上海农作物种质资源数据库的设计和构建

随着农作物种质资源数量的不断增加,种质资源交流的日益频繁以及种质资源利用的逐步深入,农作物种质资源数据库的建设对农作物的应用研究和基础性研究至关重要。上海市农业生物基因中心借助于本中心保存的近21万份种质资源的信息,开发了一套上海农作物种质资源数据库,本文主要阐述了该数据库设计和构建的目的、原则和数据库的架构、运行环境以及主要功能模块。上海农作物种质资源数据库采用了B/S结构,平台系统利用多层逻辑架构实现了对农作物种质资源数据信息的收集、存储、查询、统计分析等功能。外部用户通过浏览器即可访问平台系统,浏览查询种质资源信息。内部管理员可使用平台的受限功能,需要认证成功后才可使用后台管理功能,实现对整个平台数据的管理。注册用户还可通过基因资源数据库提交引种申请,管理员结合管理信息系统实现对外供种全流程的网络化,借此可提高工作效率,增加工作流程的透明度。     

中国烟草种质资源分发利用情况分析

烟草种质资源是烟草新品种选育、遗传理论研究、生物技术研究和烟叶生产的宝贵资源和重要战略物资,也是我国烟草行业能否健康快速发展的关键所在。本文详细统计分析了1983-2014年这32年间我国烟草种质资源的分发利用情况,尤其是自2007年国家烟草专卖局正式启动"中国烟草种质资源平台建设"专项以来我国烟草种质资源的利用效果。阐述了当前我国烟草种质资源收集保存和利用研究上存在的问题,并提出了今后加强完善我国烟草种质资源工作的相关对策。旨在为我国烟草种质资源的进一步收集、保存以及更加全面充分的利用提供理论和应用基础。     

分子标记技术在烟草种质遗传多样性研究中的应用进展

DNA分子标记作为新发展起来的一种遗传标记形式,凭借其可靠有效等优点,在农业科学研究中的应用越来越广泛.综述了几种分子标记技术(RAPD、AFLP、ISSR)在烟草种质资源中的应用进展,分析了分子标记技术在烟草种质资源及遗传多样性研究中存在的问题及今后发展方向.     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

烟草种质繁种更新理论与技术

烟草种质资源的繁种更新是烟草中期库保种的重要任务之一。为保持其在保存过程中的遗传完整性,本文从烟草的遗传特性出发,对繁育过程中可能产生的遗传漂变、遗传漂移以及混杂等诸多因素进行了讨论;较为系统地总结了烟草种质资源长期研究所形成的繁种更新理论与技术,并就进一步研究提出设想。     

烟草种质基因分型核心SNP标记的开发

基于KASP(kompetitive allele specific PCR)技术平台，开发并验证可用于烟草核心种质基因分型的SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)标记和对应检测引物，为烟草种质基因型鉴定评价、遗传多样性分析、核心种质筛选等提供技术和数据支持。利用Python和Perl脚本程序对覆盖烟草全基因组的1 179 154个SNP位点进行KASP引物设计和筛选，并通过试验验证其准确度和可用性。结果共有217 621个SNP位点完成了对应KASP引物设计，选择1 378个SNP位点进行试验验证，明确了732个可作为SNP标记，并确定48个SNP标记作为烟草种质资源基因分型的核心标记。这48个核心标记在烟草24条染色体上平均分布，平均PIC为0.36，平均MAF为0.39。利用确定的48个核心SNP标记，可以将各供试种质特别是将当前主栽烟草品种基因型进行区分，且标记具有极高的可靠性。     

SSR分子标记在烟草研究中的应用进展

SSR分子标记技术作为最常用的分子标记技术之一,该标记技术重复性好,结果可靠,近年来在烟草遗传育种中展示了广阔的应用前景,是应用潜力较大的分子标记技术。介绍了SSR分子标记的原理及其分布特征,对其在烟草基因定位及分子标记辅助选择、种质资源研究、遗传图谱构建及种子纯度及真伪鉴定研究中的应用等方面进行了综述,并探讨了SSR分子标记技术在烟草遗传育种中的应用前景,以期为烟草SSR分子标记技术的研究提供参考。     

