两种水分生态型小叶章的生理生态特征研究

通过野外调查与控制试验相结合的方法,比较研究了两种水分生态型小叶章的生理生态特征,结果表明:(1)自然条件下,小叶章沼泽化草甸群落Simpson多样性指数显著高于小叶章草甸群落,但是小叶章草甸群落中小叶章种群生物量显著高于沼泽化草甸群落;草甸小叶章的株高、节长、叶长、叶宽及叶绿素含量均显著高于沼泽化草甸小叶章;叶片干重和叶鞘干、鲜重以及叶片与叶鞘生物量分配比为沼泽化草甸小叶章较高,而茎的干、鲜重和叶片鲜重、总地上生物量及茎生物量分配比均为草甸小叶章较高,但差异均不显著.(2)在人工控制水位条件下,两种生态型小叶章种群密度差异显著,而种群高度则无显著差异;两种生态型小叶章在0 cm、20 cm水位梯度下的叶长,30 cm水位梯度下的叶宽,以及0 cm水位梯度下的叶面积均存在显著差异,沼泽化草甸小叶章个体生长指标均对水位梯度具有显著响应,而典型草甸小叶章仅叶绿素含量对水位梯度具有显著响应.研究发现,两种生态型小叶章对水位条件的敏感程度不同,不同条件下对水位梯度具有不同的响应规律.     

水分胁迫对三江平原典型湿地植物种群高度与密度的影响

基于为期3年的水文模拟实验,分析了长期干旱与淹水胁迫对三江平原典型湿草甸、沼泽化草甸及沼泽群落的优势种群--小叶章和毛苔草种群高度和密度的影响.结果显示,在不同群落中,小叶章和毛苔草种群高度总体均随水位升高而增加,毛苔草种群密度总体均随水位升高而下降,而小叶章种群密度随水位升高变化无明显规律性;随水分胁迫时间延长,各水位梯度下两种植物种群高度和密度具有波动性.研究表明,两优势种群在单优群落与混合群落中对水分胁迫均表现出不同的响应特征,种群竞争对两个种群的水分需求具有重要影响;两优势种群对水分胁迫的响应特征与水分胁迫的幅度及持续时间有关,毛苔草种群对水分胁迫的响应更为敏感,而两个种群指标中以种群高度对水分胁迫的响应更为敏感.     

水位梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物根茎萌发及生长的影响

通过水位控制模拟试验,研究了水位梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物——小叶章和毛苔草根茎萌发及生长的影响.结果表明:2种植物对水位的适应策略各异,小叶章种群密度、平均高度和最大高度都在0cm水位条件下出现极大值,而毛苔草种群平均高度和最大高度随水位上升而升高,种群密度则随水位上升而下降.在萌发初期,一定时间的无淹水环境促进2种湿地植物的根茎萌发,而淹水抑制其萌发;在生长期,过度的淹水限制了小叶章的生长,而毛苔草则水分越多生长越旺盛;干旱缺水限制植物生长,可能会引起植物生活史的改变.     

小叶章种群地上生物量生长量及其时间序列分析

本文通过对三江平原典型草甸、沼泽化草甸及沼泽群落的优势种群-小叶章种群地上生物量生长量及其时间序列的分析表明:典型草甸小叶章种群地上生物量生长量季节动态呈"W"型。另两个类型呈双峰型。其累积生长量均呈单峰型,且在整个生长季,干物质均有一定程度的积累,时间序列分析也验证了上述变化趋势。     

三江平原不同群落小叶章种群地上生物量动态及其时间序列分析

本文通过对三江平原典型草甸、沼泽化草甸、沼泽3个群落的优势植物小叶章种群地上生物量及其时间序列分析。结果表明:3个群落小叶章种群地上生物的季节动态均呈单峰型,均在7月末达到极大值。其抛物线拟合效果良好。时间序列分析准确地反映了小叶章种群地上生物量的季节动态变化规律。     

