发根农杆菌Ri质粒在药用植物生物工程中的应用

发根农杆菌(Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ)与根癌农杆菌(Ａ.ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ)属于根瘤菌科,均为革兰氏阴性菌[1]。它们在侵染植物后引起的症状不同,含有Ｔｉ质粒的根癌农杆菌在侵染植物后形成冠瘿瘤(ｃｒｏｗｎｇａｌｌ),而含有Ｒｉ质粒的发根农杆菌表现与其不同,它在感染植物后在植物的伤口部位诱发产生毛状根(ｈａｉｒｙｒｏｏｔ)。由发根农杆菌侵染植物诱导产生的毛状根具有生长快、分枝多、根毛多等特点。发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒与根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒结构相似,都具有高效率转移的Ｔ-ＤＮＡ区和致病的Ｖｉｒ区…     

人参毛状根培养过程中对活性氧清除能力的动态变化

采用化学发光法 ,考察了人参 (PanaxginsengC .A .Mey)毛状根培养过程中对 3种重要活性氧ROS(O2÷、OH·、H2 O2 )清除能力的动态变化 ,发现在毛状根生长对数期时对 3种ROS都有很强的清除能力 ,而在生长停滞期较低 ,符合人参毛状根生长的S型曲线 ,印证了人参毛状根的生长和衰老过程。     

影响毛状根生长及其次生代谢产物合成因素的研究进展

利用发根农杆菌转化药用植物,并对毛状根进行离体培养,大量提取重要成分,是药用资源植物可持续发展的有效途径之一。讨论了毛状根的诱导、影响毛状根生长及次生代谢产物形成的因素、利用毛状根培养技术生产植物次生代谢物的最新研究进展。     

人参毛状根生物合成熊果苷的分离与鉴定

熊果苷(arbutin),化学名称为对-羟基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,能够竞争性抑制酪氨酸酶的活性从而抑制黑色素的形成,被国际公认为高效祛斑美白剂,是化妆品中理想的添加成分.人参(Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.)自古以来就是名贵药材,由于人参在栽培过程中存在着栽培困难、周期过长、地域限制等难题,人参的组织培养受到了广泛的重视.本实验室已建立了人参细胞大量培养体系[1]和人参毛状根培养体系[2],并把熊果苷与人参细胞配伍应用到化妆品生产中,产品深受广大消费者青睐.用植物培养物对外源底物进行生物转化,从而对其结构进行修饰,以获得更有意义的产物的研究报道很多[3～9],也是当今研究的热点.本实验室已对人参生物转化熊果苷的基本条件进行了初步探讨[10],本文在此基础上,对转化产物进行了分离鉴定.     

关于光合磷酸化的概念

最近 ,《植物生理学通讯》“教学园地”栏中刊载了宋占午先生[1] 的《植物生理学中几个概念之我见》一文 (下称《我见》)。文中有一节谈及非环式光合磷酸化及环式光合磷酸化 (非循环及循环光合磷酸化 )命名等问题。读后有些看法 ,现叙述如下 ,供读者阅读时参考。1 .光合磷酸化的发现和命名的由来　　 1 95 4年Ａｒｎｏｎ等[2 ,3] 发现在ＣＯ2 缺少时 ,离体叶绿体在光下能把ＡＤＰ和Ｐｉ合成ＡＴＰ。其反应式为 :ＡＤＰ Ｐｉ 叶绿体 ,光 ＡＴＰ。 ( 1 )同年 ,Ｆｒｅｎｋｅｌ等[4] 用光合细菌的游离细胞制剂做试验也发现了这种现象 ,从而发现…     

细胞能量监测器——AMP激活的蛋白激酶

在真核生物中 ,ＡＭＰ激活的蛋白激酶(ＡＭＰＫ)因其活性受ＡＭＰ/ＡＴＰ比值调控 ,被称作细胞的“代谢传感蛋白”或“能量监测器”[1] 。当ＡＭＰ/ＡＴＰ比值升高时ＡＭＰＫ被激活 ,通过对下游靶蛋白的磷酸化 ,关闭消耗ＡＴＰ的合成代谢途径 ,并开启分解代谢途径 ,如 :脂肪酸的氧化等 ,由此来监控细胞中ＡＭＰ和ＡＴＰ的水平[2 ] 。由于其下游靶蛋白的种类、数量众多 ,不同的研究者通过不同的方法曾多次发现了这一类蛋白激酶的调控作用 ,但直到获得了编码这些蛋白激酶的ＤＮＡ序列后 ,才发现它们均为同一蛋白激酶亚家族的成员。1 .早期发现…     