“农作物害虫数据库”的开发研究

开发研究了把数字技术应用到农业生产以及农业教育中,并结合农业生产实际,建立了“农作物害虫数据库”。该数据库包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、同翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、蜱螨目和缨翅目等149种新疆主要农作物害虫,812幅原色图和害虫防治技术信息,用户可通过8种检索途径,采用9种检索方法方便地查询相关信息。     

重庆地区新收集烟草种质资源的鉴定评价与整理编目

为将"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"重庆项目组收集到的63份烟草种质资源入国家种质资源库进行编目和保存,对其进行田间鉴定和拍照记录。形态特征和主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析表明,供试种质的数量性状和质量性状遗传多样性丰富,质量性状以叶形的多样性指数最高,数量性状中叶长、叶宽和茎围的多样性指数较高。聚类分析将新收集烟草种质资源分为4个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群以黄花烟为主,第Ⅲ类群的植株最高、叶片最大,可用于高产育种。主要病毒病的抗性鉴定发现,有11份种质TMV和CMV的抗性均较强,其中2份种质对TMV免疫且高抗CMV,可用于抗病育种。另外,通过田间表型和SSR分子标记对拟编目资源进行鉴定整理,剔除了重复的种质资源。因此,烟草种质资源的普查收集工作对于丰富国家烟草种质资源库和新品种选育具有重大意义。     

药用植物保育云服务平台设计与实现

药用植物资源是中医药事业和生物医药产业赖以生存和发展的重要资源,同时也是我国的中医药文化遗产的载体。而药用植物资源的保育工作是药植资源可持续性开发与应用的基础。随着生物信息学与信息化技术的快速发展,利用包括云计算在内的新兴信息化技术,在传统种质资源保护与管理等方面的应用越来越多,然而,在药用植物资源保育方面还有待开发与应用。利用云计算、数据库应用及生物信息学等相关技术,对我国药用植物资源的保育数据进行信息化及平台建设,构建药用植物保育云服务平台系统。该系统通过收集、整理和加工药用植物资源信息,开展药用植物数据信息化与应用开发,完成药用植物保育云服务平台,可提供药用植物保护及新物种培育等方面信息查询服务。该平台对于药用植物研究相关的数据标准化、保育学科研究,以及信息共享与服务,具有较为重要的应用价值与社会意义。     

An updated ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’ linkage map and first composite interval map of QTL underlying six soybean traits

DNA marker maps based on single populations are the basis for gene, loci and genomic analyses. Individual maps can be integrated to produce composite maps with higher marker densities if shared marker orders are consistent. However, estimates of marker order in composite maps must include sets of markers that were not polymorphic in multiple populations. Often some of the pooled markers were not codominant, or were not correctly scored. The soybean composite map was composed of data from five separate populations based on northern US germplasm but does not yet include ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’ recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (E × F) or any southern US soybean cultivars. The objectives were, to update the E × F map with codominant markers, to compare marker orders among this map, the Forrest physical map and the composite soybean map and to compare QTL identified by composite interval maps to the earlier interval maps. Two hundred and thirty seven markers were used to construct the core of the E × F map. The majority of marker orders were consistent between the maps. However, 19 putative marker inversions were detected on 12 of 20 linkage groups (LG). Eleven marker distance compressions were also found. The number of inverted markers ranged from 1 to 2 per LG. Thus, marker order inversions may be common in southern compared to northern US germplasm. A total of 61 QTL among 37 measures of six traits were detected by composite interval maps, interval maps and single point analysis. Seventeen of the QTL found in composite intervals had previously been detected among the 29 QTL found in simple interval maps. The genomic locations of the known QTL were more closely delimited. A genome sequencing project to compare Southern and Northern US soybean cultivars would catalog and delimit inverted regions and the associated QTL. Gene introgression in cultivar development programs would be accelerated.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Improving representativeness of genebank collections through species distribution models, gap analysis and ecogeographical maps

