长白山北坡椴树阔叶红松林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性研究

应用X²显着性检验公式、Pearson相关系数r公式研究了椴树阔叶红松林群落木本植物种间联结性与相关性,得出乔木层9个和下木层19个显着水平以上的联结种对,并对其结果的生态学意义进行分析,认为种间联结的显着与否,是群落生境差异以及物种生态位重叠与分离的反映,并由此提出群落中生态种组的稳定配置模型.     

沱沱河地区紫花针茅群落种间联结性分析

基于方差比率(VR)、χ2检验和Jaccard指数对沱沱河地区紫花针茅群落12个主要种的种间联结性进行了分析。结果表明,紫花针茅群落优势种多物种间显著正关联,存在稳定共存的种间关系。建群种与其它物种间联结性不显著,在群落中能够稳定存在并占据优势生态位,群落处于植被演替过程的一个相对稳定的阶段。伴生种或次优势种之间联结显著,在群落中表现出很强的依赖性,分布易受其它物种的影响,在群落中不能稳定存在且只占据劣势生态位。根据种间联结性的分析结果,将紫花针茅群落分为2个不同的生态种组,但这2个生态种组并不具有明显的界限,它们之间存在着直接或间接的联系。     

季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段乔木优势种群生态位和种间联结

生态位和种间联结是群落动态研究的重要内容之一,物种间相互作用影响着群落的恢复和演替。本文在对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15年、恢复30年和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落的野外调查基础上,采用生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)等方法,分析了不同恢复阶段各种群的变化趋势。结果表明:3种群落类型中物种的重要值与相对应的生态位宽度之间存在着显著的正相关,恢复15年群落有78.22%的种对之间的生态位重叠值在0.4～0.8,说明其群落优势物种存在较强的资源利用性竞争,而恢复30年和原始林群落结构则具有一定的稳定性,多数生态位宽度较大的物种之间的生态位重叠要大于生态位较小的物种,反映出优势物种具有较强的竞争能力;恢复15年和恢复30年群落物种间总体呈不显著正联结,原始林群落则呈不显著负联结;3种群落231种对中,绝大多数种对联结系数未达显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,群落中物种间正负联结对数占总种的比例随恢复进程而出现下降趋势。不同恢复阶段群落中联结系数与生态位重叠值之间存在显著正相关,生态位重叠值越大,其联结系数也越大。     

观光木群落优势树种生态位和种间联结

为了解君子峰自然保护区极小种群观光木群落的种间关系和生态联系,加强观光木野生资源的保护,对群落优势树种的生态位特征和种间联结性进行研究。结果表明: 观光木、浙江润楠、木荷、赤杨叶的生态位宽度优势明显,是主要建群种;20个优势树种的190组种对中,有50.5%的种对生态位重叠值大于0.5,物种间生态位分化程度一般;观光木与其他19个物种生态位重叠度普遍较高,当资源不足时,有竞争风险;优势树种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,群落处于相对稳定的演替后期;χ²检验、联结系数和Pearson相关系数检验结果均显示,种间联结性的显著率极低,种间独立性较强;种间联结性与生态位重叠之间呈正相关。君子峰观光木群落较为成熟,资源利用充分,种间关系稳定,为促进观光木种群恢复和壮大,可适当限制与观光木生态位重叠度大、有显著负联结的种群规模,提高与之有正相互作用的物种比例,为观光木营造良好的生境。     

海南岛鸡毛松人工林群落种间联结性研究

对海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松人工林群落主要树种的重要值、总体方差比率及x^2统计量等种间联结性指标进行测定。结果表明,鸡毛松人工群落树木种类丰富,种群间总体上正联结达显著水平,大部分种群种间联结性不显著,独立分布的为多。鸡毛松与极少种群的种间联结性显著,与大部分种群间联结性不显著,体现了鸡毛松较强的生态适应性。海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松群落已逐渐向天然次生群落演替。     

苏门白酒草对乡土植物群落种间联结性及稳定性的影响

根据2×2列联表,运用方差比率（VR）,χ2检验和Jaccard指数以及改良的Godron M.稳定性测度方法,研究江西省上饶市苏门白酒草群落中12个主要种群间的联结性。结果表明：(1)苏门白酒草入侵前群落总体联结性为显著正联结,群落中的正联结种对多,存在极显著正联结种对;(2)苏门白酒草入侵后,群落总体种间联结性呈负相关,种对正联结数量较入侵前明显减少,出现显著负联结种对;(3)苏门白酒草入侵后,联结性较强的乡土群落植物明显分为两个生态种组;(4)苏门白酒草的入侵导致乡土植物群落稳定性下降,16个原有物种消失,出现4个新物种。     

