长白山红松针阔混交林与开垦农田土壤呼吸作用比较

利用静态箱式法测定长白山红松(Pinus koraiensis)针阔混交林及其开垦农田的土壤呼吸作用。结果表明,两者土壤呼吸作用的日动态和季节动态均主要受温度影响,农田土壤呼吸作用的日变化极值出现时间较林地提前,最大值出现在12∶00左右,比林地提前6 h左右,最小值在凌晨5∶00左右,早于林地2~3 h;在生长季,土壤呼吸速率与10 cm土壤含水量关系不显著,而与土壤5 cm温度呈显著的指数关系;农田土壤温度高于林地,但在整个生长季(5~9月)林地土壤释放CO₂量(2 674.4 g·m^-2)约为农田(1 285.3 g·m^-2)的2倍;观测期间,农田土壤呼吸速率占林地的比例范围在23.4%~76.3%之间,说明土壤呼吸作用还受不同土地利用方式下植被类型等的影响。农田和红松针阔混交林土壤呼吸作用的Q₁₀值分别为3.07和2.92,农田土壤呼吸作用的Q₁₀ 值估计可能偏大。森林转变为农田后,环境、生物因子以及土壤养分含量和物理性质发生改变,共同影响土壤呼吸作用的强度和动态特征。     

秦岭火地塘林区油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林休眠期的土壤呼吸

林木休眠期林地土壤CO2释放是森林生态系统碳平衡关键组成部分之一.由于绝大多数森林生态系统林木休眠期土壤CO2释放过程测定困难,国内有关林木休眠期CO2释放,量化方面的研究开展较少.采用动态开路气室法对秦岭火地塘林区天然次生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林土壤呼吸的日变化进行了测定,分析了土壤呼吸速率(mgCO2m-2h-1)与土壤温度和体积含水率的关系,基于土壤日均呼吸速率和土壤日均温度指数方程与观测季的总天数,估算了林木休眠期林地土壤CO2释放量.结果表明:(1)研究区林地土壤呼吸速率存在较大的时、空变异.不同观测部位土壤呼吸速率的峰值出现时间各异,呼吸作用较弱的时段也不一致.同一观测部位不同观测月中,土壤日均呼吸速率变异系数分别为48.38%,82.51%和81.88%;(2)当土温＞8.5 ℃时,0～5 cm和5～10 cm土层,土壤日均温与土壤日均呼吸速率间存在极显著(p＜0.001)的指数关系,Q10分别为1.297和1.323;(3)0～5 cm和5～10 cm土层,土壤体积含水率与土壤呼吸速率间关系复杂;(4) 林木休眠期研究区林地土壤CO2释放量变化于(977.37±88.43)～(997.19±80.73) gCm-2(p=0.005)间.     

西双版纳山地三种土地利用方式的旱季土壤呼吸

为了解西双版纳山地不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸旱季变化特征,本研究对古树茶园、台地茶园和次生林中土壤呼吸速率及其相关因素进行定位观测。结论如下：三种土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率日变化有显著的差异性（P<0.05）;土壤呼吸速率日最高值大多出现在14∶00-16∶00;旱雨季交错期是土壤呼吸速率和土壤湿度变化最剧烈的阶段;土壤呼吸速率日均值表现为古树茶园（2.62μmol·m-2s-1）<台地茶园（2.73μmol·m-2s-1）<次生林（3.01μmol·m-2s-1）;土壤湿度过高和过低都会阻碍土壤呼吸的进行;三种土地利用方式土壤呼吸速率均与土壤湿度(0~10cm)和空气日均温具有相关关系;降水会引起土壤呼吸较大的波动。     

玉米地土壤呼吸作用对土壤温度和生物因子协同作用的响应

基于2005年玉米(Zea mays)生长季土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子的动态观测资料,分析了玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日和季动态及其对土壤温度和生物因子协同作用的响应。结果表明,玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日变化为不对称的单峰型,其最小值和最大值分别出现在6∶00~7∶00和13∶00左右;玉米生长季中,土壤呼吸速率波动较大,其均值为3.16 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,最大值为4.87 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在7月28日,最小值为1.32 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在5月4日。在土壤呼吸作用日变化中,土壤呼吸速率(SR)与10 cm深度土壤温度(T)呈显著的线性关系:SR=αT+β。在整个生长季节,玉米净初级生产力(NPP)与直线斜率(α)呈显著正相关,生物量(B)也明显影响直线的截距(β)。基于此,建立了玉米地土壤呼吸作用动态模型SR=(aNPP+b)T+cB²+dB+e。土壤呼吸作用季节变化的大部分(97%)可以由土壤温度、NPP和生物量的季节变化来解释。当仅考虑土壤温度对土壤呼吸作用的影响时,指数方程会过大或过小地估计了土壤呼吸强度。该文的结果强调了生物因子在土壤呼吸作用季节变化中的重要作用,同时指出土壤呼吸作用模型不仅要考虑土壤温度的影响,在生物因子影响土壤呼吸作用的温度敏感性时,还应该把生物因子纳入模型。     

原始兴安落叶松林生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其光响应特征

对2006-2008年寒温带原始兴安落叶松林生长季(6-10月份)生态系统CO2交换及其影响因素的分析表明：净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)呈单峰型曲线,最大值出现在9:00-10:00。兴安落叶松林的NEE在生长季前期(6-8月份)呈净碳吸收,生长季末期(9-10月份)呈碳排放。生长季6、7\,8月份的NEE平均值分别为-0.082、-0.082\,-0.061 mgCO2 ?m-2 ?s-1,生长季末期9\,10月份的NEE平均值分别为0.009\,0.014 mgCO2 ?m-2 ?s-1。6-10月份原始兴安落叶松林生长季每天的固碳时间从14h(5:00-19:00)逐渐缩短为9h(7:30-16:30)。从不同温度下NEE光响应特征可知,原始兴安落叶松林NEE最适气温是20-30 ℃,NEE最大值为-0.43 mgCO2 ?m-2 ?s-1。     