An efficient germplasm collecting method was evaluated using six Lupinus species and the Spanish Lupinus collection as a study case. This method includes the application of geographic information systems, ecogeographical land characterization maps, species distribution models and gap analysis to identify prioritized collecting sites. To evaluate the efficiency of this collecting method, field collecting expeditions were carried out focusing on prioritized sites and the results of these collections were analyzed. Prioritized sites were identified using spatial and ecogeographical gaps, and potential species richness maps. The spatial gaps corresponded to populations non-included in the collection but recorded by other information sources while ecogeographical gaps corresponded to spatial gaps that were located in ecogeographical categories (obtained from the ecogeographical map) that were scarcely represented in the collection. A potential Lupinus species richness map was obtained by adding the information of single maps of Lupinus species distribution models. Subsequently, prioritized sites were obtained in ecogeographical gaps with high potential species richness values. Collecting expeditions were made in Spain in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Results showed that using the efficient germplasm collecting methodology was highly positive not only from a quantitative viewpoint (between 7.8 and 11% increase) but also in qualitative terms, focusing collection efforts in ecogeographical categories with low or null representation in the Spanish Lupinus collection (41% of the new accessions). Phenotypic differences related to adaptation to environment were observed in the field between the populations that grow in low or null represented categories and those that grow in highly represented categories.     

The use of multiple alien chromosome addition aneuploids facilitates genetic linkage mapping of the Gossypium G genome.

Primary germplasm pools represent the most accessible source of new alleles for crop improvement, but not all effective alleles are available in the primary germplasm pool, and breeders must sometimes confront the difficulties of introgressing genes from the secondary and tertiary germplasm pools in cotton by using synthetic polyploids as introgression bridges. Two parental Gossypium nelsonii x Gossypium australe AFLP genetic linkage maps were used to identify G genome chromosome-specific molecular markers, which in turn were used to track the fidelity and frequency of G. australe chromosome transmission in a Gossypium hirsutum x G. australe hexaploid bridging family. Conversely, when homoeologous recombination is low, first generation aneuploids are useful adjuncts to genetic linkage mapping. Although locus ordering was not possible, the distribution of AFLP markers among 18 multiple chromosome addition aneuploids identified mapping errors among the G. australe and G. nelsonii linkage groups and assigned non-segregating G. australe AFLPs to linkage groups. Four putatively recombined G. australe chromosomes were identified in 5 of the 18 aneuploids. The G. australe and G. nelsonii genetic linkage maps presented here represent the first AFLP genetic linkage maps for the Gossypium G genome.     

A large maize (Zea mays L.) SNP genotyping array: development and germplasm genotyping, and genetic mapping to compare with the B73 reference genome

SNP genotyping arrays have been useful for many applications that require a large number of molecular markers such as high-density genetic mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection. We report the establishment of a large maize SNP array and its use for diversity analysis and high density linkage mapping. The markers, taken from more than 800,000 SNPs, were selected to be preferentially located in genes and evenly distributed across the genome. The array was tested with a set of maize germplasm including North American and European inbred lines, parent/F1 combinations, and distantly related teosinte material. A total of 49,585 markers, including 33,417 within 17,520 different genes and 16,168 outside genes, were of good quality for genotyping, with an average failure rate of 4% and rates up to 8% in specific germplasm. To demonstrate this array's use in genetic mapping and for the independent validation of the B73 sequence assembly, two intermated maize recombinant inbred line populations - IBM (B73×Mo17) and LHRF (F2×F252) - were genotyped to establish two high density linkage maps with 20,913 and 14,524 markers respectively. 172 mapped markers were absent in the current B73 assembly and their placement can be used for future improvements of the B73 reference sequence. Colinearity of the genetic and physical maps was mostly conserved with some exceptions that suggest errors in the B73 assembly. Five major regions containing non-colinearities were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7 and 9, and are supported by both independent genetic maps. Four additional non-colinear regions were found on the LHRF map only; they may be due to a lower density of IBM markers in those regions or to true structural rearrangements between lines. Given the array's high quality, it will be a valuable resource for maize genetics and many aspects of maize breeding.     

Quantitative trait analysis of seed yield and other complex traits in hybrid spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): 1. Identification of genomic regions from winter germplasm

The introgression of winter germplasm into spring canola (Brassica napus L.) represents a novel approach to improve seed yield of hybrid spring canola. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed yield and other traits were genetically mapped to determine the effects of genomic regions introgressed from winter germplasm into spring canola. Plant materials used comprised of two populations of doubled haploid (DH) lines having winter germplasm introgression from two related French winter cultivars and their testcrosses with a spring line used in commercial hybrids. These populations were evaluated for 2 years at two locations (Wisconsin, USA and Saskatchewan, Canada). Genetic linkage maps based on RFLP loci were constructed for each DH population. Six QTL were detected in the testcross populations for which the winter alleles increased seed yield. One of these QTL explained 11 and 19% of the phenotypic variation in the two Canadian environments. The winter allele for another QTL that increased seed yield was linked in coupling to a QTL allele for high glucosinolate content, suggesting that the transition of rapeseed into canola could have resulted in the loss of favorable seed yield alleles. Most QTL for which the introgressed allele decreased seed yield of hybrids mapped to genomic regions having homoeologous non-reciprocal transpositions. This suggests that allelic configurations created by these rearrangements might make an important contribution to genetic variation for complex traits in oilseed B. napus and could account for a portion of the heterotic effects in hybrids. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorised users in the online version of this article at .     

