中国大麦矮秆种质资源的基因分析——Ⅱ.矮秆基因的染色体定位

根据连锁遗传原理,利用全套染色体形态性状标记系,对２０份中国大麦矮秆种质资源的矮秆基因,进行了染色体定位。结果表明：１５份单基因矮秆中,有１份其矮秆基因与宽护颖基因Ｚ连锁,位于２（２Ｈ）染色体短臂上;１０份的矮秆基因与ｕｚ基因等位,由３（３Ｈ）长臂携带;４份的矮秆基因与钩芒基因Ｋ连锁,位于４（４Ｈ）长臂上。５份双基因矮秆中,有３份的矮秆基因分别位于２（２Ｈ）短臂和４（４Ｈ）长臂上;１份的矮秆基因各由其３（３Ｈ）和４（４Ｈ）长臂携带;其余１份的两对矮秆基因,１对与ｕｚ基因等位,由３（３Ｈ）长臂携带,另１对则与宽护颖基因ｗ连锁,位于２（２Ｈ）短臂之上。     

中国大麦矮秆种质资源的基因分析：Ⅰ.矮秆遗传和等位测验

了２４份中国大麦矮秆种质资源的株高遗传,在它们的矮秆基因之间且与已矮秆基因ｕｚ、ｓｄｗ、ｂｒ和ｅｎｓｏ进行遗传等位性测验。结果表明,这些矮秆种在多隐性单基因遗传,少数受隐性基因控制,只有１份携带１对隐性和１对不完全显性筹秆基因。     

大麦多节分枝多穗矮秆突变基因的染色体定位

采用全套染色体形态状标记系,对大麦多性状综合突变基因ｍｂｄ进行了染色体定位,结果表明,ｍｂｄ在大麦的１Ｈ染色上处于矮秆基因ｂｒ和裸粒基因ｎ之间,可能由１Ｈ的短臂携带,其中,与短臂上ｂｒ之间的遗传距离为２９．７ｃＭ,与长臂上ｎ的遗传距离是４２ｃＭ。     

水稻半矮秆基因sd－g的染色体定位研究

以标志基因系和ＩＲ３６三体为工具材料,通过杂交,研究了籼稻矮秆材料双矮所携半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ在染色体上的位置。结果表明：半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ与标志基因系Ｍ４所携隐性主基因ｇｈ－１和Ｍ２７所携隐性主基因ｎ１表现连锁。ｓｄ－ｇ与ｇｈ－１之间的交换值为２４．３３％±３．９６％,ｓｄ－ｇ与ｎ１之间的交换值为２９．４４％±４．８１％。由于ｇｈ－１和ｎ１均位于第５染色体,因而推定ｓｄ－ｇ位于第５染色体上。     

水稻半矮秆基因sd-t的染色体定位研究

以籼型标志基因系和ＩＲ３６三体为工具材料,通过杂交研究了籼稻矮秆材料矮泰引－２所携半矮秆基因Ｓｄ－ｔ在染色体上的位置。结果表明,半矮秆基因Ｓｄ－ｔ与标志基因系０１９所携紫果皮基因Ｐｒｐ－ｂ、标志基因系Ｂ３０所携无叶舌基因１ｇ、标志基因系０２７所携灰白壳基因Ｗｈ表现连锁,ｓｄ－ｔ与Ｐｒｐ－ｂ之间的交换值为２．８５％±０．５２％,ｓｄ－ｔ与ｌｇ之间的交换值为２７．９０％±３．８１％,ｓｄ－ｔ与Ｗｈ之间的交换值为３８．６２％±２．９９％。由于Ｐｒｐ－ｂ、ｌｇ、Ｗｈ基因均位于第４染色体上,因而推定ｓｄ－ｔ基因位于第４染色体上,其排列位置可能是Ｐｒｐ－ｂ－ｓｄ－ｔ－ｌｇ－Ｗｈ。     

两个大麦新矮秆基因的SSR标记

采用SSR技术对沪95-2639和91冬27携带的两个新的矮秆基因进行了分子标记.在大麦4H染色体的长臂上,发现SSR标记位点HVM67同时与这两个新的矮秆基因连锁,距91冬27的较近,约10.0cM,离沪95-2639的较远,为23.3cM.初步绘制出大麦4H染色体上矮秆基因与SSR标记位点的遗传连锁图谱.     

