharis formosa (Eulophidae)

Abstract Liriomyza trifolii is an important pest of vegetables and ornamental crops around the world. This pest is attacked by many parasitoid species. The principal management tactic used against L. trifolii is insecticide application. Insecticides vary in their effects on parasitoid species and insecticides that have less harmful effects should be preferred for the control of this pest. In this study, novaluron, abamectin, λ‐cyhalothrin and spinetoram were investigated for their lethal effects on adults of Neochrysocharis formosa and Ganaspidium nigrimanus, two important parasitoids of L. trifolii. Three different bioassays were used on adult parasitoids: direct insecticide application, insecticide intake and insecticide residue. Adult parasitoid response to novaluron exhibited the least lethal effects among the bioassays and insecticides tested. Abamectin had significant mortality to both parasitoid species in the direct application and insecticide intake bioassays and mortality were high for G. nigrimanus in the residue bioassay. Spinetoram was the most harmful insecticide to the adult parasitoids in all three bioassays. λ‐cyhalothrin effects varied between the two parasitoids. In the direct application, it was harmful to G. nigrimanus and had no effect on N. formosa. In the insecticide intake bioassay λ‐cyhalothrin had no effect in survival of either species, and in the residue bioassay it reduced parasitoid survival of both species. Potential tolerance of N. formosa to λ‐cyhalothrin is discussed.     

寄生蜂抗药性研究进展

植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养结构之间由于长期相互适应和协同进化,产生了一系列独特的相互关系。选择压力将对害虫和寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响,但由于寄生蜂具有与植食性昆虫不同的生物学及生态学特性,选择压力对害虫和寄生蜂抗药性演化的影响作用也是不同的。研究结果表明,除体外杀虫剂对寄生蜂的直接汰选因素外,进入寄主昆虫体内的杀虫剂成分、寄主昆虫取食不同植物的特有成分以及气候因子等均会对寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响。     

杀虫剂对湿地松粉蚧种群及其天敌的影响

湿地松粉蚧是于1988年传入我国广东省的一种重要林业外来入侵害虫。现在该害虫在我国的分布面积为35.52万公顷,严重影响着我国南方松林的生长健康。该害虫在其原产地美国南方并不造成大的危害,也不是一种主要害虫。只有当大量应用杀虫剂防治其它害虫时,由于杀死了其天敌,湿地松粉蚧种群才会明显增长。为控制这一外来入侵害虫,中美两国于1995年开展了从美国引进天敌防治广东省湿地松粉蚧的林业合作项目。本文报道了1996～1997年间在美国南方三个种子园使用杀虫剂防治球果种实害虫时,杀虫剂对湿地松粉蚧种群及其两种主要天敌有明显的影响,这也间接地说明了寄生性天敌对湿地松粉蚧在自然条件下的控制作用。相关分析显示湿地松粉蚧种群数量与其天敌是密切相关的,但杀虫剂可以打破这种平衡。这一方面说明从美国引进天敌防治湿地松粉蚧是可行的,另一方面也显示在美国采集湿地松粉蚧天敌应在使用过杀虫剂后的林分中。     

三种杀虫剂对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的安全性评价

为评价噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati的安全性,采用琼脂保湿浸叶法分别测定了3种杀虫剂对烟粉虱成虫和海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的室内毒力以及对海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹羽化率的影响.结果表明,噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱的LC50分别为453.76 mg/L、2.00 mg/L和29.47 mg/L,对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的LC50分别为0.23 mg/L、1.07 mg/L和0.64 mg/L.通过风险系数评估,表明阿维菌素对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂安全,而噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈对该蜂成蜂具有轻微到中度毒性.3种杀虫剂在烟粉虱和寄生蜂之间的选择性毒力指数表明噻虫嗪对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的负向选择性最强,其次是氟啶虫胺腈,阿维菌素最弱.3种杀虫剂均可显著降低海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率,对蛹的毒性为轻微有害,风险等级为2级.本研究结果将为烟粉虱综合治理中协调使用寄生蜂和化学药剂奠定理论基础.     

Morphometry,allometry, and fluctuating asymmetry of egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum under insecticide influence

The morphometric analysis of parasitoids may contribute to biological control programs by providing information on development of insects and relationships among sizes of morphological characters. Furthermore, it can infer about the impact of insecticides on morphological characters and fitness. We evaluate the morphometry, allometry, and fluctuating asymmetry of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with and without influence of the growth‐regulating insecticides teflubenzuron and lufenuron. Trichogramma pretiosum had significantly larger wings and tibiae in treatments with insecticides. We found no effects of insecticides on asymmetry in T. pretiosum and conclude that this insect is very close to isometry. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the size of parasitoids destined to biological control programs.     

Limited protection of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae from Drosophila suzukii host‐directed spinosad suppression

Laboratory trials were conducted to determine whether the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), puparium can provide an effective physical barrier to protect immature stages of the pupal parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from spinosad treatments. Spinosad insecticides are currently an important suppression strategy for D. suzukii in organically managed fruit orchards although they are well known to cause mortality in hymenopteran parasitoids. High adult P. vindemiae female mortality (83%) occurred within 24 h of exposure to D. suzukii pupae treated with 10 mg a.i. l^?1 spinosad and female parasitoids did not avoid the pupae treated with similar low levels of spinosad in choice tests that included untreated pupae. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae develops as an idiobiont ectoparasitoid on host fly pupa within the sclerotized host puparium. Significant P. vindemiae survival and emergence was recorded when parasitized D. suzukii puparia were exposed to field treatment levels of spinosad; however, the parasitoid survival was dependent on the time of the spinosad treatment of the host post‐parasitization. Significant parasitoid survival occurred when the host puparia were treated at 2 weeks when the parasitoid was in the pupal stage but did not occur when the host puparia were treated at 1 week post‐parasitization, when the parasitoids were still in a larval stage. The parasitoid adults consumed or otherwise came in contact with residual degrading spinosad when they exited the treated host, and consequently high and low adult parasitoid mortality occurred when the adults emerged from puparia treated at 2 and 1 week(s), respectively. Our study indicates that generally the integration of P. vindemiae parasitism into a sustainable D. suzukii management program is not compatible with spinosad treatments, although P. vindemiae in the pupal stage inside sclerotized host puparia appear to be minimally impacted by spinosad treatments, provided that the spinosad degrades before parasitoid emergence.     

三叶草斑潜蝇的寄生蜂及其应用

本文就三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)的寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择性和农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂在生物防治中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

甘蓝蚜寄生蜂及其应用

本文就甘蓝蚜的寄生蜂种类、生物学特性、寄主选择特性、农药对寄生蜂的影响及寄生蜂在生物防治中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了较全面的综述。