转化毛状根获得萝芙木生物碱的研究

药用植物萝芙木(Rauvolfia verticillata)的无菌苗被含有Ri质粒的发根农杆菌(Agro—bacterium rhizogenes)感染后,诱导出毛状根(Hairy root)。将毛状根分离,除菌后,在不合激素的Ms固体或液体培养基上培养,从296个株系中筛选出Rv 19、RV 26,RV 37和RV53Eq个生长速度快、分枝数量多等优良特性的无性系。对毛状根中次生代谢产物的提取和测定表明,四个无性系均含有原植物体所具有的吲哚生物碱。为应用转化毛状根技术获得植物次生代谢产物开辟了一条新的有效途径。     

人参毛状根生物合成天麻素转化体系的建立

以对羟基苯甲醇转化率和天麻素含量为指标,探索适宜于人参毛状根生物合成天麻素的培养条件如底物浓度、转化持续时间和培养阶段.结果表明,B5液体培养基培养22d的人参毛状根,在含有1.000mmol·L-1对羟基苯甲醇的生物合成培养基中转化24h,合成的天麻素含量占干重的6.65%,对羟基苯甲醇转化率达到84.8%,说明以人参毛状根为反应器可以合成人参所不具有的天麻素.     

Ri质粒介导的毛状根体系建立及其在植物次生代谢产物合成中的研究进展

发根农杆菌Ri质粒可诱导植物产生毛状根体系,该体系具有遗传性状稳定且增殖速度快的特点,可用于药用植物次生代谢产物的生产研究,为利用生物反应器技术进行药用植物有效成分工业化水平的发酵培养开辟了新途径。本文主要综述了发根农杆菌Ri质粒介导的植物毛状根体系遗传转化机理,并对毛状根体系在药用植物次生代谢产物生产中的研究现状进行了深入分析,为从基因水平上调控植物次生代谢产物的合成提供新思路。     

生产植物次生产物的新途径

若干年来,人们对利用植物细胞培养物生产精细化学药品就很感兴趣。但是,除少数情况外,商品化生产的进展缓慢,主要原因是许多未分化培养物的生产能力很低并且(或者)不稳定。新近用发根土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)遗传转化植物以后,产生了生长迅速、器官化的“毛状”根(hairy root)培养物。这对于植物细胞生物技术的某些领域可能是一场革命。本文将讨论应用毛状根技术生产植物次生代谢产物的问题。植物至今仍然是药物和其它精细化学药品的主要来源。目前使用的许多化合物在结构上是复杂的,使得它们的化学合成在经济上是难以实行的。很久以来,人们就认识到利用培养的植物细胞生产这些称为“次生”的代谢产物,以取代从植物组织中抽提是合算的。但是,     

苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型的超微结构观察(英文)

20 0 3年在沈阳的三裂叶豚草 (AmbrosiatrifidaL .)上发现了苍耳柄锈菌三裂叶豚草专化型 (PucciniaxanthiiSchwein .f.sp .ambrosia trifidaeS .W .T .Batra) ,这是在我国三裂叶豚草上发现的一种新病菌。试验采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对该锈菌的冬孢子和吸器的形态结构进行了观察。     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆（Vitex simplicifolia）模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆（V.negundo）并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

竹亚科簕竹属毛凤凰竹繁殖器官的补充描述

《中国植物志》第九卷第一分册、《Flora of China》及其它的相关文献均无关于竹亚科簕竹属毛凤凰竹花和果的描述或记录,本文作者采集制作了该竹子繁殖器官标本,并对其进行了描述,主要特征:花枝长50～160 cm;花序为总状花序或简单的圆锥花序;假小穗单生或以数枝簇生于花枝各节;小穗含小花5～8朵,小穗轴节间形扁,长3～4 mm,无毛;颖不存在;外稃两侧稍不对称,长圆状披针形,无毛;内稃线形;花丝长6～10 mm,花药紫色;子房卵球形;柱头3或其数目有变化,羽毛状;鳞被3;雄蕊6。花期3～4月。成熟颖果为细狭的长圆形,长0.8～1.0 cm,直径2.0～2.5 mm,棕褐色,果皮较厚。花标本采自厦门市园林植物园竹类植物区。     

