4种沙生灌木幼苗PV曲线水分参数对干旱胁迫的响应

以柠条、沙木蓼、杨柴和花棒4种沙生灌木幼苗为材料,采用盆栽法在适宜水分、中度干旱和重度干旱(田间持水量的75%、50%和35%)3种土壤水分条件下,应用PV技术测定了它们在膨压为0时的渗透势(ψstlp)、相对水含量(RWCtlp)和相对渗透水含量(ROWCtlp),以及饱和含水时的渗透势(ψssat)、束缚水含量(Va)、膨压随叶水势下降而降低的速率b值和组织细胞总体弹性模量(ε′)等水分参数,并用隶属函数值法对4种苗木在干旱下保持膨压的能力进行了综合评价.结果显示:与适宜水分条件下相比较,除花棒幼苗在中度及重度干旱下ψssat值、柠条苗在中度干旱下ψssat和ψstlp差值和在中度及重度干旱下Va值、沙木蓼苗在中度干旱下ε′和RWCtlp值均变化很小以外,4种苗木其它水分参数在不同程度干旱胁迫下均有较明显的变化,且其变化幅度随干旱胁迫的加剧而增加,从而使苗木保持膨压及吸水保水的能力较适宜水分下明显增强;苗木保持膨压能力的综合评价结果为:中度干旱下柠条>花棒>杨柴>沙木蓼,重度干旱下柠条>花棒>沙木蓼>杨柴.研究表明,柠条幼苗对干旱胁迫具有极强的渗透调节适应性.     

植物渗透调节的测定方法介绍

渗透调节是植物适应水分胁迫的主要生理机制。其含义是植物在逆境(干旱或盐渍)条件下,通过代谢活动增加细胞内溶质浓度,降低其渗透势(从而降低水势),从外界水势降低的介质中继续吸水,保持一定的膨压,维持较正常的代谢活动。在干旱条件下受膨压影响的细胞生长、气孔开放、光合作用及酶活性等生理过程得到完全或部分的维持,有利于增强植物的抗旱能力。国外这     

荒漠植物蒙古扁桃水分生理特征

蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)是荒漠区和荒漠草原的水土保持植物和景观植物,是蒙古高原古老残遗植物,对其深入研究对于了解蒙古高原植被演替以及对当地生态环境的稳定和恢复有着重要意义。该实验采用PV技术和自然脱水法探讨了蒙古扁桃的水分生理特性。结果表明:在自然状态下,蒙古扁桃幼苗叶片的相对含水量为69%,饱和含水量为117%,临界饱和亏为48%,水势为-0.85 MPa。经 5% PEG-Hoagland (-0.46 MPa)干旱胁迫处理3 d后,其相对含水量、临界含水量和水势分别下降到48%、39%和 -1.97 MPa,而饱和含水量和束缚水与自由水比值分别增加到187%和11.94。对失水率分析的结果表明:在正常水分状态下,蒙古扁桃幼苗经102 h自然脱水后失水达到平衡,而经过干旱胁迫处理3 d后,其失水率曲线斜率变小,失水过程明显减缓,失水最终达到平衡的时间延长到152 h,其保水能力显著提高。将旱生植物蒙古扁桃的失水率曲线与中旱生植物长柄扁桃(P. pedunculata)的失水率曲线相比较发现,蒙古扁桃的耐脱水能力明显强于中旱生植物长柄扁桃。PV曲线(Pressure-volume curve)分析结果表明: 蒙古扁桃饱和含水量渗透势(Ψπ¹⁰⁰)和零膨压渗透势 (Ψπ⁰)很低,分别为-2.49 MPa和-3.11 MPa,而Ψπ¹⁰⁰和Ψπ⁰差值较大(0.62 MPa),表明其维持膨压的能力很强。其细胞壁弹性模量值低(4.18 MPa)进一步表明,蒙古扁桃具有很强的膨压调节能力。蒙古扁桃幼苗失去膨压时的渗透含水量(ROWC^tlp)为80%,这是其细胞壁特性所决定的渗透调节能力的基础。蒙古扁桃质外体含水量(AWC, %)较高(79%),因而具有较高的束缚水与自由水比值(7.76),这是其耐脱水性的生理基础。总之,蒙古扁桃叶水势、渗透势低有利于其根部对深层土壤水分的吸收,而较高的束缚水与自由水比值及较低的细胞壁弹性模量是其耐脱水的生理基础。     