桥山林区麻栎群落主要乔木种群的种间联结性

采用方差比率法(VR),基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)和点相关系数Ф,对桥山林区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)群落中重要值前17位的乔木种群进行种间联结测定与分析。结果表明:桥山林区麻栎群落17个主要乔木种群总体表现为不显著负关联,各物种趋于独立,群落整体不稳定;χ2检验结果显示17个主要种136个种对中,正联结占44.85%,负联结占55.15%,绝大多数呈不显著关联,说明群落种间关联较弱,群落处于不稳定演替阶段;联结系数AC与共同出现百分率PC分析结果都表明17个主要种总体上对生境的需求不同,各种对同时出现几率小;点相关系数Ф测定结果显示正联结种对62个,占总对数45.59%,负联结种对74个,占总对数54.41%;根据种群的聚类分析和种间联结测定结果及生态习性,把17个主要种群划分为3个生态种组。     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

毛乌素沙地东缘黑沙蒿群落种间联结性分析

种间联结是生态群落的重要特征之一, 对研究群落物种格局的形成, 种群进化和群落演替动态具有重要意义。基于方差比率(VR)、χ² 检验和点相关系数ψ, 对毛乌素沙地东缘黑沙蒿群落13 个主要种的种间联结性进行了分析。结果表明: (1)毛乌素沙地东缘黑沙蒿群落总体种间关联性为显著正相关。(2)χ² 检验显示有40 对正相关种对, 37 对负相关种对, 1 对不相关种对,不显著种对占84.61%。(3)点相关系数ψ 与χ² 检验所得结果相似, 主要种对间多为不显著正相关关系。(4)根据种间联结性的分析结果, 可将黑沙蒿群落分为两个不同的生态种组, 且两个生态种组间具有一定排斥关系。总之, 在沙漠边缘取样条件下毛乌素沙地东缘黑沙蒿群落仅少数种对间表现出强依赖性, 多数物种间未形成一种稳定、协调的搭配关系, 群落处于演替动态过程中。     

井冈山自然保护区栲属群落优势种群的种间联结关系研究

 采用2×2联列表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、联结系数AC值、Jaccard指数及点相关指数对井冈山栲属（Castanopsis）群落样地中出现频率较高的20个种群的种间联结进行了定量分析。结果表明：井冈山栲属群落20个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著正关联,反映该群落处于稳定的顶极阶段;20个优势种群的种间联结关系中10个种对具有极显著正联结,10个种对具有显著正联结,4个种对具有极显著负联结,8个种对具有显著负联结。190个种对中,绝大多数种对联结关系未达到显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,这种种间联结的松散性可能与目前群落的发展阶段及种本身的生态学特性有关。目前,群落处于比较稳定的顶极阶段。     

云南中度退化的喀斯特天坑草地植物群落优势种种间关系

喀斯特天坑作为独特的宏大地表负地形,其坑底生境与外界环境相互独立,呈现出独特的植物群落格局及特征.本研究选取云南沾益天坑群中可进入性较强的中度退化天坑--巴家陷塘为对象,筛选出重要值大于1的优势种,结合总体关联性分析、χ²检验、AC联结系数及Spearman秩相关系数对巴家陷塘退化天坑植物群落中11种优势种的种间关联性和相关性进行研究.结果表明: 巴家陷塘退化天坑植物群落种间联结指数VR=1.377>1,总体呈显著正关联,但正负关联差异较大,阳生型植物和阴生型植物呈极显著负关联,现阶段仍具有独立的分布格局,但呈逐渐趋于稳定的趋势;Spearman分析中种间正相关对数(26对)少于种间负相关对数(29对),结合天坑微环境的差异,将退化天坑的优势物种划分为3个生态种组,群落总体呈现出一定的圈层分布规律.     

高寒草原植物群落种间关系的数量分析

为了探明新疆巴音布鲁克高寒草原植物群落的物种组成和种间关系,在对其草原群落进行样方调查的基础上,利用方差比率法,χ2检验以及种间关联度指数对物种关联性和相关性进行了分析。结果表明:1)巴音布鲁克高寒草原植物群落高等植物分属16科,26属,36种;主要有14个常见植物种;2)用来检验方差比率(VR)偏离1是否显著的统计量W=61.52,说明该草原群落内物种整体关联度表现为不显著相关;表征种间关联程度的Ochiai指数(OI值),与联结系数AC值基本吻合;3)伴生种或杂类草与其它物种之间联结显著,正向或负向,在群落中表现出很强的依赖性,分布易受其它物种的影响,在群落中不能稳定存在且只占据劣势生态位;4)根据14个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素,可将它们划分为3个生态种组,同一生态种组内,各种间具有较强的正联结,而不同组间联结较为松散,主要是由于他们具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致;5)对退化草地的恢复提出了建议。     

The implications of palaeontological evidence for theories of ecological communities and species richness

Abstract Palaeontological evidence raises several questions that relate to current explanations of ecological communities, to the classification of communities and to interpretations of species richness. The first question relates to the stability of species detected in the fossil record. Coupled with that is the issue of incidental association of species on the same trophic level through differential effects of climatic change on the different species. Such observations are seen to support the ‘individualistic’ concept of communities. Recent statements about this concept leave unresolved questions about the acquisition of adaptation, and about the place of adaptation theory in theories of ecological communities and interpretations of ‘regional species richness’. At issue is whether there is justification for continuing to classify communities as a basis for understanding them. There is good reason to reject this approach for one in which questions about communities and ‘local’ and ‘regional’ species richness are replaced by more specific and basic questions about the relationship between adaptation, distribution and abundance, and ecological interactions. Some recent efforts to incorporate species theory into community theory fail because their basis remains the flawed concept of ‘local community’.     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要乔木树种的种间关联

分析桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要种群的种间关联性,揭示其种群间的共生关系,可为桂林岩溶石山植被的修复与重建、经营管理和生物多样性保护提供理论依据.基于样方调查,采用χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落中重要值前22位的乔木物种进行种间关联测定和生态种组划分.结果表明: 研究区22个主要乔木物种总体呈显著正联结,表明该地区青冈群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段;χ²检验结果显示,231个种对中有108个种对呈正联结,115个种对呈负联结,8个种对无联结,正负联结比为93.9%,绝大多数种对呈不显著联结,种对间的独立性较强,主要原因可能在于桂林岩溶石山较高的生境异质性导致物种间的生态位产生分化;AC、PC、OI和DI与χ²检验结果基本一致,种间关联性分析应以χ²检验为基础,辅以AC、PC、OI和DI等指数进行综合研究;根据PCA排序和种间关联关系,将22个主要乔木种群划分为3个生态种组,组内物种对生境具有趋同适应性,组间物种具有不同的生态要求.     

长白山落叶阔叶混交林的物种多样性、种群空间分布格局及种间关联性研究

根据在吉林省蚊河实验管理局1hm^2落叶阔叶混交林样地调查结果,对落叶阔叶混交林的群落结构、物种多样性、主要树种的空间分布格局以及树木种群的种间关联进行了研究．结果表明,树木种群优势程度不明显;乔木、灌木、草本的均匀度指数、生态优势度指数都较低．对5个主要乔木种群的空间格局均呈现聚集分布;15个主要树种之间有14个种对存在着显著的种间关联,一个种独立;树种之间正关联的种对少,关联强度低,而负关联多且较高,群落结构组成不稳定,处于软阔叶林向硬阔叶林直至红松阔叶林过渡的阶段．     

The relation between geomorphology and forest community types of the Haut-Saint-Laurent,Quebec

The highly disturbed community types of the Haut-Saint-Laurent in southern Quebec were classified using an hierarchic approach with three levels: geomorphology, pedology and vegetation. Considered as distinct entities were, on the one hand, the herbaceous and shrub species that made up ecological groups as defined by Meilleur et al. (1992), and, on the other hand, individual tree species. Great importance was given to geomorphological variables because they are one of the most stable ecological factors of the region. We identified 47 community types from 452 sites sampled, based on a TWINSPAN analysis of the vegetation data. Binary Discriminant Analysis (BDA) showed the importance of disturbance on community composition, especially for sites included in the forest mosaic. Other important abiotic parameters included morphogenic features, topography and drainage. The BDA showed that 24 community types were found to be significantly associated with at least one morphogenic feature. The results indicate that the Beech-Hemlock association is a more stable state for mesic sites than the often cited Sugar Maple with Hickory. On glacial deposits, the presence of Thuja occidentalis is significantly associated with grazing practices. The other 23 community types are not significantly associated with any morphogenic features. On one hand, these types tend to be ubiquitous on different deposits with the same drainage class and reveal that their composition was altered through disturbances. On the other hand, some community types are more associated with microclimates as is the case of Sugar Maple with Striped Maple, or with their ecological amplitude limits as is the case of Sugar Maple with Ironwood and Aspen or Sugar Maple with Red Maple and Black Ash. A classification of the stands, given the high number of disturbed communities within the territory, appears difficult to use as a basis for ecological units.     

Comparative phylogeography of eastern chipmunks and white-footed mice in relation to the individualistic nature of species

Palaeoecological studies have demonstrated that ecological communities as a whole did not remain stable throughout the climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary. The result is that long-term associations of species cannot be inferred by contemporary associations in ecological communities. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of any contemporary ecological interactions among species and of the biotic community within which species have evolved also cannot be assumed from contemporary conditions. Comparative phylogeographic data provide a method to identify species within ecological communities that have shared biogeographic histories. We present an example of a long-term association between populations of two mammalian species, eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), which are commonly associated with deciduous forest habitats. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA variation in T. striatus and P. leucopus from previously glaciated regions of the eastern United States support the hypothesis that, in at least part of their range, genetic lineages of the two species have expanded from similar population sources since the Last Glacial Maximum. In addition, the spatial concordance of genetic lineages of T. striatus and P. leucopus with the oak-savannah forest formations of Wisconsin and Illinois, suggest that populations associated with this community colonized the area in association with a set of arboreal species that comprise their deciduous forest habitat.