汞离子及铬离子对黄鳝脾免疫细胞的影响

采用毒性实验方法,用不同浓度的汞离子(Hg2+)、铬离子(Cr6+)分别处理黄鳝(Monopterusalbus),经1、2、4、8 d后,通过光镜观察黄鳝脾组织结构及免疫细胞数量的变化。结果表明,对照组黄鳝脾被膜较薄,未见明显的小梁,实质由红髓和白髓构成。白髓中淋巴细胞聚集成群,未见明显脾小结,但可见动脉周围淋巴鞘。红髓由脾索与脾窦组成。脾中有椭圆体,其末端向脾髓开放。黑色素巨噬细胞中心形成。经两种重金属离子分别染毒后的黄鳝脾与对照组相比,组织结构表现出相似的变化,即随着重金属离子浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,脾组织中的黑色素巨噬细胞中心逐渐增大、增多,最后减少;黑色素巨噬细胞先增加后减少。淋巴组织逐渐松散,排列稀疏混乱,淋巴细胞界限逐渐不清晰,呈退化趋势,数量先增加后减少。粒细胞数量的变化趋势与淋巴细胞一致。红血细胞大量破坏,血窦扩张。     

植物血凝素对兴国红鲤头肾和脾脏的比较组织学研究

PHA注射前后兴国红鲤头肾和脾脏结构基本相同。红鲤头肾有被膜,为淋巴样组织,由许多血管,血窦和淋巴索组成,脾脏是实质性器官,淋巴细胞聚集成团,有弥散的胰腺组织渗入,注射PHA后头肾和脾脏内的大淋巴细胞,小淋巴细胞,巨噬细胞以及原始型细胞显著增加,而粒细胞数量变化不明显。     

鳜鱼头肾的组织发生及成鱼头肾B淋巴细胞的分布

通过整体连续切片,研究了鳜鱼不同发育时期的头肾结构,并利用原位PCR方法检测了B淋巴细胞在鳜鱼头肾中的分布。在孵化后第1d观察到了肾组织,主要由肾小管组成。尔后头肾的发育经历了三个结构和功能的转变。第一个阶段为孵化后第1d到第7d,头肾作为滤过性器官存在,由肾小管及少量淋巴细胞组成。第二个阶段从第8d到第36d,是一个功能混合型阶段,头肾中既有肾小管,又有造血组织;随时间推移,肾小管数量减少,淋巴细胞数量剧增。紧接着进入第三个阶段：肾小管完全消失,头肾中开始出现大量的嗜铬细胞,头肾作为淋巴-肾上腺组织而存在。肾上腺首先出现在头肾前端,随发育成熟,集中分布于头肾门静脉周围。IgM在鳜头肾中大量表达,IgM分泌细胞分布于整个头肾组织,在血管周围有集中趋势[动物学报51(3)：440—446,20051。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的组织学观察

运用组织学方法对瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的显微结构进行了研究.瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏被膜薄,仅由一层单层扁平上皮细胞和结缔组织纤维构成,脾小梁明显,红髓和白髓混合,无明显的分界,鞘毛细血管发达;瓦氏黄颡鱼脾小梁细而少,白髓中淋巴细胞密集,在靠近被膜的脾实质边缘区域密集的淋巴细胞形成外形类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞聚集形成明显的巨噬细胞中心;岩原鲤脾小梁发达,伸入脾实质将脾脏分隔成一个个的小叶,白髓中密集的淋巴细胞较少,未见类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞分散存在,无明显的巨噬细胞中心.     

南方鲇头肾的组织学和超微结构

采用解剖学、组织学、组织化学方法,通过电镜观察,研究了南方鲇(Silurus meridionulis Chen)头肾的形态和超微结构。南方鲇左右头肾不相连,与肾明显分离。头肾组织包括血管系统、淋巴细胞聚集区、粒细胞聚集区、内分泌组织区。血管系统由头肾动脉、头肾静脉、后主静脉及其分枝所组成。淋巴区细胞染色深,紧密聚集成网状结构,主要包括大、小淋巴细胞等细胞类型。粒细胞区域狭窄,染色浅,主要为粒细胞聚集。内分泌组织区域细胞大型,常规染色极浅,包括肾间组织细胞、肾上组织细胞。肾间组织细胞有丰富的线粒体、内质网及分泌颗粒。肾上组织细胞主要分布于后主静脉及其分枝的周围、静脉壁中,细胞中有密集的分泌颗粒。肾上组织细胞和肾间组织细胞集中于头肾,内分泌功能增强,是与其运动能力强、快速捕食相适应的特征。     

海淡水养殖中华鲟免疫特性的比较

实验以淡水养殖的4龄中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究对象, 经海水驯化后实施全海水养殖, 探究中华鲟在海水养殖条件下血液理化指标和免疫组织结构变化。结果显示: 与淡水养殖个体相比, 海水养殖后中华鲟的血红蛋白(HB)、红细胞比容(HCT)和白细胞数(WBC)均显著升高(P<0.05), 红细胞数(RBC)与各类白细胞占比无显著变化(P>0.05); 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、溶菌酶(LZM)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)等6种免疫生化指标与淡水个体无显著差异(P>0.05)。对免疫组织的观察发现, 海水养殖中华鲟头肾组织中细胞聚集, 形态分布更整齐, 黑色素巨噬细胞中心增多; 脾脏组织的淋巴细胞和红细胞分布更加密集。研究结果表明, 海水养殖会在一定程度上增强中华鲟的免疫和造血功能, 保持较好的生理状态。     

黑熊脾脏光,电镜观察

对１例成体黑熊脾脏组织结构进行光镜扫描和透射电镜观察。黑熊脾脏被膜较厚、表面被覆间皮。脾实质可分为白髓,红髓和边缘区三部分。白髓脾小结较大,淋巴细胞密集,红髓脾窦丰富,脾索及边缘区含大量巨噬细胞。结果表明：黑熊脾与一些哺乳动物的脾脏结构基本相似,亦属于有血窦脾,具有较强的免疫功能。     

鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生(英文)

参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾（特别是头肾）、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近３０年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Ｂｏｕｉｎ’ｓ液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸─—雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法（ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ染色）处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官;孵化前第一天（受精后第五天）就已经发现肾小管（Ｆｉｇ．１）,孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窦之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,肾小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血于细胞（Ｆｉｇ．２）和成熟的红细胞（Ｆｉｇ．３）。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞（Ｆｉｇ．４）。孵化后第九天,造血组织间发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后３０天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左     

鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生

参与鱼类免疫应答的主要组织和器官有肾(特别是头肾)、脾、胸腺、血液和淋巴等。近30年来,随着鱼类免疫学的迅速发展,国内外许多学者在鱼类免疫相关组织和器官的结构、功能及免疫机理方面作了不少工作,但在鱼类免疫相关器官的发生方面所作工作很少。本文以正常鲤鱼的受精卵及不同发育阶段的幼鱼为材料,以Bouin‘s液固定,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,然后利用酸性条件下的阿新兰染色和过碘酸——雪夫氏试剂反应相接合的方法(AB—PAS染色)处理切片,对鲤鱼早期发育过程中免疫相关器官的发生作了初步研究。结果表明,肾脏是出现最早的免疫器官,孵化前第一天(受精后第五天)就已经发现肾小管(Fig．1),孵化后第二天,在两个大的心窭之上出现网状的头肾组织,两条主要的,肾小管向后延伸在接近肛门处联合。在这个时期,骨小管之间分布有许多未分化的造血干细胞(Fig.2)和成熟的红细胞(Fig.3)。孵化后第五天,肾小管盘绕卷曲,肾小管之间的血细胞数目也有增加,出现体积较小的淋巴细胞(Fig．4)。孵化后第九天,造血组织同发育中的淋巴细胞数量大大增加,至孵化后30天,头肾、中肾、小管已很少,大部分被造血组织所充满。脾脏于孵化当天出现,位于肝胰脏之左后侧的肠背系膜上,含有红细胞和造血干细胞(Fig．5)。孵化三天后,脾脏生长速度加快,出现网状细胞、结缔组织和淋巴组织。肝脏与胰腺几乎同时出现于孵化当天,最初,两个腺体相互独立(Fig.6),孵化两天后,胰腺开始侵入肝组织中(Fig．7)。未发现造血组织和淋巴细胞存在于早期的肝组织中。胸腺于孵化后第三天,在第二鳃弓和第三鳃弓上方出现（Fig．8）。至第五天,胸腺中的细胞开始出现分化(Fig.9)以上结果比Botham等人报道的鲤鱼免疫相关器官的发生时间有所提前。     