岩溶干旱胁迫下青冈栎水分参数变化

根据岩溶生境特点设计表层岩溶水-岩石(灰岩)-土壤水分供应分层模拟柱,对青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)进行水分控制试验;运用压力容积(P-V)技术,研究了在水分胁迫下青冈栎的日水势(P)、饱和含水量时的最大渗透势(ψsats)、初始质壁分离时的渗透势(ψtlps)、初始质壁分离时渗透水相对含量(ROWCtlp)、初始质壁分离时相对含水量(RWCtlp)、质外体水的相对含量(AWC),以及饱和含水量时最大渗透势与初始质壁分离时的渗透势之差(△P)的变化.结果表明,在无表层岩溶水-岩石-土壤处理中,随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增加,ROWCtlp、RWCtlp、ψsats、ψtlp呈明显下降,而AWC值上升;在有表层岩溶水-岩石-土壤处理下,青冈栎受土壤水分胁迫不明显,水分参数变化不显著.表层岩溶缺水时,土壤水分含量是影响青冈栎水分参数变化的主要因素,在一定的干旱胁迫范围内,随着干旱程度的提高,青冈栎耐旱性不断增加.     

土壤干旱对沙棘苗木生长及水分利用的影响

研究了土壤干旱条件下盆栽沙棘苗木生长、光合和水分关系的变化。结果表明,同样环境条件下,蒸腾速率随干旱胁迫程度加重而降低,而蒸腾日进程差异不大,均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在11：00;轻、中度干旱胁迫下沙棘叶含水量、水势、渗透势、膨压下降幅度较小,光合速率、侧枝生长速率保持在较高水平,能维持基本的生长量,表现出耐旱植物的生理特征;重度干旱胁迫使上述指标下降较显著,且长时间胁迫后,33．3％沙棘幼苗死亡。     

极端干旱条件下多年生植物水分关系参数变化特性

通过对生长在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘极端干旱区野外生境条件下的4种多年生植物胡杨、柽柳、沙拐枣和骆驼刺的主要水分关系参数(P100为膨压最大时的渗透势;P0为膨压为零时的渗透势;emax为最大细胞弹性模量;RWCa为细胞在质壁分离点时的相对含水量)在植物生长周期内的变化特征进行了分析,结合对植物清晨水势和土壤含水率变化的系统进行测定。结果表明:4种植物在低水势下保持膨压能力大小的排序为柽柳>胡杨>骆驼刺>沙拐枣。4种植物应对水分胁迫的共同反应是在细胞出现质壁分离时,保持高的体内含水量;在耐旱机理上,沙拐枣和骆驼刺属于高水势延迟脱水类型,胡杨和柽柳属于低水势忍耐脱水类型;在植物生长期内,4种植物清晨水势的变化特征是,骆驼刺的清晨水势值最高,沙拐枣和胡杨的清晨水势值的季节变化较为稳定,柽柳的清晨水势值最低;植物清晨水势的变化趋势同其水分关系参数的变化特性基本一致;4种植物没有受到严重的水分胁迫,灌溉对植物水分关系参数变化的影响不显著;植物处并利用地下水来满足其生存和生长需求,维持地下水位的基本稳定,是保证多年生植物恢复重建的重要前提。     

荒漠草原向灌丛转变过程两种优势植物定植土壤水分阈值特征

为探究宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛转变过程中两种优势种蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）植物更新土壤水分需求特征,在前期萌发土壤水势阈值研究的基础上,进一步通过野外观测和室内干旱胁迫试验分析确定转变过程中两种优势植物种的定植土壤水分阈值。结果表明：荒漠草原灌丛近30年人为转变过程中0-200 cm土壤水分呈降低趋势,灌丛地土壤水分含量较荒漠草地显著降低了52.43%（P<0.05）,灌丛转变加速了土壤旱化;柠条锦鸡儿和蒙古冰草幼苗定植过程中叶绿素含量随干旱胁迫程度加深呈先增加后降低趋势,其死亡率逐渐上升。通过渗透势和死亡率的拟合函数以及其对应样地的土壤水势、土壤水分关系分析得出,随样地转变柠条锦鸡儿定植土壤水势、水分阈值均低于蒙古冰草,两者平均土壤水势阈值分别为-9.38—-9.95 kPa、-8.72—-9.28 kPa,平均土壤水分阈值分别为4.93%-5.23%、5.92%-6.50%。与蒙古冰草相比,柠条锦鸡儿更适应灌丛引入下或降雨减少引起的土壤旱化,其旱生条件下的定植成功更易发生。     

干旱胁迫对霸王水分生理特征及细胞膜透性的影响

以2年生霸王为试验材料,用盆栽人工控制土壤水分,研究不同梯度土壤水分条件对霸王水分生理特征、丙二醛含量和细胞膜相对透性的影响.结果表明,与充足供水对照(土壤重量含水量为23%)相比,在严重干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为3%)20 d和45 d时,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量分别显著降低70.87%和45.54%、26.81%和12.66%;相应的叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性分别显著增加33.81%和21.78%、17.51%和14.98%;严重干旱胁迫30 d使得霸王叶片保水力显著下降;同时随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增强,霸王日蒸腾耗水量持续下降,且严重干旱胁迫处理的蒸腾耗水量日变化为水平直线型,其余处理均为单峰型.研究发现,严重干旱胁迫下随着胁迫时间的延长,霸王叶水势和叶片相对含水量有增加趋势,而叶片MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性则有减小趋势,它能够通过自身的调节机制,逐渐改善叶片水分状况,降低细胞膜伤害程度,从而适应严重干旱环境.     

水分胁迫对毛白杨杂种无性系苗木维持膨压和渗透调节能力的影响

在不同土壤干旱胁迫条件下,应用ＰＶ技术测定了６个毛白杨双杂交速生无性系多项水分参数的变化,并对各无性系渗透调节和维持膨压能力进行了综合评定。结果表明,随着土壤干旱胁迫的发展,各无性系均有一定的提高渗透调节和维持膨压能力,但不同无性系存在显著差异,Ｂ４３２和Ｂ４３０在各水分胁迫程度均表现较好,Ｂ４２９、Ｂ４３３和Ｂ４１４表现一般,亲本毛白杨表现最差。     

不同抗旱性冬小麦幼苗根系对水分胁迫的反应

抗旱性不同的小麦根系含水量、水势、渗透势均随水分胁迫强度增加而逐渐下降。其中以水势变化最为灵敏。恢复正常供水72h后,三项指标均有不同程度的回升,抗旱品种恢复能力强。根系渗透调节能力随胁迫强度的加剧而提高,抗旱品种渗透调节的效果好于敏感品种。随着胁迫强度的增加,根中ATP相对含量减少,恢复正常供水72h后,含量可部分恢复,恢复能力与品种的抗旱性一致。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Study of types of some species of "Filaria" (Nematoda) parasites of small mammals described by Von Linstow and Molin

Parasitic nematodes from the Berlin (ZMB) and Vienna (NMW) Museum collections referred to the genus Filaria Mueller, 1787 by von Linstow or Molin were studied. Three samples were in good condition and the specimens redescribed. Litomosa hepatica (von Linstow, 1897) n. comb., sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 3368, from the megachiropteran Pteropus neohibernicus, Bismarck Archipelago, resembles L. maki Tibayrenc, Bain & Ramanchandran, 1979, from Pteropus vampyrus, in Malaysia, but the buccal capsule differs. Both species display particular morphological characters which differ from species of Litomosa parasitic in microchiropterans. The remaining material originates from Brazil. The spicule morphology of Litomosoides circularis (von Linstow, 1899) Chandler, 1931, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa 1059 from Hesperomys spec. (= Holochilus brasiliensis), Porto Alegre, confirms that it belongs to the sigmodontis group; the microfilaria presents characters of the genus Litomosoides, e.g. body attenuated at both extremities and salient cephalic hook. Taxonomic discussions by others confirm that species of Litomosoides belonging to the sigmodontis group and described subsequently are distinct from L. circularis. Litomosoides serpicula (Molin, 1858) Guerrero, Martin, Gardner & Bain, 2002, is redescribed, sample NMW 6323 from the bat Phyllostoma spiculatum (= Sturnira lilium), Ypanema. It is very close to L. brasiliensis Almeida, 1936, type host Moytis sp., but distinguished by a single ring in the buccal capsule, rather than two, supporting previous conclusions that the taxon L. brasiliensis, as generally regarded, may represent a complex of species. Samples NMW 6322 and NMW 6324, from other bats and also identified by Molin (1858) as Filaria serpicula, contain unidentifiable fragments of Litomosoides incertae sedis. Filaria hyalina von Linstow, 1890, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3905 from Sorer vulgaris (= Sorex araneus), is incertae sedis because it contains two unidentifiable posterior parts of male, which might be an acuarid, Stammerinema sp. Filaria vesperuginis von Linstow, 1885, sample ZMB Vermes Entozoa Q 3929, from the bat Vesperugo serotinus (= Eptesicus serotinus), contains encysted nematode larvae and is a nomen dubium.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D

