中国海南内生拟盘多毛孢

2004 至 2005 年期间,从我国海南地区 95 种植物中分离鉴定了 43 种内生拟盘多毛孢,包括 5 个新组合,16 个内生拟盘多毛孢新记录种。5 个原归在盘多毛孢属 Pestalotia 的种重组到拟盘多毛孢属Pestalotiopsis 中,它们是二色拟盘多毛孢 P. bicolor,金鸡纳树拟盘多毛孢 P. cinchonae,密花拟盘多毛孢P. lambertiae,草原拟盘多毛孢 P. pampeana 和露兜树拟盘多毛孢 P. pandani。对 5 个新组合进行了重新描述和图解,其它 16 个内生拟盘多毛孢新记录种列出名录。     

拟盘多毛孢属真菌的新种*

报导拟盘多毛孢属真菌的8个新种。这8个新种是:近似状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis affinis、山姜拟盘多毛孢P. alpiniae、见血封喉拟盘多毛孢P. antiaris、五桠果拟盘多毛孢P. dilleniae、广西拟盘多毛孢P. kuwangsiensis、莲拟盘多毛孢P. nelumbinis、木荷拟盘多毛孢P. schimae、和神秘果拟盘多毛孢P. synsepali。新种的模式标本保存在广西大学植保系标本室。     

四川主要松树内生拟盘多毛孢

从5种松树健康的枝、叶、干中共分离了2,400个组织块,得到199株内生拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis,形态学和分子生物学鉴定分属于11个种,平均分离率为8.29%。所得11种内生拟盘多毛孢都是首次在四川的松属植物中分离得到,其中葡萄生拟盘多毛孢P.uvicola和山桃草拟盘多毛孢P.gaurae为首次在松树上分离得到。基于ITS序列的分子系统发育分析显示松树内生拟盘多毛孢种类之间存在一定的遗传差异,部分内生拟盘多毛孢与病原拟盘多毛孢的ITS序列具有很高的同源性。     

植物内生拟盘多毛孢的生物多样性

内生拟盘多毛孢是植物 (尤其是木本植物 )内生真菌的重要类群。分离自红豆杉的内生小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsismicrospora)能产生抗癌的代谢产物紫杉醇 ,因而引起了人们对内生拟盘多毛孢研究的兴趣。拟盘多毛孢内生于植物的根、茎、叶及繁殖体中 ,已鉴定的内生拟盘多毛孢有 2 3种。在已调查的植物中 ,内生拟盘多毛孢的定殖率有很大差异 ,在红树 (Rhizophoraapiculata)、椰子 (Cocosnucifer)、西藏红豆杉 (Taxuswallichiana)、茶梅 (Camelliasasanqua)、Fragraeabodenii和Cordemoyaintegrifolia等木本植物中 ,拟盘多毛孢是内生真菌的优势类群。一种拟盘多毛孢可内生于多种植物体内 ,一种植物也可有多种拟盘多毛孢内生 ,其分布与植物所处的生态环境和地域有关。在一定的宿主植物生理条件或外界环境条件下 ,某些内生拟盘多毛孢可转变为寄生或腐生。对植物内生拟盘多毛孢代谢产物的研究表明 ,拟盘多毛孢可产生多种次生代谢产物 ,包括抗癌物质 (紫杉醇和粗榧酸 )和抗菌物质 (环己烷类物质、粗榧酸和 pestaloside)。植物内生拟盘多毛孢的资源调查和开发应用具有广阔的前景。     

山茶灰斑病病原菌斑污拟盘多毛孢的研究

山茶灰斑病病原菌的正名为斑污拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis maculans(Cda.)Nag Raj,山茶盘多毛孢Pestalotia guepini Desm.和山茶拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis guepini(Desm.)Stey.均为其异名。本文根据作者对自1978年以来采集的大量标本和分离菌株的研究,记述了斑污拟盘多毛孢的形态学、培养性状、致病性及寄主范围、电泳图谱等特征,并附有讨论。     