三江平原沼泽湿地4种优势植物空间格局对不同水位环境的响应

水文过程是沼泽湿地最基本的生态过程, 理解物种空间格局形成机制及其种群特征随水位环境变化的规律对于科学指导沼泽湿地植被恢复具有重要意义。本研究分别选择三江平原季节性积水与常年积水沼泽, 应用点格局方法中的完全空间随机模型、泊松聚块模型和嵌套双聚块模型分析了毛薹草(Carex lasiocarpa)、漂筏薹草(C. pseudocuraica)、狭叶甜茅(Glyceria spiculosa)、小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia) 4个主要优势植物种群的空间格局, 并测定了不同水位环境条件下的种群密度和个体大小特征。结果表明: 在沼泽湿地中, 4个优势种群在0-200 cm的尺度范围内都偏离了完全随机模型, 表现为集体性聚集分布特征, 且聚集距离主要集中在0-50 cm之间。随着水位的升高, 毛薹草种群密度、个体生物量、株高和基径都呈显著增大趋势, 但其聚集强度变弱; 而小叶章种群密度和个体大小则显著降低, 其聚集强度增大; 漂筏薹草和狭叶甜茅种群密度、个体大小和聚集强度变化并不显著。在季节性积水区, 4个物种在小尺度上均偏离了泊松聚块模型, 符合嵌套双聚块模型, 即在大聚块中分布较高密度的小聚块。但是, 在常年积水区, 仅毛薹草、漂筏薹草和狭叶甜茅3个物种符合嵌套双聚块模型, 而小叶章种群则符合泊松聚块模型, 说明在高水位胁迫下小叶章种群空间格局的大聚块中不存在较高密度的小聚块。综上所述,水位环境胁迫主要通过影响繁殖分配、种内竞争、易化作用以及个体大小变异等生物学过程共同决定着三江平原淡水沼泽湿地植物种群的斑块化分布特征, 不同零模型可以帮助解释种群空间分布格局的形成机制。     

小叶章种群地上生物量生和主其时间序列分析

本文通过对三江平原典型草甸,沼泽化草甸及沼泽群落的优势种群－小叶章种群地上生物量生长量及其时间序列的分析表明,典型草甸小叶章种群地上生物量生长量季节动态呈“Ｗ”型。     

波动和静止水文情势下小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)的生理生态特征

通过野外调查与控制试验相结合的方法,比较研究了波动和静止两种水文情势下,沼泽化草甸植物--小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)某些生理生态特征(种群密度与高度、叶长、叶宽、茎长、节长以及叶绿素含量)对不同水分条件的响应.结果表明,不同水文情势对小叶章生理生态特征具有明显的影响.波动水文情势下,小叶章种群、形态指标及叶绿素含量总体随水分的增加而减小或下降,但是由于特定水文情势下形成的群落竞争格局的影响,小叶章单优群落分布带上小叶章各指标值明显大于其它水分带;静止水文情势下,小叶章各指标值呈波动变化,30 cm积水处理下的种群密度、高度、叶宽和茎长以及叶绿素含量与其它处理差别显著.波动水文情势下小叶章各指标测定值均大于静止水文情势下的,同一生活史阶段要较静止水文情势下的提前,生长能力较强.湿地水分条件不仅直接影响植物特性,还通过影响植物定植的土壤环境特征及群落内的竞争格局间接作用于植物.不同水分条件下,小叶章的生理生态特征是水分条件直接与间接作用的综合结果.     