中华鳖造血和免疫器官的个体发育

采用常规孵化的中华鳖胚胎为材料,对不同发育时期造血和免疫器官进行了组织学研究,描述了卵黄囊、胸腺、肝、脾、肾以及骨髓的形态结构变化。发现胚胎期首先出现的造血器官是卵黄囊。此后,卵黄囊的造血干细胞出现在胚体的血循环中,造血功能相继在胚胎胸腺、肝、脾、骨髓(可能还包括肾)中产生。胸腺是中华鳖免疫系统发育的第一个淋巴器官,来自卵黄囊的干细胞在此先分化成小淋巴细胞,然后再迁移至脾脏。脾脏发育中首先出现各发育阶段的红细胞、嗜酸性的细胞和少量粒细胞,淋巴细胞出现较晚,未发现淋巴小结。在胚胎期肝脏发育过程中可见不同发育时期的红细胞和嗜酸性的细胞。在肾的发育过程中,尚可观察到嗜酸性的细胞和类似头肾组织的细胞团。直至出壳前,骨髓内方可见各发育阶段的各系细胞[动物学报49(2)：238—247,2003]。     

粘盖牛肝菌不同菌株对Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附及其对油松Zn2+、Cd2+的耐受性

为了探讨同一菌根真菌不同菌株对重金属的耐受性,选用采集于内蒙古阴山山脉不同地区的粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)的不同菌株进行研究。首先,在不同浓度Zn^2 、Cd^2 液体培养基中培养菌丝体,以了解各菌株菌丝体对重金属的耐受性及吸附能力,采用烘干法和原予吸收法分别测定菌丝体的生物量和菌丝体、培养液中Zn^2 、Cd^2 含量,结果表明：劈柴沟粘盖牛肝菌在Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫条件下,生物量、吸附能力约为其余各菌株的1．5～2倍。其次,为了探明油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)形成菌根后对Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫的耐受性及其耐受机理,采用一次性定量浇灌不同浓度Zn^2 、Cd^2 溶液的方法,测定了菌根化油松苗地上、地下生物量及Zn^2 、Cd^2 含量的分配,结果表明：菌根形成后能显著促进油松的生长及对Zn^2 、Cd^2 胁迫的耐受性,并且菌根能够帮助油松吸收基质中大量的Zn^2 、Cd^2 ,根中重金属的含量是茎叶中的2～3倍以上,非菌根苗在重金属浓度稍高(Zn^2 400mg／kg;Cd^2 40mg／kg)时就会死亡。经方差分析及多重比较证实,劈柴沟粘盖牛肝菌对Zn^2 、Cd^2 的耐受性及对油松的促生效果与其它各菌株存在显著的差异,这可能是它通过把吸收的Zn^2 、Cd^2 最大限度地输送到根中的同时,也输送到了茎叶中,使重金属在体内得到一定程度的稀释,使自身免受毒害。     

Chronic inhibition of cortex microsomal Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase-mediated Ca2+ uptake in the rat pilocarpine model following epileptogenesis

In the rat pilocarpine model, 1 h of status epilepticus caused significant inhibition of Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ATPase-mediated Ca(2+) uptake in cortex endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes) isolated immediately after the status episode. The rat pilocarpine model is also an established model of acquired epilepsy. Several weeks after the initial status epilepticus episode, the rats develop spontaneous recurrent seizures, or epilepsy. To determine whether inhibition of Ca(2+) uptake persists after the establishment of epilepsy, Ca(2+) uptake was studied in cortical microsomes isolated from rats displaying spontaneous recurrent seizures for 1 year. The initial rate and total Ca(2+) uptake in microsomes from epileptic animals remained significantly inhibited 1 year after the expression of epilepsy compared to age-matched controls. The inhibition of Ca(2+) uptake was not due to individual seizures nor an artifact of increased Ca(2+) release from epileptic microsomes. In addition, the decreased Ca(2+) uptake was not due to either selective isolation of damaged epileptic microsomes from the homogenate or decreased Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ATPase protein in the epileptic microsomes. The data demonstrate that inhibition of microsomal Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ATPase-mediated Ca(2+) uptake in the pilocarpine model may underlie some of the long-term plasticity changes associated with epileptogenesis.     