石楠锈孢锈菌重寄生拟盘多毛孢的分离鉴定及抑菌活性

重寄生拟盘多毛孢因其特殊生境,可产生区别于内生或病原拟盘多毛孢的次生代谢产物,是有待开发的真菌资源。为了获得活性较好的石楠锈孢锈菌重寄生菌,采用组织分离法,从患有锈病的球花石楠叶片上分离纯化出3株疑似拟盘多毛孢真菌,它们形态特征差异明显,通过回接实验证实其均为石楠锈孢锈菌的重寄生菌。对3菌株在不同培养基上的培养性状和显微特征作了描述,并对ITS序列进行了扩增和序列分析。形态学和分子鉴定结果证实这3株真菌均为拟盘多毛孢属真菌。抑菌实验结果表明,3株重寄生菌除了对石楠锈孢锈菌的锈孢子有破坏作用外,对其他10种常见植物病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。     

大熊猫体表一株海南拟盘多毛孢菌株

中国保护大熊猫研究中心雅安碧峰峡基地的一只大熊猫患皮肤病,从皮屑中分离到一株拟盘多毛孢菌GYMXP201108。进行了形态学观察和ITS序列分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,该菌株顶端附属丝短,1–3根,多数不具柄,与海南拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis hainanensis模式菌株形态一致,ITS区序列分析也表明与海南拟盘多毛孢的序列相似性最高,为99.6%,因此鉴定为海南拟盘多毛孢,GenBank ID为KF551573。首次报道了海南拟盘多毛孢能在动物体表生存。     

2种杓兰属植物内生狭截盘多毛孢菌的分离与鉴定

该文报道了西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)和无苞杓兰(C. bardolphianum)根中内生真菌新记录种——狭截盘多毛孢(Truncatella angustata)。该研究从四川黄龙沟不同海拔区分别采集到西藏杓兰和无苞杓兰,并在其根中分离获得148个狭截盘多毛孢菌株。形态学观察显示,狭截盘多毛孢菌株在PDA培养基上菌落白色,背面黄褐色;分生孢子器黑色脓包状;分生孢子梭型,4个细胞,3个隔膜;顶端附属丝1~5根。ITS rDNA分析发现3种新基因型菌株(HLIO15_15a_22、HLIO15_20a_42和HLIO15_17a_46);在海拔最高(3 330~3 400 m)的居群中狭截盘多毛孢的分离率最高,且包含全部3种基因型菌株。构建截盘多毛孢属(Truncatella)真菌ITS序列系统发育树,发现狭截盘多毛孢不同生态功能的菌株没有形成明显分支。     

广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌的分离鉴定与抗肿瘤活性菌株筛选

该研究从广西钦州市采集健康的柳树桑寄生的根、茎和叶中分离并纯化内生真菌,对真菌进行形态学鉴定,提取内生真菌的DNA,采用真菌ITS序列对内生真菌进行分子鉴定。利用A549和H460细胞作为抗肿瘤活性指示细胞,采用MTT法测定真菌乙酸乙酯提取物的抗肿瘤活性。经过初步分离分析,从柳树桑寄生中纯化出27株内生真菌,经鉴定它们分别属于7个目9个属15个种。拟盘多毛孢属和间座壳属为优势属,其中拟盘多毛孢属全部定植于寄生根;其次为新壳梭孢属、拟茎点霉属和球座菌属,各分离到3株;其他包括青霉属、镰刀菌属、炭疽菌属和派伦霉属,各分离到1株。抗肿瘤活性研究表明,有一株与Pestalotiopsis protearum的ITS序列相似性达100%的拟盘多毛孢属菌株Gen24表现有抑制肿瘤细胞A549和H460生长的特性,在真菌乙酸乙酯浸提物浓度为800μg·mL~(-1)时,对A549细胞的抑制率达到了56.92%,对H460细胞的抑制率达到了70.11%。该研究结果表明广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌较丰富,在寄主中的分布表现了一定的组织特异性,而且还存在一些具有抗肿瘤活性的菌株及其活性物质可供进一步深入研究。     

蓝莓拟盘多毛孢枝枯病的病原菌

近期在山东省蓝莓种植区发现1种枝枯病害。为明确该致病菌,通过病原菌组织分离和接种试验获得2个致病菌株。通过形态学观察和rDNA‐ITS序列分析,确定该病原菌为棒状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis clavispora。这是棒状拟盘多毛孢所致蓝莓枝枯病在国内的首次报道。     

Description of Pestalotiopsis pallidotheae: a new species from Japan

A new coelomycetes fungal species, Pestalotiopsis pallidotheae, is described. This endophytic fungus, isolated from a leaf of Japanese andromeda (Pieris japonica), has knob-tipped appendages on the apical and basal cells of the conidia. The conidial morphology is similar to that of Pestalotiopsis theae except that the color of the median cells is paler in P. pallidotheae. Molecular analyses of the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 site placed P. pallidotheae in a group different from P. theae.     

Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis species

There has been considerable disagreement regarding the relationships among Pestalotiopsis species and their delimitations. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted on 32 species of Pestalotiopsis in order to evaluate the utility of morphological characters currently used in their taxonomy. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from nucleotide sequences in the ITS regions and 5.8S gene of the rDNA under four optimality criteria: maximum parsimony, weighted parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. Phylogenies estimated from all analyses yielded trees of essentially similar topology and revealed 3 major groups that correspond with morphology-based classification systems. Molecular data indicated that the genus contains two distinct lineages based on pigmentation of median cells and four distinct groupings based on morphology of apical appendages. The analyses did not support reliability of other phenotypic characters of this genus, such as spore dimensions. Characters with particular phylogenetic significance are discussed in relation to the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis.     

Taxonomic revision of the genus Phryganogryllacris (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae) from China

A taxonomic revision of the genus Phryganogryllacris Karny, 1937 is provided. Twelve species of the genus from China are recorded, including 5 species described as new to science, namely P. sichuanensis Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. parva Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. truncata Li, Liu Li, sp. nov., P. interrupta Li, Liu Li, sp. nov. and P. longicerca Li, Liu Li, sp. nov. Two new combinations are also reported here, P. gialai(Gorochov, 2004)(Vietnam) comb. nov. and P. alia(Gorochov, 2004)(Vietnam) comb. nov. A key to Chinese species of the genus was provided.     

Japanese species of the Longibrachiatum Clade of Trichoderma

The Longibrachiatum Clade of the genus Trichoderma in Japan was examined, among which two new species and three new records are herewith reported. The new species, T. tsugarense and T. kunigamense were isolated from a bed log (cultivation of Lentinula edodes) and volcanic ash soil, respectively. These species are distinguished from closely related species by growth and morphological characteristics and in phylogenetic analysis. Additional species new to Japan were T. ghanense, T. parareesei and T. sinense. The significance of their distribution is discussed. Most species of the Longibrachiatum Clade are tropical rather than temperate in distribution. Their in vitro optimum growth tends to be >35 °C but the optimum temperature for some Japanese species was lower. Some species are endophytes of temperate plant species, some of which are endemic in Japan.     

中国尾孢菌属及其近似属研究XIV.

报道钉孢属Passalora Fr.的1个新种,日本防己钉孢Passalora cocculi-trilobi,1个新组合,漆钉孢P. rhoidis和2个新名称,梾木生钉孢P. cornicola,穿龙薯蓣钉孢P. dioscoreae-nipponicae。文中提供了各个种的形态描述、绘图及讨论,新种还提供了拉丁文描述。研究的标本包括模式标本保存在中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属真菌的七个新组合

作者按照Steyaert(1949)和Sutton(1980)的分类观点,对1987—1988年从我国广西、江西、浙江等地采集的Pestalotiopsis属真菌进行了研究,确认了拟盘多毛孢属真菌的7个新组合种,即Pestalotiopsis carveri(Guba)comb nov.,Pestalotiopsis elasticae(Koord.)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis langloisii(Guba)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis oleandri(Guba)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis sinensis(shen)comb.nov.,Pestalotiopsis sydowiana(Bres.)comb.nov.和Pestalotiopsis zahlbruckneriana(Bres.)comb.nov.     

新米虾属的修订（甲壳亚门：十足目：匙指虾科）

本文回顾了新米虾Ｎｅｏｃａｒｉｄｉｎａ的研究历史及存在争议,根据形态,生活史,生态和地理分布四个主要性状的综合考虑,提出确认新米虾属Ｎｅｏｃａｒｉｄｉｎａ,修订了属征,并整理了该属现有种类,修订后的Ｎｅｏｃａｒｉｄｉｎａ共１９种类及亚种,分布于中国,日本,朝鲜及越南,文中记述６新种及新亚种,Ｎ．ｚｈａｎｇｊｉａｊｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．Ｎ．ｅｕｓｐｉｎｏｓａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．ｎ。ｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｔ