赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythralus）春季生境特征初步分析

2009年2月至5月,在广西龙江河畔对赤腹松鼠（C.erythralus）的春季生境特征进行了分析.野外共测量了57个10m×10m样方中的13个生态因子,并运用频次分析和主成分分析的方法,对赤腹松鼠的春季生境选择因子进行了分析.结果表明,赤腹松鼠春季生境的主要特征为：郁闭度良好,水源距离＜30m,坡度20～40°,避风性良好,坡向以东坡和南坡为主,坡位中坡位或上坡位,食物因子良好,人为干扰距离＜10m,海拔50～100m,乔木密度＜50株,乔木距离低于4m,灌木密度低于200株,灌木距离＜2m.影响赤腹松鼠春季生境选择的主要因子为郁闭度、避风性、坡度、坡位和灌木距离;次要因子为海拔、人为干扰距离、乔木距离、水源距离、乔木密度、灌木密度、食物丰富度、坡向.     

四川洪雅县赤腹松鼠巢址选择研究

赤腹松鼠Callosciueus erythraeus在四川省洪雅县已经成为第一大森林害鼠.为了揭示赤腹松鼠巢址选择特征并为控制该物种的危害服务,2008年3～8月采取样线法对洪雅县赤腹松鼠的巢址选择状况进行了调查.共发现81棵巢树,对其巢位参数的统计显示,赤腹松鼠可在11种阔叶树和3种针叶树上营巢,对柏木Cpuressus funebris和楠木Phoebe zhennan有明显选择性,分别为营巢树数量的34.6%和33.3%.营巢树平均高度为18.6 m±0.6 m,巢距地面平均高度为16.2 m±0.5 m,巢位置一般靠近树的顶端,多朝东、南和东南方向,76.5%的巢位于树干与树枝的交界处.对无重复取样的巢址样方(n=65)和对照样方(n=65)中15个生境因子的对比分析表明,赤腹松鼠倾向在乔木平均高度较高、林下灌木盖度相对较高、坡度较大的生境中营巢.     

大兴安岭原麝冬季的生境选择

2005年3～4月和2006年3月,在黑龙江省大兴安岭呼中自然保护区,采用机械布点法随机设置样线,对原麝(Moschus moschiferus)冬季生境选择进行了研究。对海拔、乔木密度、雪深、隐蔽度、食物丰富度、坡度和倒木数量进行2个独立样本的Mann-Whitey U检验,找出生境利用样方与任意样方的生态因子的差异。U检验的结果表明,原麝冬季喜欢活动在相对海拔高、乔木密度小、雪层浅、隐蔽度高、坡度陡且喜食食物丰富的区域;对植被类型、坡位、坡向、距水源距离、距人为干扰距离、动物干扰和碎石坡7个名词性变量采用卡方(Chi-square)统计进行显著性检验,卡方检验的结果表明:原麝冬季偏好远离人为干扰、接近碎石坡、阳坡和其他动物干扰较少的针阔混交林中;对以上14个生态因子进行主成分分析,结果表明,前6个特征值的累计贡献率达到72·318%,可以较好地反映原麝生境特征,根据主成分分析结果,将原麝冬季生境选择影响因子分别命名为空间因子(海拔、坡度、距碎石坡距离)、干扰因子(距人为干扰距离、距水源距离)、坡向因子(坡向、乔木密度)、坡位因子(坡位、动物干扰)、食物因子(食物丰富度、隐蔽度)和倒木因子(倒木数量)。     

秦岭周至自然保护区斑羚夏冬季生境选择利用

2014年2月、2014年12月—2015年1月和2015年6—7月,在陕西省周至自然保护区,采用样带法对斑羚冬季和夏季生境选择进行研究。结果表明,斑羚夏季对14种生境因子有选择性,而在冬季斑羚对16种生境因子有选择性。夏冬季斑羚对植被类型、坡位、海拔、坡度、郁闭度、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木距离、灌木盖度、草本盖度、草本种类、距隐蔽物距离和距人为干扰距离的选择存在显著差异。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,坡向、坡位、乔木大小、乔木距离、灌木大小、隐蔽级、距隐蔽物距离、距人为干扰距离是斑羚夏季生境选择的主导因子。坡向、坡位、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木大小、灌木距离、草本种类、隐蔽级、距水源距离是斑羚冬季生境选择的主导因子。     

贺兰山同域分布岩羊和马鹿发情季节的生境选择差异

2007年和2008年9—12月,在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区和内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对同域分布的岩羊和马鹿发情季节生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,分别测定了岩羊和马鹿的177个和154个样方的18种生态因子。结果表明,发情季节岩羊和马鹿在植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、坡向、坡位、灌木密度、灌木高度、植被盖度、坡度、海拔高度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离、距裸岩距离和隐蔽级等生态因子选择上存在极显著差异(P0.01),乔木高度存在显著差异(P0.05),而其余生态因子无显著差异(P0.05),相对于马鹿选择的生境而言,岩羊发情季节更偏爱选择地势陡峭的山地疏林草原带,优势乔木以较高的灰榆为主,灌木密度低但高度较高,植被盖度较低,坡度较大的阳坡中上部,海拔较低,接近水源和裸岩,隐蔽程度低的生境。典则系数显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择几乎完全分离,Wilk’sλ值也显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择具有很高的差异性(Wilk’sλ=0.123,χ2=679.172,df=10,P0.001)。发情季节岩羊和马鹿的Fisher线性判别函数分别为:F岩羊=3.638×乔木高度+0.242×乔木距离+7.766×灌木高度+0.663×灌木距离+0.232×植被盖度+0.191×坡度+0.001×距水源距离+0.008×距裸岩距离+0.307×隐蔽级-31.078;F马鹿=4.850×乔木高度+0.321×乔木距离+12.024×灌木高度+0.929×灌木距离+0.192×植被盖度+0.482×坡度+0.002×距水源距离-0.001×人为干扰距离-0.003×距裸岩距离+0.511×隐蔽级-50.787。逐步判别分析表明在区分发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境方面有一系列生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为坡度、人为干扰距离、隐蔽级、距裸岩距离、乔木高度、乔木距离、距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木距离和植被盖度,由这10个变量构成的方程对发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境的正确区分率达到99.7%。     

四川唐家河自然保护区黑腹绒鼠对夏季生境的选择

为揭示影响黑腹绒鼠夏季空间分布的生态因素,采用样线法和样方取样法,于2009年6～8月在四川省唐家河国家级自然保护区对该物种夏季生境选择进行了研究.野外工作期间,共调查生境样方和对照样方各58个.在21个生境变量中,海拔、坡度、坡向等16个变量在生境样方和对照样方间存在显著差异,表明该地黑腹绒鼠对夏季生境的利用具有明显的选择性.该地黑腹绒鼠夏季频繁出现的生境为:坡向朝南,偏好选择处于较早植被演替阶段,海拔较低,乔木和竹子较矮,离水源较近,乔木层郁闭度、乔木胸径、竹子盖度、竹子密度和落叶层盖度较小,而草本层较高,草本盖度、密度及灌木密度均较大.Logistic回归分析表明坡向和草本盖度是影响该地黑腹绒鼠夏季生境选择的主要生态因子,可能反映了来自食物丰富度和捕食两方面的选择压力决定着该物种空间分布.在此基础上构建了黑腹绒鼠夏季生境资源选择函数logit(P)=8.027+2.792×草本盖度+0.325×坡向,其对生境的选择概率为P=elogit(P)/(1+elogit(P)),可用于预测夏季黑腹绒鼠在该保护区内的空间分布.     

天山中部地区盘羊冬季采食地和卧息地的生境分离

采用样线法及直接观察法研究天山中部古仁郭楞地区盘羊天山亚种(Ovis ammon karelini)冬季采食地和卧息地的生境分离。2009年12月—2010年1月累计调查5条沟系的12条样线,测量盘羊采食地和卧息地样方分别为120个和114个。记录了样方所在地的海拔、植物种数、植被盖度、植被高度及距道路距离等13项生态因子。结果表明,天山盘羊冬季采食地与卧息地在植被高度、植被盖度、隐蔽级等生态因子差异不显著(P0.05);在海拔、坡度、坡位、距道路距离、距居民点距离、植物种数和雪深等生态因子差异极显著(P0.01),雪盖、坡向和地貌类型生态因子差异显著(P0.05)。逐步判别分析表明,由5个生态因子变量构成的方程能够区分盘羊冬季采食地与卧息地生境,正确率达到95.1%,按照其贡献值的大小排序依次为:雪深、距道路距离、海拔、坡度和植被高度。研究结果支持盘羊冬季采食地和卧息地之间存在明显的生境分离。     

广西黑颈长尾雉对夜宿地的选择

2003年12月、2004年5月和12月、2005年4月,通过野外调查及设置样方的方法对广西金钟山鸟类保护区黑颈长尾雉的夜宿地选择进行了研究。共记录到12个夜宿地,以夜宿树为中心做一个10m×10m和5个1m×1m的样方,记录夜宿树特征(种类、胸径、栖枝高度、栖枝直径、栖枝上方盖度),测量每个样方的11个生境因子(海拔、林型、坡向、坡度、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、距水源距离、距林缘距离、距道路距离和乔木密度);并随机设10个对照点,测量相同的生境因子。结果表明,黑颈长尾雉夜宿地主要位于阔叶林中,一般,夜间在乔木上休息,一树栖息一只,也有2—3只同宿一树。黑颈长尾雉选择有一定坡度、林下灌木和草本较少以及在森林内部远离林缘并且乔木密度较大的地方作为夜宿地,其夜栖树主要为生境内的中等大小的阔叶树,栖枝直径约为2·5—4cm,栖处高度为2—5m,黑颈长尾雉夜宿地的选择与距水源距离的远近无关。影响黑颈长尾雉夜宿地选择的因素依次为:位置及林下植被、栖枝、天气。影响黑颈长尾雉夜宿地选择的最终原因可能是安全、舒适和栖息地转换的方便程度。     

广西黑颈长尾雉对夜宿地的选择

2003年12月、2004年5月和12月、2005年4月，通过野外调查及设置样方的方法对广西金钟山鸟类保护区黑颈长尾雉的夜宿地选择进行了研究。共记录到12个夜宿地，以夜宿树为中心做一个10 m×10 m和5个1 m×1 m的样方,记录夜宿树特征(种类、胸径、栖枝高度、栖枝直径、栖枝上方盖度)，测量每个样方的11个生境因子(海拔、林型、坡向、坡度、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、距水源距离、距林缘距离、距道路距离和乔木密度)；并随机设10个对照点，测量相同的生境因子。结果表明，黑颈长尾雉夜宿地主要位于阔叶林中，一般，夜间在乔木上休息，一树栖息一只，也有2—3只同宿一树。黑颈长尾雉选择有一定坡度、林下灌木和草本较少以及在森林内部远离林缘并且乔木密度较大的地方作为夜宿地，其夜栖树主要为生境内的中等大小的阔叶树，栖枝直径约为2.5—4 cm，栖处高度为2—5 m，黑颈长尾雉夜宿地的选择与距水源距离的远近无关。影响黑颈长尾雉夜宿地选择的因素依次为：位置及林下植被、栖枝、天气。影响黑颈长尾雉夜宿地选择的最终原因可能是安全、舒适和栖息地转换的方便程度。     

基于红外相机数据的贵州高原山地环境野猪生境选择研究

近年来野猪(Sus scrofa)在我国南方山地森林生态系统中种群数量激增、生态影响强烈,是人兽冲突的典型代表,然而对其生境选择规律仍缺乏深入研究。利用2015年7月至2020年1月的长时红外相机监测数据,对贵州高原几处环境中野猪的生境选择进行了研究,共得到野猪利用样方201个,非利用样方121个。(1)Vanderploeg和Scavia选择指数分析表明,野猪喜爱活动于坡度≤20°、乔木郁闭度>0.8和草本盖度为0.2—0.4的生境类型;不喜爱的生境类型为海拔>1600 m,坡度>25°,草本盖度<0.1,距道路距离≤100 m。(2)野猪生境资源选择函数为Logit(P)=3.226-海拔×0.002-坡度×0.161+乔木郁闭度×2.078+灌木平均高×0.401+草本盖度×3.566+距道路距离×0.001+距居民点距离×0.0003,选择概率为P=e⁽logit(p))/(1+e⁽logit(p))),受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估模型的预测精度为87.8%,能够较好预测野猪的生境选择。(3)利用Mann-...     

The effects of disturbance on forest structure and diversity at different altitudes in Garhwal Himalaya

The effects of disturbance on forest structure and diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions of Garhwal Himalaya were assessed. Each region was further categorized into undisturbed (UD), mildly disturbed (MD), and highly disturbed (HD) sites on the basis of magnitude of disturbance in these forests. On UD sites of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions, Quercus leucotrichophora, Anogeissus latifolia and Holoptelea integrifolia were the dominant tree species respectively. The highest values of tree density (1028 ind*hm-2) and total basal cover at breast height (31.70 m2 *hm-2) were recorded for UD site of temperate region, whereas maximum species diversity (3.128) and equitability (14.09) values were observed for HD site of tropical region. The structure and composition of the forests were greatly affected by the degree of disturbance.     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains,China during winter (from November to December)and spring (from April to June)from 2003 to 2004.We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep.Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests,a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens,with medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2),moderate tree height (4-6 m),higher shrub density (＞5 individuals/100 m2),higher shrub (＞1.3 m),higher food abundance (＞50 g),moderate distance to human disturbance (＜500 m),and mild distance to bare rock (＜2 m).Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter.Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter,blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2)during spring.Nevertheless,blue sheep preferred medium tree height (＜6 m),moderate tree density (5-10 individuals/100 m2),medium shrub height (1.3-1.7 m),higher food abundance (＞100 g),moderate altitude (＜2 000 m),moderate distance to water resource (＜500 m),and medium hiding cover (50%-75%)during spring.Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type,landform feature,dominant tree,tree height,shrub density,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,slope direction,slope degree,distance to water resource,and hiding cover between winter and spring.Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493%of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter,with higher loadings for vegetation type,dominant tree,tree height,distance to the nearest tree,shrub density,shrub height,altitude,distance to water resource,and distance to human disturbance.In spring,the first principal components explained 28.777%of the variance,with higher loadings for vegetation type,distance to the nearest tree,shrub height,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,altitude,and distance to human disturbance.     

伏牛山北坡野猪(Sus scrofa)泥浴场的生境特征

2005年6月至8月,在伏牛山北坡对野猪的泥浴场特征进行了研究.野外设置了42个20×20m2样方和14个生态因子,以此为基准运用聚类分析和主成分分析的方法,对野猪泥浴场进行了分析,结果表明,野猪泥浴场的生境特征为:(1)安全舒适因子:无倒木、无树桩、隐蔽距离30m以下、黄泥土质、郁闭度80%以上;(2)植被地形因子:乔木距离适中、灌木距离小于1m、坡度小于30°;(3)植被类型因子:高度倾向阔叶林;(4)干扰因子:人为干扰距离大于500 m;(5)海拔因子:海拔高度大于1000 m.在水源距离和坡位两项上没有明显的偏向.     

Phylogenetic clustering increases with succession for lianas in a Chinese tropical montane rain forest

Previous research found that phylogenetic clustering increased with disturbance for tropical trees, suggesting that community assembly is mainly influenced by abiotic factors during early succession. Lianas are an important additional component of tropical forests, but their phylogenetic community structure has never been investigated. Unlike tropical trees, liana abundance is often high in disturbed forests and diversity can peak in old secondary forest. Therefore, phylogenetic structure along a disturbance gradient might also differ from tropical tree communities. Here we determined phylogenetic community structure of lianas along a disturbance gradient in a tropical montane forest in China, using the net relatedness index (NRI) from 100 equivalent phylogenies with varying branch length that were constructed using DNA‐barcode sequences. Three additional phylogenetic indices were also considered for comparison. When NRI was used as index phylogenetic clustering of liana communities decreased with decreasing tree basal area, suggesting that liana competitive interactions dominate during early succession, which is in contrast to the pattern reported for trees. Liana communities in mature forests, on the other hand, were phylogenetic clustered, which could be caused by dispersal limitation and/or environmental filtering. The three additional phylogenetic indices identified different, sometimes contradicting predictors of phylogenetic community structure, indicating that caution is needed when generalizing interpretations of studies based on a single phylogenetic community structure index. Our study provides a more nuanced picture of non‐random assembly along disturbance gradients by focusing on a non‐tree forest component.     

伏牛山北坡猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)夏季巢穴特征

2005年7月和8月在伏牛山北坡调查猪獾巢穴共43个,对巢穴的海拔、植被类型、坡度、坡向、坡位、巢穴隐蔽程度、水源距离、干扰距离、郁闭度、洞口隐蔽程度、洞口数量、巢穴类型、乔木距离、灌木距离、灌木密度、倒木等16个指标进行评估.分析结果表明,伏牛山北坡猪獾夏季巢穴的选择特征是:(1)隐蔽因子,选择在巢穴和洞口的隐蔽程度、郁闭度均较高的阔叶林中;灌木密度高,乔木距离为75～150 cm.(2)地理因子,选择在海拔为900 ～1200 m的阳坡或半阳坡上,以1个洞口的石洞为主.(3)干扰因子,没有倒木,距离人类活动村落地点较近.(4)水源因子,水源距离在100 m以内.     

Tree Species Composition and Diversity at Different Levels of Disturbance in Popa Mountain Park,Myanmar

Tropical forests are highly threatened by human activities, even within the protected areas that have been established to conserve biodiversity. Human activities may have different degrees of impact on vegetation structure, composition and diversity. Some studies have measured direct evidence of human activities in forming disturbance gradients, while others have quantified canopy cover as a proxy for disturbance. When measurement is confined to human activities, disturbance may be underestimated in areas of poor canopy cover where forest degrading activities have ceased. Where measurements are restricted to canopy cover, disturbance may be underestimated in areas of extensive canopy cover that may have been subject to past disturbances, and overestimated for areas where canopy cover is naturally sparse. Combining indicators of past and present disturbances is therefore necessary to examine the full spectrum of human disturbances. Forest vegetation in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar was surveyed and classified into three levels of disturbance—undisturbed, medium disturbed and highly disturbed—derived from evidence of cutting and canopy cover. The forests are second or third growth after clearing for agriculture in the early 20th century. All trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height in 168 sample plots (10 m × 10 m) were identified and measured. Density, basal area and diversity decreased and dominance rose when disturbance increased. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) clearly discriminated three forest stands and CCA axes were significantly correlated to soil moisture, soil nitrogen, elevation, slope, aspect, distance from park boundary and distance from villages. Abstract in Myanmar is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Environment and landscape rather than planting design are the drivers of success in long‐term restoration of riparian Atlantic forest

Question

Identifying the factors that lead to the success of restoration projects has been a major challenge in ecological restoration. Here we ask which factors, aside from time since restoration began, drive the recovery of tree biomass, density and richness of the understorey in riparian forests undergoing restoration.

Location

Semideciduous Atlantic Forest with tropical climate and deep, fertile soils, southeast Brazil.

Methods

We sampled tree basal area (DBH ≥ 5 cm), density and richness of the understorey (DBH < 5 cm) in 26 riparian forests undergoing restoration (a chronosequence spanning 4–53 years). We assessed the following variables as possible factors, besides time, influencing community attributes: (1) planting design: density and richness of seedlings planted; (2) landscape features: proximity index measuring forest cover within a 1.5‐km radius, distance and size of the nearest forest remnant; and (3) environmental factors: invasive grasses, soil fertility, drought, average annual precipitation and proportion of fine particles in the soil. We performed correlation analyses including predictor and response variables, followed by stepwise backward regression (AIC), multiple and simple linear regressions, to investigate the relationships between those factors and the community attributes.

Results

Tree basal area was primarily influenced by the proportion of small particles in the soil (+) and secondarily by rainfall (?). Understorey richness was influenced by the combination of size (+) and distance (?) of the nearest patch, rainfall (?) and soil fertility (+). Understorey density was primarily influenced by the size of the nearest forest remnant (+) and secondarily by invasive grasses (?). No influence of density or richness of the seedlings planted was observed.

Conclusion

Environmental factors and landscape configuration drive the recovery of tree biomass, density and richness in communities undergoing restoration. The most relevant ecological filters influencing restoration success are availability of soil water and nutrients and the distance and size of the nearest remnant of native vegetation. The expected influence of richness and density of seedlings planted, considered for many years as important drivers of forest restoration success, was not confirmed in this study.     

哈尔滨市区灰喜鹊巢址选择研究

2010年6月至9月在哈尔滨市园林科学研究所实验基地采用样方法对灰喜鹊的巢址选择特征进行研究,并且利用主成分分析法对灰喜鹊巢址样方生境因子进行检验.结果表明,灰喜鹊主要选择针叶树筑巢;在同一生境中巢间距变化小,呈均匀分布;灰喜鹊巢址选择的主要因子包括营巢树高、距最近巢距离、样方内树均高、巢树胸径、距干扰源距离、距最近树距离.这说明灰喜鹊在巢址选择过程中选择巢树和其周围的小生境.     

贺兰山岩羊冬春季取食生境的比较

2003年11～12月和2004年4～6月,在贺兰山设定了25条固定样线,采用直接观察法对岩羊冬春季的取食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,岩羊冬季对12种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择位于山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度4～6m,灌木密度〉5株、高度〉1．3m,食物质量〉50g,人为干扰距离〈500m,距裸岩距离〈2m的地方取食。而春季对11种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度〈6m,灌木密度5～10株、高度1．3～1．7m,食物质量〉100g,海拔高度〈2000m,距水源距离〈500m,隐蔽级50％～75％的地点。冬春季岩羊对植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、乔木密度、乔木高度、灌木密度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级的选择存在显著差异。主成分分析表明,冬季第1主成分的贡献率达24．493％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、优势乔木、乔木高度、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木高度、海拔高度、距水源距离和人为干扰距离等生态因子：春季第1主成分的贡献率达28．777％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、乔木距离、灌木高度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、海拔高度和人为干扰距离等生态因子。随着北方地区冬春季食物数量和质量的剧烈变化,贺兰山岩羊对取食生境的利用对策也将发生一定程度的改变,与其他分布区的岩羊相比,贺兰山独特的地理位置和特殊生境使其在取食生境选择上存在很大差异。