Microbial transformation of zaluzanin-D using different fungi gave 11,13-dihydrozaluzanin-C, zaluzanin-C, 4,16,11,13 - tetrahydro zaluzanin-C, estafiatone, dihydroestafiatol and dihydroestafiatone.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phoma and allied anamorph genera: Towards a reclassification of the Phoma complex

The present generic concept of Phoma is broadly defined, with nine sections being recognised based on morphological characters. Teleomorph states of Phoma have been described in the genera Didymella, Leptosphaeria, Pleospora and Mycosphaerella, indicating that Phoma anamorphs represent a polyphyletic group. In an attempt to delineate generic boundaries, representative strains of the various Phoma sections and allied coelomycetous genera were included for study. Sequence data of the 18S nrDNA (SSU) and the 28S nrDNA (LSU) regions of 18 Phoma strains included were compared with those of representative strains of 39 allied anamorph genera, including Ascochyta, Coniothyrium, Deuterophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Pleurophoma, Pyrenochaeta, and 11 teleomorph genera. The type species of the Phoma sections Phoma, Phyllostictoides, Sclerophomella, Macrospora and Peyronellaea grouped in a subclade in the Pleosporales with the type species of Ascochyta and Microsphaeropsis. The new family Didymellaceae is proposed to accommodate these Phoma sections and related anamorph genera. The present study demonstrated that Phoma radicina, the type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma and Phoma heteromorphospora, the type species of Phoma sect. Heterospora can be assigned to the Phaeosphaeriaceae and Leptosphaeriaceae respectively.     

Spatial and temporal regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia is required for the establishment of leg identity in Drosophila

Antennapedia is one of the homeotic selector genes required for specification of segment identity in Drosophila. Dominant mutations that ectopically express Antennapedia cause transformation of antenna to leg. Loss-of-function mutations cause partial transformation of leg to antenna. Here we examine the role of Antennapedia in the establishment of leg identity in light of recent advances in our understanding of antennal development. In Antennapedia mutant clones in the leg disc, Homothorax and Distal-less are coexpressed and act via spineless to transform proximal femur to antenna. Antennapedia is negatively regulated during leg development by Distal-less, spineless, and dachshund and this reduced Antennapedia expression is needed for the proper development of distal leg elements. These findings suggest that the temporal and spatial regulation of the homeotic selector gene Antennapedia in the leg disc is necessary for normal leg development in Drosophila.     

Vascular Streak Dieback of cacao in Southeast Asia and Melanesia: in planta detection of the pathogen and a new taxonomy

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Southeast Asia and Melanesia is caused by a basidiomycete (Ceratobasidiales) fungus Oncobasidium theobromae (syn. =Thanatephorus theobromae). The most characteristic symptoms of the disease are green-spotted leaf chlorosis or, commonly since about 2004, necrotic blotches, followed by senescence of leaves beginning on the second or third flush behind the shoot apex, and blackening of infected xylem in the vascular traces at the leaf scars resulting from the abscission of infected leaves. Eventually the shoot apex is killed and infected branches die. In susceptible cacao the fungus may grow through the xylem down into the main stem and kill a mature cacao tree. Infections in the stem of young plants prior to the formation of the first 3-4 lateral branches usually kill the plant. Basidiospores released from corticioid basidiomata developed on leaf scars or along cracks in the main vein of infected leaves infect young leaves. The pathogen commonly infects cacao but there are rare reports from avocado. As both crops are introduced to the region, the pathogen is suspected to occur asymptomatically in native vegetation. The pathogen is readily isolated but cultures cannot be maintained. In this study, DNA was extracted from pure cultures of O. theobromae obtained from infected cacao plants sampled from Indonesia. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), consisting of ITS1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA and ITS2, and a portion of nuclear large subunit (LSU) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences placed O. theobromae sister to Ceratobasidium anastomosis groups AG-A, AG-Bo, and AG-K with high posterior probability. Therefore the new combination Ceratobasidium theobromae is proposed. A PCR-based protocol was developed to detect and identify C. theobromae in plant tissue of cacao enabling early detection of the pathogen in plants. A second species of Ceratobasidium, Ceratobasidium ramicola, identified through ITS sequence analysis, was isolated from VSD-affected cacao plants in Java, and is widespread in diseased cacao collected from Indonesia.