长白山苔原植被变化对土壤呼吸影响研究

气候变化导致长白山苔原由灌木苔原向灌草苔原演化,对土壤呼吸及碳循环造成了重要影响。为了明确植被变化对苔原土壤呼吸的影响,该研究选取了长白山苔原典型的群落,测定分析了不同草本植物盖度下的土壤呼吸的季节动态变化及差异。结果表明：(1)在生长季,3个群落下不同变化阶段样地的土壤呼吸速率均有明显的动态变化,均呈单峰型变化特征;草本植物盖度增加没有改变土壤呼吸的季节动态变化趋势。(2)草本植物盖度增加对土壤呼吸速率有显著影响,随着草本植物盖度的增加,土壤呼吸速率也逐渐增大。(3)不同植物群落下土壤呼吸不同,在草本植物盖度相同的条件下土壤呼吸速率依次为：牛皮杜鹃 小叶章群落>牛皮杜鹃 地榆群落>笃斯越桔 苔草群落。(4)不同群落草本植物盖度增加对土壤呼吸的增速效应不同,牛皮杜鹃 小叶章群落的土壤呼吸增速最快,笃斯越桔 苔草群落的次之,牛皮杜鹃 地榆群落最小;草本植物盖度的增加也使3个群落之间土壤呼吸的差值出现明显的变化。     

基于不同零模型的三江平原沼泽湿地主要物种小尺度点格局分析

在三江平原沼泽湿地,基于不同零模型的点格局方法,研究了常年积水环境条件下沼泽湿地主要优势种毛苔草、漂筏苔草、狭叶甜茅以及小叶章种群的空间分布格局特征。结果表明:在0—200cm尺度范围内4种物种基本都偏离完全随机模型,表现为聚集分布,但偏离的程度不同;除了数量最少的小叶章种群外,其他3种物种都在一定尺度上偏离了泊松聚块模型;毛苔草和狭叶甜茅种群在极小尺度上偏离嵌套双聚块模型,但不显著,而漂筏苔草种群在所有尺度上符合嵌套双聚块模型。种群的实测值偏离完全随机模型的程度越大,越有可能符合符合泊松聚块模型,偏离泊松聚块模型的程度越大,越有可能符合嵌套双聚块模型。4种物种在0—200cm尺度范围内形成的聚块是由营养繁殖引起的,多个分株系统组成大聚块,而每个分株系统形成一个小聚块,聚块的形成加剧了种内竞争,使得种群的聚集强度降低。     

不同密度樟子松人工林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

以科尔沁沙地不同密度(490、750、1550、1930、2560株·hm^-2)樟子松人工林(栽植于1980年)为研究对象,分析林分密度对土壤碳、氮、磷浓度及其计量比的影响,研究林分密度与土壤养分状况的关系。结果表明:随着樟子松林密度增加,各土层(0~10、10~20和20~40 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷浓度和C∶N呈先增加后降低趋势,而土壤有效磷浓度呈先降低后增加趋势。土壤有机碳浓度在490株·hm^-2密度小于其他密度,而有效磷浓度大于其他密度;土壤C∶P和N∶P在2560株·hm^-2密度显著大于其他密度。各密度樟子松林土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷浓度在0~10 cm土层显著大于10~20和20~40cm土层,樟子松人工林土壤养分具有表聚性。通过典范对应分析发现,密度对樟子松林土壤养分影响的主要因子是土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷,且密度为1550株·hm^-2时土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和碱解氮浓度较高,而C∶P和N∶P较低。因此,当樟子松人工林密度为1550株·hm^-2时,土壤养分浓度较高,林木生长较好,为最佳经营密度。     

Sources of uncertainty in assessment of marine phytoplankton communities

Characterisation of phytoplankton communities is important for classification of the ecological status of marine waters. In order to design a monitoring programme, it is important to know what degree of variation in the measurements occur at each level (water body, station and sample), so that resources can be spent in a way that maximise the precision of the measured parameters. Seven European water bodies were sampled to assess the variation in pigment concentrations and population densities attributed to water body, station and sample levels. It was found that the main proportion of the variation between pigment measurements was explained by the variation between stations (12–91% of variation) followed by the variation between water bodies (0–89% of variation). For measurements of population density, the main proportion of the variation between densities of cells recorded was explained by the variation between the taxonomists counting the samples (61%), whilst the main proportion of the variation between numbers of taxa recorded was explained by the variation between water bodies (83%). When the cell density of the nine dominant classes were analysed separately, the main proportion of variation was explained at the water body level for all but two class.     