Activation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase by Nanomolar Concentrations of GM1 Ganglioside

GM1 ganglioside binding to the crude mitochondrial fraction of rat brain and its effect on (Na+, K+)-ATPase were studied, the following results being obtained: (a) the binding process followed a biphasic kinetics with a break at 50 nM-GM1; GM1 at concentrations below the break was stably associated, while over the break it was loosely associated; (b) stably bound GM1 activated (Na+, K+)-ATPase up to a maximum of 43%; (c) the activation was dependent upon the amount of bound GM1 and was highest at the critical concentration of 20 pmol bound GM1 X mg protein-1; (d) loosely bound GM1 suppressed the activating effect on (Na+, K+)-ATPase elicited by firmly bound GM1; (e) GM1-activated (Na+, K+)-ATPase had the same pH optimum and apparent Km (for ATP) as normal (Na+, K+)-ATPase but a greater apparent Vmax; (f) under identical binding conditions (2 h, 37 degrees C, with 40 nM substance) all tested gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) activated (Na+, K+)-ATPase (from 26-43%); NeuNAc, sodium dodecylsulphate, sulphatide and cerebroside had only a very slight effect. It is suggested that the ganglioside activation of (Na+-K+)-ATPase is a specific phenomenon not related to the amphiphilic and ionic properties of gangliosides, but due to modifications of the membrane lipid environment surrounding the enzyme.     

Phenytoin Dephosphorylates the Catalytic Subunit of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase in C57/BL Mice

The effects of phenytoin, a potent antiepileptic drug, on the active transport of cations within membranes remain controversial. To assess the direct effects of phenytoin on the Na+,K+ pump, we studied the drug's influence on the phosphorylation of partially purified (Na+,K+)-ATPase from mouse brain. (Na+,K+)-ATPase subunits were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phenytoin, in vitro, decreased net phosphorylation of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase catalytic subunit in a dose-dependent manner (approximately 50% at 10(-4) M). When the conversion of E1-P to E2-P, e.g., the two major phosphorylated conformational states of (Na+,K+)-ATPase, was blocked by oligomycin or N-ethylmaleimide, phenytoin had no effect. The results suggest that phenytoin acts on the phosphatasic component of the reaction cycle, decreasing the phosphorylation level of the enzyme.     

Stimulation or inhibition of K+(86Rb+)influx in wheat roots depending on different ABA treatments

The regulatory role of abscisic acid (ABA) and kinetin on influx of K+(86RB+) IN tools of 7day old intact winter wheat which plant (Fritieun aestivum I ass starke 1 and 11) Was studied the inhibitory effect of 40,80 μM ABA in the uptake solution on K+(86RB+)influx was transiently stipulated pretreatment of the plants with ABA kinetin content enacted inhibitors effect caused by ABA. At low water potential in the uptake solution (05MPa)K+(86RB+) influx was slights higher in the presence of ABA than in is absence High humidity 123kpa ca 100% relative humidity (RID)around the shoots counteracted the inhibitory effect on k+(86RB+) influx caused by A,B,A IN the uptake solution the present data contain the hypothesis that when plants are subjected to conditions such as low water potential and low temperature. ABA stimulates K influx to facilitate water uptake.     