水稻光敏素基因(phyA)和-1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶小亚基基因(rbcS)的染色体定位

以生物素标记的水稻单拷贝光敏素基因（ｐｈｙＡ） 和１ ,５二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／ 加氧酶小亚基基因（ｒｂｃＳ） 的基因组克隆为探针,其大小分别为６ ．６ 和１ ．１ ｋｂ ,通过原位杂交技术将它们分别定位到水稻染色体上。ｐｈｙＡ 和ｒｂｃＳ基因的检出率分别为２９ ．７９ ％ 和２１ ．５６ ％ 。ｐｈｙＡ在第３ 染色体上有３ 个座位：长臂近着丝粒、短臂末端、长臂中部。ｒｂｃＳ分别定位于第７ 染色体长臂近着丝粒（８ ．６２ ％ ） 、第５ 染色体长臂末端、第６ 染色体长臂距着丝粒近２／３ 处。此外,对信号转导相关基因定位的意义,水稻染色体的准确识别、功能基因在染色体上的分布及位置意义等也进行了讨论。     

水稻长穗颈高秆隐性基因eui2的遗传及其微卫星分析

从水稻（Oryza sativa L.)协青早Ｂ的辐射Ｍ２群体中获得以最上节间伸长特征的长穗颈高秆突变系协青早eB-1和协青早eB-2,与原品系协青早Ｂ的秆性状相比,协青早eB-2的第一节间长占总秆长的６５．３％,其第一节间的增长量占秆长总增长量的９０．２％;协青早eB-1的第一节间长占总秆长的５４．８％,其第一节间的增长量占秆长总增长量的５３．３％,遗传分析表明：协青早eB-2中的长穗颈高秆性状各由一对隐性基因控制,二之间互不等位。与已报道的eui基因的等位性测验表明：协青早eB-２的eui基因与其不等位,为新的长穗颈高秆隐性基因,命名为eui2,协青早eB-１的eui基因则与其等位。微卫生分析表明：eui2基因与第１０第染色体的ＲＭ２５８、ＲＭ２６９、ＲＭ２７１和ＲＭ３０４连锁,其遗传距离分别为１２．０cM、１２．９cM、３５．１cM、１．４cM。由此推断,eui2基因位于第１０染色体长臂的中部。     

利用AFLP遗传连锁图定位大麦苗期对叶锈病的部分抗性基因

借助大麦染色体ＡＦＬＰ标记遗传连锁图和ＭａｐＱＴＬＶ３．０作图软件,对大麦叶病的数量抗性基因进行了定位分析,明确了大麦部分抗性品种Ｖａｄａ对叶锈病的潜育期由分别位于染色体１、２、６、７上离短臂末端７９ｃＭ、１８６ｃＭ、５８ｃＭ和１１７ｃＭ处的４个数量抗性基因所控制。     

Rht3基因及带有Rht3基因的4B染色体对普通小麦光合碳同化特性的影响

本文系统地研究了带有Ｒｈｔ３基因的４Ｂ染色体二体（宁矮１号）、单体（宁矮１号Ｍ４Ｂ）、缺体（宁矮１号Ｎ４Ｂ）材料的光合特性,发现带有Ｒｈｔ３基因的４Ｂ染色体对光合速率、叶绿素含量、ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶含量及活性、叶片导度均有正效应,并有累加作用,而且对叶绿素含量缓降期和光合速率高值持续期也有正效应,因此带有Ｒｈｔ３基因的４Ｂ染色体具有促进光合作用的效应。对具有不同Ｒｈｔ３基因剂量的矮秆系（宁矮１号,即苏麦３号的Ｒｈｔ３矮秆等基因系）、半矮秆系（ＭＤ苏麦３号）及其苏麦３号的光合碳同化特性的研究,发现Ｒｈｔ３基因对光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶片导度具有正效应,但对于ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶含量和活性、叶绿素含量缓降期、光合速率高值持续期有负效应。     

Towards Positional Isolation of Three Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Two Spanish Barley Landraces

Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring broad spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, were previously identified on chromosomes 7HS, 7HL and 6HL in the Spanish barley landrace-derived lines SBCC097 and SBCC145. In the present work, a genome-wide putative linear gene index of barley (Genome Zipper) and the first draft of the physical, genetic and functional sequence of the barley genome were used to go one step further in the shortening and explicit demarcation on the barley genome of these regions conferring resistance to powdery mildew as well as in the identification of candidate genes. First, a comparative analysis of the target regions to the barley Genome Zippers of chromosomes 7H and 6H allowed the development of 25 new gene-based molecular markers, which slightly better delimit the QTL intervals. These new markers provided the framework for anchoring of genetic and physical maps, figuring out the outline of the barley genome at the target regions in SBCC097 and SBCC145. The outermost flanking markers of QTLs on 7HS, 7HL and 6HL defined a physical area of 4 Mb, 3.7 Mb and 3.2 Mb, respectively. In total, 21, 10 and 16 genes on 7HS, 7HL and 6HL, respectively, could be interpreted as potential candidates to explain the resistance to powdery mildew, as they encode proteins of related functions with respect to the known pathogen defense-related processes. The majority of these were annotated as belonging to the NBS-LRR class or protein kinase family.     

Genetic characterization of a reciprocal translocation present in a widely grown barley variety

Artificially induced translocation stocks have been used to physically map the barley genome; however, natural translocations are extremely uncommon in cultivated genotypes. Albacete is a barley variety widely grown in recent decades in Spain and carrying a reciprocal translocation which obviously does not affect its agronomical fitness. This translocation has been characterized by a combination of cytological and molecular genetic approaches. Firstly, recombination frequencies between markers on chromosomes 1H and 3H were estimated to determine the boundaries of the reciprocal interchange. Secondly, 1H-3H wheat barley telosome addition lines were used to assign selected markers to chromosome arms. Thirdly, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes (5S and 18S-5.8S-26S) and microsatellite probes [(ACT)(5), (AAG)(5) and (CAG)(5)] was used to determine the locations of the translocation breakpoints more precisely. Fourthly, fine-mapping of the regions around the translocation breakpoints was used to increase the marker density for comparative genomics. The results obtained in this study indicate that the translocation is quite large with breakpoints located on the long arms of chromosomes 1H and 3H, between the pericentromeric (AAG)(5) bands and above the (ACT)(5) interstitial distal bands, resulting in the reciprocal translocation 1HS.1HL-3HL and 3HS.3HL-1HL. The gene content around the translocation breakpoints could be inferred from syntenic relationships observed among different species from the grass family Poaceae (rice, Sorghum and Brachypodium) and was estimated at approximately 1,100 and 710 gene models for 1H and 3H, respectively. Duplicated segments between chromosomes Os01 and Os05 in rice derived from ancestral duplications within the grass family overlap with the translocation breakpoints on chromosomes 1H and 3H in the barley variety Albacete.     

Molecular Characterization of Barley 3H Semi-Dwarf Genes

The barley chromosome 3H accommodates many semi-dwarfing genes. To characterize these genes, the two-rowed semi-dwarf Chinese barley landrace ‘TX9425’ was crossed with the Australian barley variety ‘Franklin’ to generate a doubled haploid (DH) population, and major QTLs controlling plant height have been identified in our previous study. The major QTL derived from ‘TX9425’ was targeted to investigate the allelism of the semi-dwarf gene uzu in barley. Twelve sets of near-isogenic lines and a large NILF₂ fine mapping population segregating only for the dwarfing gene from ‘TX9425’ were developed. The semi-dwarfing gene in ‘TX9425’ was located within a 2.8 cM region close to the centromere on chromosome 3H by fine mapping. Molecular cloning and sequence analyses showed that the ‘TX9425’-derived allele contained a single nucleotide substitution from A to G at position 2612 of the HvBRI1 gene. This was apparently the same mutation as that reported in six-rowed uzu barley. Markers co-segregating with the QTL were developed from the sequence of the HvBRI1 gene and were validated in the ‘TX9425’/‘Franklin’ DH population. The other major dwarfing QTL derived from the Franklin variety was distally located on chromosome 3HL and co-segregated with the sdw1 diagnostic marker hv20ox2. A third dwarfing gene, expressed only in winter-sown trials, was identified and located on chromosome 3HS. The effects and interactions of these dwarfing genes under different growing conditions are discussed. These results improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling semi-dwarf stature in barley and provide diagnostic markers for the selection of semi-dwarfness in barley breeding programs.     