平茬高度对四合木生长及生理特性的影响

为改善珍稀濒危植物四合木种群衰退现状,促进其更新复壮及可持续发展,对四合木老龄化植株进行了0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、15 cm（文中定义为A、B、C、D）四种平茬高度处理,以未平茬老龄植株为对照（CK）,跟踪测定各处理的生长指标和生理指标变化规律,结果表明：（1）平茬能够促进四合木老龄化植株更新复壮,平茬后第一生长季各处理组株高生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,处理B、C、D冠幅年生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,各处理组新生萌条数量大于CK、萌条基径和萌条枝长极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,其中处理B株高和冠幅生长量分别较对照组增加241.43 %和417.21 %,平均萌条数量为324枝分别大于处理A、C、D和CK的293枝、229枝、221枝159枝;（2）对照植株净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,四种平茬处理植株平茬后第一个生长季7月份净光合速率和蒸腾速率为单峰曲线,而平茬后第二个生长季7月份变为双峰曲线;（3）平茬后前两个生长季7月份净光合速率日均值排序均为：处理B>D>C>A>CK,其中,处理B日均值分别为CK的2.07倍和1.94倍;（4）平茬处理改善了四合木植株水分状况,提高了四合木抵御干旱胁迫的能力,处理组蒸腾速率和水势均高于对照组;（5）平茬处理提高了四合木水分利用效率,其中,处理B提高程度最为明显,前两个生长季的水分利用效率分别是CK的1.38倍和1.42倍;（6）在平茬后前两个生长季内,5 cm平茬较其他高度平茬在生长和生理特性均有明显优势,但随平茬年限的增加其状况如何尚需进一步研究。     

大型枝角类蚤状溞对小型热带湖泊浮游植物群落影响的研究

2006年4月10日至2006年4月22日,采用原位吊瓶实验的方法,在暨南大学校园明湖中进行了大型枝角类蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)对浮游植物种群变化和群落结构影响的实验。实验初期,明湖浮游植物群落的组成是以飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)和单角盘星藻(Pediastrum simplex)为优势种。在室内将蚤状溞培养至体长2mm以上,将蚤状溞加入到装满湖水的4.5L的透明瓶中,设置4个梯度:0ind(A,对照),10ind.(B),20ind(C)和30ind(D),每个梯度有3个平行,将实验瓶置于水表层50cm处。12d后实验结束,不同处理之间的浮游植物种群数量和组成有了明显的差异。与对照组相比,飞燕角甲藻和颗粒直链藻(Meclosira granulata)密度在实验组B、C和D中下降明显;小环藻(Cyclotella)和栅藻(Scenedesmus)等小型浮游植物在牧食压力比较大的C和D瓶中密度低于对照组,而在牧食压力相对较低的B瓶中,它们的密度高于对照组,这可能是由于蚤状溞加速了水体的营养盐循环反过来促进这些小型浮游植物的生长。处理组中绿藻门的盘星藻数量没有明显的下降,这与盘星藻不能被浮游动物直接滤食有关。实验结果表明蚤状溞对浮游植物的群落数量和组成的影响程度与其自身的种群密度密切相关,也与浮游植物群落结构有关。由于飞燕角甲藻是一种细胞较大的种类,蚤状溞对它的抑制作用主要是通过机械伤害作用实现的。     

Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on soil physicochemical property of the bare land and vegetation land in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The available burrow densities of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) regulate the soil physicochemical property in alpine meadow. A field survey was conducted to investigate the effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika on soil physicochemical property of bare land (bare patch produced by burrowing behavior of plateau pika) and vegetation land (land covered with vegetation). This study indicated that the increase in available burrow of plateau pika caused the soil water content at 0–10 cm layer of bare land and that at 10–20 cm of vegetation land to reduce, and caused the soil water content at 10– 20 cm layer of bare land and that at 0–10 cm layer of vegetation land to firstly increase and then decline. In the increasing process of available burrow of plateau pika, the soil silt content firstly increased and then decreased, and soil sand content firstly decreased and then increased. With the increase of available burrow of plateau pika, the soil porosity at 0–10 cm layer of bare land and that at 10–20 cm layer of vegetation land decreased, while the soil porosity at 10–20 cm layer of bare land and that at 0–10 cm of vegetation land firstly increased and then decreased. Soil pH value, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content firstly increased and then decreased, peaking at 14 available burrows per 625 m², while total soil potassium content did not respond to available burrow densities of plateau pika. This study suggested that the proper available burrows existing in the alpine meadow increased soil permeability, accelerated soil moisture to penetrate deeply, increased the proportion of soil silt, and improved the soil nutrient; however, this beneficial effect was strongly influenced by the available burrow density of plateau pika, implying that plateau pika did not benefit soil structure when its available burrow was over 34 number/625 m².     

长白山阔叶红松林不同深度土壤水分特征曲线

采用露点水势仪对长白山阔叶红松林不同深度（0～10 cm的壤土、20～30 cm的白浆土、50～60 cm的黄土）土壤水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明：不同土层土壤水分特征曲线整体趋势均表现为快速下降-缓慢下降-基本平稳;用Gardner等提出的幂函数方程可较好地反映该区土壤含水量与土壤水势之间的数量关系,拟合方程的相关系数在0.9239～0.9400;不同土层土壤的持水能力大小依次为黄土>壤土>白浆土,土壤含水量随土壤水势降低而减小的速度依次为壤土>白浆土>黄土.不同土层脱湿过程的土壤水分特征曲线位于吸湿过程之下,说明土壤水分存在滞后现象,且滞后时效依次为壤土>黄土>白浆土.     

Bimodal diel dissolved oxygen curves and thermal stratification in polder ditches

In a polder ditch with a water depth of 50 cm, oxygen and temperature were measured continuously during 24 hours at 10 cm above the bottom and 10 cm below the surface. Two examples are given in which the diel oxygen curve of the lower electrode was bimodal. The curve of the upper electrode was unimodal in both cases. The occurrence of the bimodal curve could be explained by the turnover of the stratified water column after the surface started to cool in the late afternoon.     

Ciliate communities in shallow groundwater: seasonal and spatial characteristics

1. Ciliated protozoans (Phylum Ciliophora) were collected from five sites in a shallow groundwater system in southern Ontario, Canada over a 13‐month period: one at the spring source, two along the channel banks, and two in the stream channel. Ciliates and environmental data were collected from surface water and at five depths into the sediment, located at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm. 2. Species richness was high (170 ciliate species belonging to 89 genera were identified) and variable, both spatially and temporally. Highest species richness (86) occurred between 20 and 60 cm, and typically decreased below 60 cm. 3. Ciliate densities were also seasonally and spatially variable. Densities peaked in March between 40 cm (as high as 69 900 cells L⁻¹) and 60 cm, and again in May and June at 80 and 100 cm. Densities were lowest in winter. The surface‐water ciliate community had a different species composition and lower population densities. 4. At all depths, small (<50 μm) bacterivorous ciliates typically dominated, but omnivorous and predatory species were also present (combined, up to 30% of the average density). 5. Several ciliate genera, traditionally considered planktonic, occurred at low densities from 40 cm down to 100 cm. 6. Ordination analysis indicated that the main factors influencing the shallow groundwater ciliate communities were depth and temperature. 7. Dissolved oxygen also appeared to influence these communities in that they typically comprised genera that preferred either low‐oxygen or anaerobic conditions.