版纳省藤的组织培养

以版纳省藤的萌蘖芽为试材,从取材、材料的处理、外植体的诱导分化、芽的增殖、生根以及影响试管苗形成几个重要因素等方面探讨了版纳省藤组织培养和快速繁殖的技术和方法,获得了生长素与细胞分裂素对芽的诱导分化及芽的增殖最佳配比浓度。以改良MS为基本培养基,在增殖培养基中添加0.5mg·L-1NAA、0.5mg·L-1KT和0.1mg·L-1BA,产生的有效苗最多;在生根培养基中添加1.5～2.0mg·L-1IBA生长素有利于版纳省藤组培苗生根。     

单叶黄荆的分类学修订

根据对单叶黄荆(Vitex simplicifolia)模式标本的研究,结合在其模式产地的野外调查,发现单叶黄荆与黄荆(V.negundo)并无本质区别,不宜作为独立的种,但其叶片为单叶而且比较稳定,将其降级并组合为黄荆的变种。     

银缕梅茎皮的化学成分

银缕梅（Ｓｈａｎｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂａｅｑｕａｌｅ（Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｃｈａｎｇ）Ｍ．Ｂ．Ｄｅｎｇ,Ｈ．Ｔ．ＷｅｉｅｔＸ．Ｑ．Ｗａｎｇ）的学名最初是由张宏达定为小叶金缕梅（ＨａｍａｍｅｌｉｓｓｕｂａｅｑｕａｌｉｓＨ．Ｔ．Ｃｈａｎｇ）,并收入《中国植物志》中...     

Taxonomic studies on the Chlorarachniophyta. II. Generic delimitation of the chlorarachniophytes and description of Gymnochlora stellata gen. et sp. nov. and Lotharella gen. nov.

A new chlorarachniophytan alga, Gymnochlora stellata Ishida et Y. Hara gen. et sp. nov., has been isolated from Anae Island in Guam. It is a green, star-shaped, unicellular, amoeboid organism with several filopodia that do not form a reticulopodial network. Neither zoospores nor walled coccoid cells have been observed throughout the life cycle. The chloroplast ultrastructure is similar to those of described species; however, the pyrenoid matrix, which is invaded by many tubular structures originating from the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, is unique. A classification system is proposed for the Chlorarachniophyta. In this system, the ultrastructural features of the pyrenoid and the location of the nucleomorph in the periplastidial compartment are used as generic criteria, while the morphological features of the vegetative cells and life cycle patterns are used for species criteria. The described species, except for Cryptochlora perforans Calderon-Saenz et Schnetter, are also reassessed under the new system, and consequent nomenclatural requirements for the genus Chlorarachnion are dealt with in this paper. The taxonomic rank of a previously described species, Chlorarachnion globosum Ishida et Y. Hara, is elevated and Lotharella globosa (Ishida et Y. Hara) Ishida et Y. Hara gen. nov. et comb. nov. is proposed.     

A taxonomic revision of Caragana tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. and C. kozlowi Kom. (Leguminosae)

Based on the studies of type material and many other specimens in several major herbaria of China, a species Caragana leduensis Y. Z. Zhao, Y. H. Wu & L. Q. Zhao and a variety C. tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. var. yushuensis Y. H. Wu are reduced to new synonyms of C. tangutica Maxim. ex Kom. and C. kozlowi Kom., respectively. This paper also discusses the distribution range of both species. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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Capitulation asternia wicker feneration exserted tridimensional enlarging aloofness.     

The identity of Amaranthus taishanensis F. Z. Li et C. K. Ni

Examination of the type specimens of Amaranthus taishanensis F. Z. Li et C. K. Ni shows that it is actually conspecific with A. polygonoides L., a North American species.