放牧与围栏羊草草原生态系统土壤呼吸作用比较

采用静态箱式法,比较分析了内蒙古典型羊草草原放牧与围栏生态系统土壤呼吸作用及其与环境因子的关系．结果表明,围栏和放牧样地的土壤呼吸作用日动态均呈单峰型曲线,高峰值一般出现在13：00～15：00,围栏样地土壤呼吸作用日动态与地表温度相关性最好,而放牧样地与地下5cm温度相关性最好．在整个观测期内,6、7月份是植物生长的旺盛期,围栏样地土壤呼吸作用明显大于放牧样地约2．7倍;到植物生长后期的8、9月份,二者差异不大,与地下生物量的变化相似,可能与牲畜的采食对不同物候期的植物影响不同及周围环境因子的改变有关,说明人类活动的干扰不一定增加土壤呼吸作用．围栏样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸作用季节动态都与0～10cm的土壤含水量相关性最好,相关系数分别是0．853和0．741,而围栏样地土壤含水量与土壤呼吸作用季节动态的相关性大于放牧样地;围栏和放牧样地不同层次土温、土壤含水量与土壤呼吸作用日、季动态的关系均表现出浅层的相关性普遍大于深层．     

寒温针叶林土壤呼吸作用的时空特征

利用Li-6400便携式CO2分析系统对寒温针叶林土壤呼吸作用观测数据分析表明,土壤呼吸作用日、季动态均呈单峰型变化,日最大值出现在16:00左右,与5 cm土壤温度日动态相似,滞后于气温日动态变化;月最大值出现在8月份,2006年和2007年分别为8.19 和6.89 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1。日、季土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度的相关性均好于气温。土壤呼吸作用存在较大的空间变异性,一天内3:00 am、7:00 am和11:00 am的土壤呼吸作用变异系数分别为35.5%、27.6%和23.0%,根系和凋落物与土壤呼吸作用表现出相似的空间变异性,其中细根与土壤呼吸作用的相关性最好。     

青藏高原高寒湿地生态系统CO2通量

依据涡度相关系统连续观测的2005年CO2通量数据,对青藏高原东北隅的高寒湿地生态系统源/汇功能及其部分环境影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,高寒湿地生态系统为明显的碳源,在植物生长季(5～9月份)吸收230.16 gCO2·m-2,非生长季(1～4月份及10～12月份)释放546.18 gCO2·m-2,其中净排放最高在5月份,为181.49 gCO2·m-2,净吸收最高在8月份,为189.69 gCO2·m-2,年释放量为316.02 gCO2·m-2.在平均日变化中,最大吸收值出现在7月份12:00,为(0.45±0.0012) mgCO2·m-2·s-1,最大排放速率出现在8月份0:00,为(0.22±0.0090) mgCO2·m-2·s-1.生长季中6～9月份表现为明显的单峰型日变化,非生长季的变化幅度较小.净生态系统交换量(NEE)和生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)与气温、空气水气饱和亏和地表反射率等环境因素呈现相似的相关性,与地上生物量和群落叶面积指数则为线性负相关,生态系统呼吸(Res)则与上述因子的相关性呈现相反的趋势.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季土壤呼吸及其驱动因子

利用Li-8150系统测定了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季(1月)土壤呼吸,分析了环境驱动因子对极端干旱区荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)冬季土壤呼吸日变化呈现出显著的单峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在12:00,为0.0684μmol CO2m-2s-1,凌晨04:00附近出现最小值,为-0.0473μmol CO2m-2s-1;(2)土壤呼吸速率与各层气温,0cm地表温度均存在着极其显著或显著的线性关系,且都具有正相关性;(3)土壤呼吸速率与5cm土壤湿度存在着较为明显的线性关系,该层湿度能够解释土壤呼吸的69.5%;(4)0cm地表温度对土壤呼吸贡献最大,其次是5cm土壤湿度;(5)以0cm地表温度、5cm土壤湿度为变量,通过多元回归分析表明:土壤温度-湿度构成的多变量模型能够解释大于86.9%的土壤呼吸变化情况;(6)研究时段内土壤呼吸速率的平均值是-1.45mg CO2m-2h-1。     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性研究是准确估计陆地生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变化响应的基础.我国漫长的淤泥质海岸有着大面积的防护林,其碳汇服务功能是一个非常值得研究的科学问题,因此,对淤泥质海岸防护林生态系统土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的研究具有重要的意义.研究采用碱液吸收法对苏北淤泥质海岸杨树Populus tomentosa Carr.及水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng两种典型海防林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性进行了研究.结果表明:杨树和水杉林地4～11月份土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为337～732mgCO2m-2h-1和257～821mgCO2m-2h-1,呼吸通量分别为128.57gCO2m-2和121.38gCO2m-2.杨树和水杉林地土壤呼吸速率季节变化均近似单峰曲线,最大值均出现在7月份,最小值分别出现在4月份和11月份.模型R=a×exp(b×T)能够很好地拟合林内气温及土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的50.5%～80.9%.土壤含水量与土壤呼吸关系不显著,不是其主要影响因子.利用林内气温及土壤2、5cm和10cm处温度得到杨树林地的Q10值分别为1.45、1.97、2.08、2.01,水杉林地的Q10值分别为1.92、3.29、2.89、3.00.研究结果表明,水杉林地土壤呼吸对全球变暖的响应比杨树林地更敏感.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.