蝗总科部分种类等位基因酶的比较研究

用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术对采自山西太原黄陵、山西临猗伍姓湖及山西雁门关两科4种蝗虫的4个等位基因酶位点的基因频率进行了比较研究,并用BIOSYS-Ⅱ软件进行结果分析。结果表明：所研究种群的苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）都存在两个位点,中华稻蝗的MDH-1还存在两条亚带。在所研究种群中的MDH-1图谱中,一个中等迁移率的谱带存在于所研究的4个种群中。东亚飞蝗在乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和苹果酸酶（ME）中存在两个固定的等位基因,同时黄胫小车蝗在MDH-1中存在一个固定的等位基因,在MDH-2中存在一个独特的等位基因。在所有4个种群中,中华稻蝗遗传多样性水平最高（每个位点的等位基因数为3个,He=0.220）,黄胫小车蝗遗传多样性水平最低（每个位点的等位基因数为1.5个,He=0.013）。除中华稻蝗的MDH-1和LDH处于哈代-温伯格平衡,其余种群的4个位点的等位基因频率均不同程度的偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。等位酶数据表明这4个种群在系统发育关系方面是相近的,但在遗传多样性水平上却不同。     

不同地理种群小菜蛾的遗传多样性分析

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了北京、河北、云南和武汉4个不同地理种群的小菜蛾的等位酶,得到了3个酶系统（甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶（GPD）、苹果酸酶（ME）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH-1,MDH-2和MDH-3）5个基因位点的资料。用Biosys2.0软件计算了不同地理种群的遗传变异指标（N、A、P、H0和He）,结果表明小菜蛾各种群内的基因多样性大于各种种群间的基因多样性（约15倍）,武汉种群小菜蛾的遗传性最大。并计算了遗传距离D和相似性系数,并由此得出聚类图,分析了小菜蛾不同地理种群间的遗传关系。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用微卫星（SSR）标记对来自山西和陕西两省的7个翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollisDiels）种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。10对SSR标记共检测到126个位点,其中多态位点114个。在物种水平上,平均多态位点百分率为90.79%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.6072、0.3166、0.4603;在种群水平上,多态位点百分率为61.99%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.5445、0.2683、0.3815。遗传分化系数GST为0.2074,表明了翅果油树种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内。基因流Nm为1.9111〉1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类结果表明,翅果油树种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,经Mantel检验,种群的地理距离与遗传距离之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平（p〉0.05）。结果表明,遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和不同干扰生境有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

舟山群岛野生山茶种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记,利用筛选的20条引物对舟山群岛4个野生山茶（Camellia japonica）种群的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明：山茶种群的多态位点百分比（PPB）为64.06％,Nei’s基因多样性指数（HE）为0.2390,Shannon信息多态性指数（H）为0.3548,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst = 0.2241,表明种群间具有较高的遗传分化。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性（r = 0.9653,P<0.05）,表明岛屿隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明同岛种群间的亲缘关系更近。基于舟山群岛山茶种群遗传结构分析,建议在其自然生长地加强就地保护。     

日本稻蝗、中华稻蝗和赤胫伪稻蝗地理种群的RAPD遗传分化研究

运用10个RAPD引物对日本稻蝗(Oxya japonica)、中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)和赤胫伪稻蝗(Pseudoxya diminuta)的种群遗传分化进行分析。10个随机引物共产生135条带,扩增谱带具有明显的属、种间多态性。Shannon信息指数表明中华稻蝗遗传多样性水平较高(2．693),日本稻蝗次之(2.319),赤胫伪稻蝗最低(1．042)。中华稻蝗和日本稻蝗的不同地理居群出现遗传分化,由Shannon信息指数估算的种群间遗传分化系数分别为20．7％,42．4％。用UPGMA和NJ法对Nei’s遗传距离作聚类分析,构建分子系统树。系统树显示：同一种群的不同个体优先相聚,而后,同一种的不同种群依次相聚;日本稻蝗广西南宁种群和广东广州种群首先聚为一支,陕西西安种群和浙江杭州种群聚为另一支,两支相聚后与中华稻蝗聚在一起,最后与赤胫伪稻蝗相聚。聚类结果表明：不同地域日本稻蝗亲缘关系的远近与地理距离呈现一定的相关趋势,日本稻蝗与中华稻蝗亲缘关系较近,Nei’S遗传距离平均为0．142,而赤胫伪稻蝗与它们关系较远,Nei’s遗传距离平均为0．451。聚类图所显示的物种间亲缘关系的远近程度与形态分类学和细胞分类学结果相一致。     

蜡梅种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术,对蜡梅种质资源7个野生种群和2个栽培种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。用11条引物,共扩增出124条谱带,其中110条多态带,多态位点占88.70％。用POPEGEN1.31版软件对数据进行分析,结果显示：种群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.272 6,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.411 7,蜡梅总的遗传多样性水平较高。蜡梅不同种群遗传多样性水平差异较大,种群多态位点百分率在52.94％~90.00％之间,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.143 4~0.378 2,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.232 2~0.546 6。神农架种群（SN）和保康种群（BK）的遗传多样性水平较高。种群间的基因分化系数为0.353 6,种群内的遗传变异大于种群间的遗传变异。用NTSYS2.01版软件对样品进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果9个种群并没有按地理距离进行聚类。种群间的地理距离和遗传距离之间没有显著的相关性(r＝0.437 1,P＝0.921 3)。     

西双版纳地区流苏石斛遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对西双版纳分布的兰科濒危植物流苏石斛（Dendrobium fimbriatum）5个居群共114个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100条引物中筛选出了12条用于扩增,共检测到117个位点,其中105个为多态位点。分析结果表明,流苏石斛居群水平遗传多样性较低。在物种水平上,流苏石斛多态位点百分率PPB为89．74％,Nei’s基因多样性指数日为0．3227,Shannon’s多样性信息指数见。为0．4779;在居群水平上,各个居群的多态位点百分率PPB差异较大（6．84％～39．32％）,平均值为23．93％,Nei’s基因多样性指数H为0．0871,各个居群的Shannon’s多样性信息指数见平均为0．1290。AMOVA分析的结果显示,流苏石斛的遗传变异大多数存在于居群间,占总遗传变异的74．79％。基于Nei’s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0．7443。各居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度（I）范围为0．5882～0．8331。Mantel检测发现,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间无显著的正相关关系（r=0．2419,P=0．2416）。鉴于流苏石斛的遗传多样性现状和居群遗传结构,我们建议对流苏石斛居群所有个体实施及时的就地保护,同时建立迁地保护居群,促进基因交流。     

茶园黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)种群的RAPD多样性

用RAPD技术对华东地区7个茶园的黑刺粉虱种群进行遗传结构分析。从40个随机引物中筛选出9条具特异性的引物,扩增出248条长度约为200～2000bp的DNA条带,其中199条多态性条带,多态性为80．24％。经Popgene软件分析,黑刺粉虱种群平均水平的多态位点百分比（P砚）为48．33％,Nei＇s基因多样性（HE）为0．2910,Shannon＇s多态性信息指数（日）为0．4442,表明黑刺粉虱种群遗传多样性丰富;各种群问遗传分化程度（Gst）较高,达0．3749,其中PPL以福建武夷山区的九龙山种群（JLS）最高,达77．42％,其次为安徽九华山种群（JHS）的65．73％;而且两种群的HE,H等遗传指标均较高。以NTSYSpc软件包,基于Nei＇s遗传距离对昆虫个体进行UPGMA和NJ法聚类分析,构建分子系统树,并进行多维标度分析（MDS）。系统树显示：同一种群的个体优先聚类,遗传相似度高的种群依次聚类。多维标度分析也显示：浙江杭州、富阳和绍兴3种群集中分布,安徽宣城种群靠近该3种群;而九华山种群则与武夷山区的九龙山种群聚拢;福建金山种群独立成簇。多维标度分析与聚类分析结果一致。认为粉虱种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在相关性;两个山地种群的多样性有别于其它种群,是因为山地环境和气候引起粉虱适应性的生态地理分化。     

内蒙古中东部草原区克氏针茅形态特征和RAPD遗传分化的相关性研究

以分布在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东部草甸草原、中部典型草原和中西部荒漠化草原的4个克氏针茅种群为研究对象,采用形态学标记和RAPD分子标记相结合的方法进行遗传分化研究。结果表明：（1）无论是用形态学数据所得欧氏遗传距离矩阵还是用RAPD所得无偏差的Nei’s遗传距离矩阵,与种群分布的地理距离之间均不存在显著的相关关系,说明克氏针茅种群遗传分化受自然选择的影响。（2）种群之间存在显著的形态分化和遗传分化（p<0.05）。（3）对形态学数据所得欧氏遗传距离矩阵和RAPD所得Nei’s无偏差遗传距离矩阵进行Mantel检验所得结果不显著,表明对克氏针茅形态分化和遗传分化起主要作用的选择力是不完全相同的。     

