白粉菌的两个新种

本文描述采自四川省的白粉菌的两个新分类单位。它们是寄生于省沽油科野鸦椿上的新种野鸦钩丝壳(Uncinula euscaphidis Xie sp.nov.)和大风子科山梧桐上的新种山桐子钩丝壳(Uncinula idesiae Xie sp.nov.)。省沽油科和大风子科是钩丝壳属白粉菌寄主科的世界新记录。模式标本存放于南充师范学院生物系植物标本室。     

海南大风子活性成分研究

用色谱技术对海南大风子(Hydnocarpus hainanensis (Merr.) Sleum.)枝条的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,从中分离得到了6个化合物,经波谱数据分析与文献数据对照,分别鉴定为eoniferaldehyde (1)、mulberroside C(2)、mulberrofuran G(3)、mulb...     

水冬瓜果实和种子化学成分的研究

水冬瓜(Idesia po1ycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels) 属大风子科植物,落叶乔木,是山桐子属山桐子(Idesia poly carpa Maxim)的变种,所以又叫毛叶山桐子。我国陕西、甘肃、安徽、浙江、湖北、四川、贵州等省都有分布;在陕西省陕南地区分布很广,资源丰富。其果实和种子均含有油;分别为43.6%和25.9%,是一种很有发展前途的木本油料植物。但是以往对水冬瓜果实和种子国内外均未见有研究利用的报导。陕南产区农民以往将果实和种子榨油食用,历时已久,在食用过程未发现有妨害人体健康的症状,只是     

海南含笑属植物提取小白菊内酯的研究

研究表明小白菊内酯具有抗癌抗肿瘤的作用,因最早提取于艾菊中而得名,但因其含量少、价格高,影响其更广泛的应用。研究证明木兰科含笑属植物中同样含有小白菊内酯。本文对海南霸王岭生长的白兰、香籽含笑、白花含笑等三种木兰科含笑属植物的叶提取物进行研究,利用HPLC与标准品进行对照,证实该三种植物含有小白菊内酯或类似化合物,并对其含量进行了比较。     

海南野生石斛中必需微量元素与必需氨基酸的分析

本文对几种海南野生石斛(红头金石斛、重唇石斛、流苏金石斛、华石斛、密花石斛、刀叶石斛)及人工栽培的金钗石斛,进行了人体及植物必需微量元素和人体必需氨基酸的含量分析.结果表明:每种石斛中均含有植物和人体所需的7种微量元素和7种人体必需氨基酸,其中流苏金石斛的微量元素和氨基酸含量均高于其他种.人工栽培的金钗石斛其微量元素和氨基酸含量与海南野生石斛比较,差异不大,仅在Fe、Mn两个元素均低于野生种.本文还进行了植物必需微量元素与必需氨基酸相关性的讨论.     

铜鼓岭国家级自然保护区植物多样性

铜鼓岭自然保护区地处海南岛东北部文昌县境内的滨海低丘陵。为全面了解其植物多样性及经过18年的保护后其植被变化特征,作者采用野外调查与植物群落学相结合的方法,对海南岛铜鼓岭保护区的各类植被多样性进行了调查。本次调查共记录到植物984种,隶属166科618属。其中海南特有种35个,如海南苏铁(Cycashain-anensis)、茶槁楠(Phoebehainanensis)、古山龙(Arcangelisiagusanhung)等;濒危保护物种12个,分别为:金毛狗(Cibotiumbarometz)、海南苏铁、蕉木(Oncodostigmahainanense)、白木香(Aquilariasinensis)、海南大风子(Hydnocarpushainanensis)、红花天料木(母生)(Homaliumhainanense)、粘木(Ixonantheschinensis)、毛茶(Antirheachinensis)、野生龙眼(Dimocarpuslongan)、野生荔枝(Litchichinensis)、苦梓(Gmelinahainanensis)、白桂木(Artocarpushypargyreus)。该保护区内的主要植被类型热带常绿季雨矮林、灌木林和红树林的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为4.7485、4.5876和1.8096,Simpson指数分别为0.9247、0.9206和0.6978。在热带常绿季雨矮林2,800m2的标准样地内,树高大于1.5m的乔木共有81种1,366个个体,重要值较高的物种分别为黄椿木姜(Litseavariabilis)、海南大风子、滨木患(Aryteralittoralis)、禾串树(Brideliainsulana)、无患子(Sapindusmukorossi)等,18年前的优势种鸭脚木(Scheffleraoctophylla)被黄椿木姜所替代。另外,种数—个体数分析得出3,300m2标准样方内高于1.5m的单个体种有20种,双个体种有13种,占标准样方内所记录物种总数的32.7%。总体来说,热带常绿季雨矮林群落发展稳定,灌木林有向次生林演替的趋势,红树林遭破坏严重,面积减小,多样性也不是很高。所以从植被角度来说对铜鼓岭自然保护区的保护是重要的。     