Identifying QTLs for fire-blight resistance via a European pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) genetic linkage map

The existence of different levels of susceptibility to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars suggests that it is possible to identify QTLs related to resistance in pear germplasm. Given the polygenic nature of this trait, we designed two genetic maps of the parental lines 'Passe Crassane' (susceptible) and 'Harrow Sweet' (resistant) using SSRs, MFLPs, AFLPs, RGAs and AFLP-RGAs markers. RGA-related markers should theoretically map in chromosome regions coding for resistance genes. The 'Passe Crassane' map includes 155 loci, for a total length of 912 cM organised in 18 linkage groups, and the 'Harrow Sweet' map 156 loci, for a total length of 930 cM divided in 19 linkage groups; both maps have a good genome coverage when compared to the more detailed apple maps. Four putative QTLs related to fire blight resistance were identified in the map. A suite of molecular markers, including two AFLP-RGAs, capable of defining resistant and susceptible haplotypes in the analysed population was developed.     

贵州核桃核心种质筛选与构建研究北大核心CSCD

为了更好地构建贵州核桃核心种质,该研究以245份贵州核桃种质资源为试材,利用数量性状的遗传变异数据,对其构建方法进行了探索;采用随机取样策略、偏离度取样策略和位点优先取样策略,结合8个取样比例(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%和50%),进行多次聚类构建核心种质;将核心种质与原种质和保留种质进行t检验比较来评价核心种质,并用主成分分析法和表型性状对核心种质进行确认。结果表明:(1)选取偏离度取样策略,总体取样比例为50%,构建出131份贵州核桃核心种质资源。(2)对种质资源核心库13个数量性状进行主成分分析,其累计贡献率达到76.48%,主成分图中核桃核心种质与原种质的分布较为相似,表明核心种质有效地保存了核桃原种质的遗传结构,并有效避免了种质的冗余。(3)在欧氏距离结合组间联接法的聚类条件下,偏离度取样策略是构建贵州核桃核心种质的最佳方法。     

The Medicago truncatula reference accession A17 has an aberrant chromosomal configuration

Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) has emerged as a model legume and accession A17 is the reference genotype selected for the sequencing of the genome. In the present study we compare the A17 chromosomal configuration with that of other accessions by examining pollen viability and genetic maps of intraspecific hybrids. Hybrids derived from crosses between M. truncatula accessions, representative of the large genetic variation within the germplasm collection, were evaluated for pollen viability using Alexander's stain. Genetic maps were generated for the following crosses: SA27063 x SA3054 (n = 94), SA27063 x A17 (n = 92), A17 x Borung (n = 99) and A17 x A20 (n = 69). All F(1) individuals derived from crosses involving A17 showed 50% pollen viability or less. Examination of the recombination frequencies between markers of chromosomes 4 and 8 revealed an apparent genetic linkage between the lower arms of these chromosomes in genetic maps derived from A17. Semisterility and unexpected linkage relationship are both good indicators of a reciprocal translocation. The implications of the A17 distinctive chromosomal rearrangement on studies of genetic mapping, genome sequencing and synteny between species are discussed.     

玉米种质资源抗弯孢菌叶斑病特性研究

针对近年弯孢菌叶斑病日益严重的发生趋势,对1698份玉米种质(自交系、群体、杂交种以及特殊材料)进行了抗弯孢菌叶斑病鉴定.结果表明,中国玉米种质抗性较引进种质抗性好;不同省份所供种质抗性存在差异,北京、四川、广西种质总体抗性较好;在新选育的自交系中,鉴定出12份高抗材料;在当前培育的杂交种中,有22份高抗或抗弯孢菌叶斑病;玉米对弯孢菌叶斑病抗性在相同核基因、不同细胞质种质间无差异;玉米抗大斑病基因对抗弯孢菌叶斑病无效.