中华稻蝗不同地理种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为研究中华稻蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传结构, 文章对我国7省市的7个中华稻蝗种群进行AFLP分析。选取7对引物扩增128个个体, 共产生336条带, 多态性条带292条, 占86.90%。结果表明: 中华稻蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平, 其中海南万宁种群的遗传多样性高于其他各种群。Mantel检验(r=0.27, P=0.89)表明中华稻蝗各种群遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著相关性。种群间具有明显的遗传分化现象。UPGMA(Unweighted pair group method average)聚类分析显示, 7个中华稻蝗种群按地理距离分为3支: 北方北京昌平、山西太原和山东济宁为一支; 南方陕西汉中、湖南长沙和广西来宾为一支; 海南万宁单独为一支。上述结果以及PCA(Principal component analysis)分析均表明由于地理隔离中华稻蝗种群显示出明显的南北分化和岛屿大陆种群遗传分化现象。     

内蒙古典型草原羊草种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古典型草原不同生境 8个羊草种群进行分析。采用 2 4个随机引物 (10 nt)在 8个种群中共检测到2 2 4个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 173个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 77.2 % ,特异性片断 2 2个 ,占 9.82 % ,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为 9.3 3条。利用 Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算了 8个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离 ,运用UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :羊草大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ,Nei指数和Shannon指数计算结果分别为 85.4%和 66.8% ;羊草不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ;8个羊草种群平均遗传距离为 0 .2 3 16,变异范围为 0 .1587～ 0 .2 70 0 ,说明 8个羊草种群间的遗传变异不大 ,即 :在较小地理范围内羊草的遗传分化程度较小 ;8个种群可聚为 3个类群 ,聚类结果显示生境相似的种群能够聚在一起 ,而地理距离最近的种群不一定归为一类 ,说明小范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离不存在相关性 ,而与其生境间的相似度相关。影响遗传相似性的不是单一因子而是各种因子的综合作用 ,较小地理范围内羊草种群间的遗传分化主要是由环境的异质性所引起的     

内蒙古中东部不同草原地带羊草种群遗传分化

运用 RAPD技术对内蒙古不同草原地带分布的 5个羊草种群 (共 10 0个个体 )的遗传多样性进行分析。 31个随机引物(10 nt)在 5个羊草种群中共检测到 4 96个扩增片断 ,其中多态性片断 4 89个 ,总的多态位点百分率达 98.6 %。利用 Nei指数和Shannon指数估算了 5个种群的遗传多样性 ,并计算种群相似系数和遗传距离运用 UPGMA法进行聚类分析。结果表明 :无论是种群内还是种群间 ,羊草均存在较高的遗传变异 ,大部分的遗传变异存在于种群内 (Nei指数和 Shannon指数估算结果分别为 85 .4 %和 72 .5 % ) ,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于种群间 ;不同种群的遗传多样性存在差异 ,各种群的遗传多样性与其所处的地理位置具有显著的相关性 ;5个种群的平均遗传距离为 0 .5 0 95 ,变异范围为 0 .4 6 84～ 0 .5 4 76 ;聚类分析结果显示地理距离较近的种群遗传距离较小 ,首先聚在一起 ,而地理距离较远的种群遗传距离较大 ,说明羊草种群间的遗传分化与地理距离存在一定相关性 ;但地理距离最近的两个种群并未最先聚集 ,说明羊草种群间的分化还与其生境的异质性有关     

Genetic differentiation of the millipede Pycnotropis epiclysmus inhabiting seasonally inundated and non-flooded Amazonian forests

The millipede Pycnotropis epiclysmus Hoffman, 1995 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae) is frequently found in Central Amazonian white-and mixed-water inundation forests along the Solimöes-Amazon River near Manaus, Brazil. It also inhabits non-flooded disturbed forest areas adjacent to this river. Populations from both biotopes were genetically studied. The specific pPeP172 satellite DNA family identified in P. epiclysmus has been analyzed in order to elucidate the systematic rank of morphologically indistinguishable individuals from the different habitat types. Nucleotide sequence data, sequence variability and copy number estimates of the pPeP172 satellite DNA do not discriminate the respective populations into genetically different ecotypes. The study of enzyme variability, however, revealed genotypic differences among the three populations: the populations from two geographically more distant inundation forests are genetically rather similar; and the geographically closer populations, one found in a non-flooded and the other in an inundation forest, have a genetic distance which is of similar magnitude to that of the two geographically more distant populations. The genetic data suggest that individuals from different habitats belong to populations of a single species. Genotypic structuring among and within local populations indicates processes of genetic differentiation which can be the result of the migration ability of this millipede.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% (P ＜ 0.04), and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% (P ＜ 0.002). A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found (P ＜ 0.001), as well as 72.59% variation within populations (P ＜ 0.001). Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