海南龙血树的形态组织学研究

采用植物解剖学、显微切片技术等,分别对海南龙血树含有树脂的茎、不含树脂的茎、幼根和叶片等进行了系统的组织学研究。结果表明：老茎主要由栓化层、皮层、形成层和基本组织4部分组成,树脂主要分布在基本组织内维管束的导管和纤维中。叶片为等面叶,气孔主要分布在下表皮上、具有明显的孔下室,上下表皮内侧分布着大量的纤维束。幼根由根被细胞、皮层和维管柱组成。根、茎、叶的部分薄壁细胞中均含有晶束。海南龙血树营养器官的结构特征与干旱、高温和贫瘠的生态环境相适应。这些结果可为海南龙血树的开发和利用提供基本的解剖学证据。     

山柳科和堇菜科八个种的花粉形态——兼谈第伦桃亚纲六个科及省沽油科的系统关系

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对山柳科(Clethraceae)和堇菜科(Violaceae)8个种的花粉形态进行了观察。综合前人对第伦桃亚纲(Dillenidae)4个科即猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)、旌节花科(Stachyuraceae)和大风子科(Flacourtiaceae)以及蔷薇亚纲(Rosidae)的省沽油科(Staphyleaceae)共22属36个种的孢粉学和已有的胚胎学资料,讨论了上述7个科的系统学关系。通过对大风子科(Flacourtiaceae)和杨柳科(Salicaceae)的花粉形态特征比较,支持APGII系统中将大风子科的大部分种归入杨柳科的处理。     

山柳科和堇菜科八个种的花粉形--兼谈第伦桃亚纲六个科及省沽油科的系统关系

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对山柳科(Clethraceae)和堇菜科(Violaceae)8个种的花粉形态进行了观察。综合前人对第伦桃亚纲(Dillenidae)4个科即猕猴桃科(Actinidi-aceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)、旌节花科(Stachyuraceae)和大风子科(Flacourtiaceae)以及蔷薇亚纲(Rosidae)的省沽油科(Staphyleaceae)共22属36个种的孢粉学和已有的胚胎学资料,讨论了上述7个科的系统学关系。通过对大风子科(Flacourtiaceae)和杨柳科(Salicaceae)的花粉形态特征比较,支持APGII系统中将大风子科的大部分种归入杨柳科的处理。     

中国燕尾蕨属（Cheiropleuria C.Presl）植物修订

通过研究燕尾蕨属（Cheiropleuria C.Presl）植物的标本和文献,对过去国内标本馆及文献中有关燕尾蕨属植物的报道进行了订正,确认中国产燕尾蕨属植物2种,即广泛分布在我国华南地区的全缘燕尾蕨（C.integrifolia）和仅产海南的燕尾蕨（C.bicuspis）。     

松科4属植物茎初生结构比较研究

研究比较观察了松科云杉属的云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａ ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）、油杉属的油杉（Ｋｅｔｅｌｅｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ）、雪松属的雪松（Ｃｅｄｒｕｓ ｄｅｏｄｅｒａ）、松属的海南五针松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｆｅｎｚｅｌｉａｎａ）和大明松（Ｐ．ｔａｉｗａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｙａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｄａｍｉｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）５个种的幼茎初生结构。结果表明,皮下层的细胞层数、皮层细胞的组成,树脂道的分布,鞘细胞的排     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Discounting of sequences of delayed rewards of different amounts

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude effect is present in cases where delayed sequences of rewards are discounted. The magnitude effect refers to the inverse relationship between the amount of a reward and the steepness of temporal discounting. This study was conducted with a computer program to estimate the indifference points, which served as indicators of the present subjective value of delayed sequences of small and large rewards. In the indifference point the subjective value of a single, immediate reward was equal to the subjective value of the delayed sequence (or to the value of a single delayed reward). As a control condition, we added an experimental task involving choices between single immediate and single delayed rewards. The experiment showed that the sequences of large rewards are discounted less steeply than are the sequences of small rewards. This finding suggests that the magnitude effect is present within the delayed sequences of rewards. In addition, when outcomes are relatively large, the results suggest that a single reward is discounted less steeply than the sequence of a total nominal value equal to this single reward. However, for relatively small rewards, the difference is not statistically significant. The less steep discounting of sequences of large rewards may explain the reward-bundling effect, which refers to less steep discounting of longer sequences than of shorter ones: longer sequences usually have greater overall nominal value. The present study was conducted on hypothetical rewards, and the results should be validated using real rewards.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes

The availability of multiple, complete eukaryotic genome sequences allows one to address many fundamental evolutionary questions on genome scale. One such important, long-standing problem is evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes. Analysis of orthologous genes from completely sequenced genomes revealed numerous shared intron positions in orthologous genes from animals and plants and even between animals, plants and protists. The data on shared and lineage-specific intron positions were used as the starting point for evolutionary reconstruction with parsimony and maximum-likelihood approaches. Parsimony methods produce reconstructions with intron-rich ancestors but also infer lineage-specific, in many cases, high levels of intron loss and gain. Different probabilistic models gave opposite results, apparently depending on model parameters and assumptions, from domination of intron loss, with extremely intron-rich ancestors, to dramatic excess of gains, to the point of denying any true conservation of intron positions among deep eukaryotic lineages. Development of models with adequate, realistic parameters and assumptions seems to be crucial for obtaining more definitive estimates of intron gain and loss in different eukaryotic lineages. Many shared intron positions were detected in ancestral eukaryotic paralogues which evolved by duplication prior to the divergence of extant eukaryotic lineages. These findings indicate that numerous introns were present in eukaryotic genes already at the earliest stages of evolution of eukaryotes and are compatible with the hypothesis that the original, catastrophic intron invasion accompanied the emergence of the eukaryotic cells. Comparison of various features of old and younger introns starts shedding light on probable mechanisms of intron insertion, indicating that propagation of old introns is unlikely to be a major mechanism for origin of new ones. The existence and structure of ancestral protosplice sites were addressed by examining the context of introns inserted within codons that encode amino acids conserved in all eukaryotes and, accordingly, are not subject to selection for splicing efficiency. It was shown that introns indeed predominantly insert into or are fixed in specific protosplice sites which have the consensus sequence (A/C)AG|Gt.     

History of the Study of Biodiversity of Photosynthetic Bacteria

The tendencies in the study of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are considered in the review in the historical aspect, from the discovery of APB till the present day. The contribution made by the researchers of the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, to the study of the phylogeny, ecology, and morphophysiological diversity of APB is noted. At present, molecular biological approaches play a decisive role in ecology and taxonomy. The most important task at the modern stage of the development of microbiology is to maintain the continuity of the historically formed classical approaches in the study of APB diversity.     

作物分枝的分子调控研究进展

分枝的数量及角度是决定作物株型的重要农艺性状。有效分枝数决定着作物的穗数或荚果数,进而决定着作物的产量;而分枝角度与光合效率、种植密度和抗病性密切相关,不仅影响作物的产量,也会影响作物的品质。由于分枝在作物生产中具有十分重要的作用,吸引了越来越多的研究者的注意,多个与分枝性状相关的关键基因被鉴定,分枝数目调控的分子机制研究取得了重要进展。过去的研究表明作物分枝受严格的遗传调控,同时也受环境条件的影响。综述了与作物分枝性状相关的基因克隆、表达、功能和分子调控机理方面的研究进展,以及环境因素对分枝的影响,探讨分枝调控在作物品种改良中的应用。     

Limitations of pH-potentiometric titration for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan

The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan determines the biopolymer's physico-chemical properties and technological applications. pH-Potentiometric titration seems to offer a simple and convenient means of determining DDA. However, to obtain accurate pH-potentiometric DDA values, several factors have to be taken into consideration. We found that the moisture content of the air-dry chitosan samples can be as high as 15%, and a reasonable fraction of this humidity cannot be removed by ordinary drying. Corrections have to be made for the ash content, as in some samples it can be as high as 1% by weight. The method of equivalence point determination was also found to cause systematic variations in the results and in some samples extra acid as high as 1 mol% of the free amino content was also identified. To compensate for the latter effect, the second equivalence point of the titration has to be determined separately and the analytical concentration of the acid be corrected for it. All the corrections listed here are necessary to obtain DDA values that are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from (1)H NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements. The need for these corrections severely limits the usefulness of pH-metry for determining accurate DDA values and thus potentiometry is hardly able to compete with other standard spectroscopic procedures, that is, (1)H NMR spectroscopy.     

长尖对齿藓原丝体快速培育的关键影响因子研究

为了给苔藓结皮野外恢复的大规模接种提供丰富种源,本文利用0.1% NaClO（10、15、20、30、45、60、120 s）和0.1% HgCl₂（10、15、20、30、45、60、120 s）两种消毒液,采用Knop、MS和Hoagland 3种培养基,设置5.5、6、6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5七个水平的pH值,通过单因素试验设计方法,测定长尖对齿藓[Didymodon ditrichoides（Broth.）]茎叶体的成活率、原丝体长度和分枝数等指标,探讨影响长尖对齿藓原丝体扩繁的关键因子。结果表明：（1）消毒方式、培养基及pH均对长尖对齿藓茎叶体的成活率、原丝体长度和分枝数有显著影响（P<0.05）,影响大小依次均为消毒方式 > 培养基 > pH;（2）最适合的消毒方式为：0.1% NaClO消毒15~20 s;（3）最适合长尖对齿藓原丝体生长的培养基是Knop和Hoagland培养基;（4）最适合长尖对齿藓原丝体生长的pH是7.5。从而得出快速培育长尖对齿藓原丝体的最佳组合为：0.1% NaClO消毒15~20 s+Hoagland/Knop+pH=7.5。本文的研究结果可以缩短长尖对齿藓生长周期以进行快速繁殖,为苔藓结皮的快速培育以及工程化应用提供一定的借鉴。