Phenotype/genotype associations for yield and salt tolerance in a barley mapping population segregating for two dwarfing genes

Barley traits related to salt tolerance are mapped in a population segregating for a dwarfing gene associated with salt tolerance. Twelve quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for seven seedling traits in doubled haploids from the spring barley cross Derkado x B83-12/21/5 when given saline treatment in hydroponics. The location of QTLs for seedling growth stage (leaf appearance rate), stem weight prior to elongation, and tiller number are reported for the first time. In addition, four QTLs were found for the mature plant traits grain nitrogen and plot yield. In total, seven QTLs are co-located with the dwarfing genes sdw1, on chromosome 3H, and ari-e.GP, on chromosome 5H, including seedling leaf response (SGa) to gibberellic acid (GA(3)). QTLs controlling the growth of leaves (GS2) on chromosomes 2H and 3H and emergence of tillers (TN2) and grain yield were independent of the dwarfing genes. Field trials were grown in eastern Scotland and England to estimate yield and grain composition. A genetic map was used to compare the positions of QTLs for seedling traits with the location of QTLs for the mature plant traits. The results are discussed in relation to the study of barley physiology and the location of genes for dwarf habit and responses to GA.     

Genes controlling hydroxylations of phytosiderophores are located on different chromosomes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Phytosiderophores, mugineic acids, have been demonstrated to be involved in Fe acquisition in gramineous plants. In this study, chromosomal arm locations of genes encoding for biosynthesis of various phytosiderophores were identified in a cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes). Using wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring)-barley (cv. Betzes) ditelosomic addition lines for 4HS and 4HL, a gene for hydroxylation of 2′-deoxymugineic acid to mugineic acid was localized to the long arm of barley chromosome 4H. To locate the gene for hydroxylation of mugineic acid to 3-epihydroxymugineic acid, hybrids between the 4H addition line and other wheat-barley addition lines were studied. Only a hybrid between 4H and 7H addition lines produced 3-epihydroxymugineic acid. The gene was further localized to the long arm of chromosome 7H by feeding mugineic acid to ditelosomic addition lines for 7HS and 7HL. A new phytosiderophore was discovered in both 7H and 7HL addition lines, which was identified to be 3-epihydroxy-2′-deoxymugineic acid by detailed nuclear magnetic resonance studies. These results revealed that in barley there are two pathways from 2′-deoxymugineic acid to 3-epihydroxymugineic acid: 2′-deoxymugineic acid → mugineic acid → 3-epihydroxymugineic acid and 2′-deoxymugineic acid → 3-epihydroxy-2′-deoxymugineic acid → 3-epihydroxymugineic acid. Barley genes encoding for the hydroxylations of phytosiderophores are located in different chromosomes and each gene hydroxylates different C-positions: the long arm of chromosome 4H carries the gene for hydroxylating the C-2′ position and the long arm of chromosome 7H carries the gene for hydroxylating the C-3 position of the azetidine ring. Received: 10 August 1998 / Accepted: 30 September 1998     

RFLP mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit in rye

Summary RFLP mapping of chromosome 5R in the F₃ generation of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cross segregating for gibberellic acid (GA₃)-insensitive dwarfness (Ct2/ct2) and spring growth habit (Sp1/sp1) identified RFLP loci close to each of these agronomically important genes. The level of RFLP in the segregating population was high, and thus allowed more than half of the RFLP loci to be mapped, despite partial homozygosity in the parental F₂ plant. Eight further loci were mapped in an unrelated F₂ rye population, and a further two were placed by inference from equivalent genetic maps of related wheat chromosomes, allowing a consensus map of rye chromosome 5R, consisting of 29 points and spanning 129 cM, to be constructed. The location of the ct2 dwarfing gene was shown to be separated from the segment of the primitive 4RL translocated to 5RL, and thus the gene is probably genetically unrelated to the major GA-insensitive Rht genes of wheat located on chromosome arms 4BS and 4DS. The map position of Sp1 is consistent both with those of wheat Vrn1 and Vrn3, present on chromosome arms 5AL and 5DL, respectively, and with barley Sh2 which is distally located on chromosome arm 7L (= 5HL).