Population structure of a parasitic plant and its perennial host

Characterization of host and parasite population genetic structure and estimation of gene flow among populations are essential for the understanding of parasite local adaptation and coevolutionary interactions between hosts and parasites. We examined two aspects of population structure in a parasitic plant, the greater dodder (Cuscuta europaea) and its host plant, the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), using allozyme data from 12 host and eight parasite populations. First, we examined whether hosts exposed to parasitism in the past contain higher levels of genetic variation. Second, we examined whether host and parasite populations differ in terms of population structure and if their population structures are correlated. There was no evidence that host populations differed in terms of gene diversity or heterozygosity according to their history of parasitism. Host populations were genetically more differentiated (F(ST) = 0.032) than parasite populations (F(ST) = 0.009). Based on these F(ST) values, gene flow was high for both host and parasite. Such high levels of gene flow could counteract selection for local adaptation of the parasite. We found no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance (estimated as pairwise F(ST)), either for the host or for the parasite. Furthermore, host and parasite genetic distance matrices were uncorrelated, suggesting that sites with genetically similar host populations are unlikely to have genetically similar parasite populations.     

GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG ANCESTRAL AND INTRODUCED POPULATIONS OF THE EURASIAN TREE SPARROW (PASSER MONTANUS)

We compared genetic variation in three introduced North American populations of Passer montanus with an ancestral German population, a native Swedish population, and an introduced Australian population. The North American P. montanus were less variable genetically than the ancestral German birds, presumably a result of the founding event. The genetic structure of all six populations of P. montanus can be explained in terms of interaction among mutation, genetic drift, effective population size, and unknown selective factors. Cluster analyses and an ordination of distance measures derived from electrophoretic data generally showed relationships in phenetic space among populations consistent with the magnitude of their geographic separation. An exception occurred with the Swedish population, which was closer in the ordination to a North American population than to the geographically neighboring German population. This seemingly anomolous juxtaposition was attributed to the relative abundance of alleles present in the Swedish birds. Populations of P. montanus seem to have diverged in a manner similar to that seen in conspecific disjunct populations, i.e., at present showing no trenchant indication of genetic speciation.     

MICROGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN SAVANNAH SPARROWS (PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS)

Surveys of genetic population structure are often limited to large geographic scales because geographically close populations are indistinguishable. Genetic uniformity across adjacent demes can be interpreted as evidence for cohesion (panmixia) or recent divergence. However, poor genetic resolution at microgeographic scales can also arise from the use of overly conservative (slowly evolving) markers. This study examines the ability of hypervariable, minisatellite loci to discriminate among geographically close populations of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) and to track morphological differentiation at a microgeographic scale (interregional distance < 55 km). Savannah sparrows breeding at five island and two mainland sites in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada, show concordant patterns of variation in external morphology (seven characters) and multilocus DNA fingerprinting profiles (S_xy): island sparrows are phenotypically larger and genetically more similar to each other than they are to mainland sparrows. This pattern of variation is consistent with both adaptive (natural selection) and nonadaptive (genetic drift) mechanisms of population divergence. Based on minisatellite diversity, the effective size of both island and mainland populations is 37, an estimate substantially lower than census population sizes. These data are discordant with observations of sparrow vagility and abundance and suggest a closer examination of microgeographic patterns in avian systems.     

不同地区库蚊复组群体的同工酶遗传多样性研究

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳的方法,对分布于我国5省的8个库蚊复组（Culex pipiens complex）野生群体的遗传多样性进行研究,分析了4个酶系统7个基因座(ME、MDH-1、MDH-2、MDH-3、GPD、EST-2、EST-3)的酶谱资料。结果显示：（1）群体内存在不同程度的遗传变异（He为0.098～0.41）;（2）较低的基因流水平（Nm=0.64）使遗传漂变起主要作用,造成群体之间的遗传分化（Gst=0.303）,而总群体的遗传多样性相对富集于群体之内(Hs/Dst=2)。（3）库蚊群体的遗传结构属于距离隔离模式。（4）群体间的遗传一致性(或遗传距离)反映出群体间的遗传分化程度,也表明与地理位置存在对应关系。Abstract: Eight field populations of Culex pipiens complex collected from five provinces (Guangdong, Henan, Shandong, Beijing and Yunnan) in 2001 were used to study genetic diversity by starch gel electrophoresis. Data from seven loci (ME、MDH-1、MDH-2、MDH-3、GPD、EST-2、EST-3) of four isozymes were analyzed by software Biosys2.0 and FSTAT(Version 2.9.3). The results were as follows: (1) The values of He (from 0.098 to 0.41) indicated genetic variabilities of different degree in populations.(2)The low level of gene flow (Nm=0.64) could not prevent genetic drift to cause the gene differentiation between populations. The genetic diversity between populations attributed to the genetic diversity of total populations is small (Gst =0.303), and the great part is accumulated within populations (Hs/Dst=2). (3) The genetic structure of Culex pipiens complex population was the isolation-by-distance model. (4) The genetic identity (or genetic distance) revealed the scale of genetic differentiation between populations which related to the collection sites.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.