A raman study of the interaction of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Ba2+ ions with an acidic model membrane

The interaction of dipalmitoylphosphatidylgly cerol DPPG) liposomes with divalent ions of magnesium, calcium and barium has been investigated with laser-Raman spectroscopy over the temperature range of 0–60°C. The effect of Ca²⁺ ions was also investigated as a function of concentration. At a Ca²⁺/DPPG molar ratio of 0.1, the number of trans carbon to carbon bonds in the hydrocarbon domain of the phospholipid and the lateral order of the hydrocarbon chains was increased both below and above the gel to liquid crystal transition. At higher Ca²⁺ concentrations the number of trans bonds and the lateral order is further increased over the entire temperature range studied, while the transition disappears. Magnesium and barium ions have a much smaller ordering effect on the side-chain packing of DPPG liposomes. At a molar ratio of 0.3, the gel to liquid crystal transition is still discernible for DPPG liposomes in the presence of Ba²⁺ ions, but not in the presence of Mg²⁺ ions.     

Fluxes of Na+, Rb+ and Cl- Ions in Excised Roots of Sugar Beet Seedlings

Uptake and fluxes of sodium, rubidium (instead of potassium), and chloride ions in segments of 3-week-old sugar beet roots were studied. Radioactive ²²Na, ⁸⁶Rb and ³⁶Cl were used for labelling of the ions. Compartmental analysis was used to obtain the fluxes and concentrations in the cell compartments. The passive or active character of the movements was examined by the Ussing-Teorell equation and compared with electropotential measurements. In the case of sodium, net flux was in the outward direction over both tonoplast and plasmalemma, but the active components were directed away from the cytoplasm. Potassium was close to equilibrium. Chloride was actively transported from the medium to the cytoplasm, and — contrary to observations in other systems — from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. This unusual situation may be caused by a loss of sugar, both by lowering the energy supply and by formation of organic acids.     

Effect of Fatty Acids on [3H]Ouabain Binding to Cerebromicrovascular (Na++ K+)-ATPase

The effects of short- and long-chain fatty acids on the cerebromicrovascular (Na+ + K+)-ATPase were investigated using specific [3H]ouabain binding to the enzyme. Specific binding increased linearly with total microvessel protein (37-110 micrograms) and was time-dependent with maximum binding obtained by 10 min. Arachidonic acid, but not palmitic acid, stimulated [3H]ouabain binding in a dose-dependent manner, with a 105% increase over basal levels at 100 microM arachidonic acid. Preincubation of the microvessels with arachidonic acid did not alter the stimulation observed. 4-Pentenoic acid stimulated [3H]ouabain binding only at high concentrations (10 mM). Scatchard analysis of [3H]ouabain binding to untreated microvessels yielded a single class of "high-affinity" binding sites with an apparent binding affinity (KD) of 64.7 +/- 2.0 nM and a binding capacity (Bmax) of 10.1 +/- 1.5 pmol/mg protein. In the presence of 100 microM arachidonic acid, a monophasic Scatchard plot also was obtained, but the KD significantly decreased to 51.9 +/- 2.7 nM (p less than 0.01), whereas the Bmax remained virtually unchanged (12.5 +/- 1.2 pmol/mg protein). The stimulation of [3H]ouabain binding in the presence of arachidonic acid was potentiated by 4-pentenoic acid, but not by indomethacin or eicosatetraynoic acid. These data suggest that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the regulation of blood-brain barrier (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and may play a role in the cerebral dysfunction associated with diseases in which plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids are elevated.     

Reductions of Γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Uptake and (Na++ K+)-ATPase Activity in Brain Slices and Synaptosomes by Arachidonic Acid

Arachidonic acid, a major polyunsaturated fatty acid of membrane phospholipids in the CNS, reduced the high-affinity uptake of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in both rat brain cortical slices and synaptosomes. alpha-Aminoisobutyric acid uptake was not affected. Intrasynaptosomal sodium was increased concomitant with decreased (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in synaptosomal membranes. The reduction of GABA uptake in synaptosomes could be partially reversed by alpha-tocopherol. The inhibition of membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by arachidonic acid was not due to a simple detergent-like action on membranes, since sodium dodecyl sulfate stimulated the sodium pump activity in synaptosomes. These data indicate that arachidonic acid selectively modifies membrane stability and integrity associated with reductions of GABA and glutamate uptake and of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity.