山地次生林长耳鴞对喜鹊巢址的利用

1996年至 1 998年夏季 ,在左家自然保护区对长耳 ( Aiso otus)的巢位及巢树进行了系统观察和初步研究。结果表明 :喜鹊 ( Pica pica)巢址是长耳选择巢位的重要资源 ,占发现总巢数的 83%。在长耳所利用的 2 0棵喜鹊巢树中 ,蒙古栎 ( Quercusmongolica)所占的比例最大。喜鹊巢树的树种、胸径、及其附近的灌木数量等生态因子是该巢址能否被长耳所利用的重要生态指标。被长耳所利用的喜鹊巢址距农田的距离与那些未被利用的巢址差异显著。     

山地次生林长耳Hao对喜鹊巢址的利用

1996年至1998年夏季,在左家自然保护区对长耳Hao(Aiso otus)的巢位及巢树进行了系统观察和初步研究。结果表明：喜鹊（Pica pica)巢址是长耳Hao选择巢位的重要资源,占发展总巢数的83%。在长耳Hao所利用的20棵喜鹊巢树中,蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica)所占的比例最大,喜鹊巢树的树种,胸径、及其附近的灌木数量等生态因子是该巢址能否被长耳Hao所利用的重要生态指标。被长耳Hao所利用的喜鹊巢址距农田的距离与那些未被利用的巢址差异显著。     

扎龙保护区人工林内中华攀雀巢址特征分析

作者2011年9 ～ 10月在黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区对人工林内中华攀雀(Remiz consobrinus)的巢址特征进行了研究.研究期间共发现36巢,选取巢距地面距离、巢距主干距离、巢距挂枝末端距离、巢树胸径等9个巢址因子进行主成分分析.结果表明,巢下生境、巢距地面距离和巢距主干距离以及巢距挂枝末端距离在中华攀雀巢址选择中起主要作用;巢树胸径、巢向和巢挂枝年龄次之.中华攀雀巢距地面(5.59±1.44)m,距主干距离为(1.81±0.50)m,距挂枝末段距离为(0.10±0.04)m,巢树胸径(0.29±0.08)m.巢距地面高度(P =0.002 3)和巢距明水面距离(P =0.003 7)在芦苇沼泽与林地草甸2种生境类型之间差异显著,巢树胸径在林地草甸与房屋农田2种生境类型之间差异显著(P=0.003 4),不同生境类型之间巢距主干距离、巢距挂枝末端距离和巢挂枝年龄无显著差异.     

北京高校喜鹊巢址选择的主要生态因素

根据从2003～2005年每年一次关于北京近20所高校校园喜鹊（Pica pica sericea）巢址的分布情况的调查,对影响高校校园喜鹊巢址选择的因素进行了分析,结果表明营巢树因素（营巢树的高度、胸径、巢位高度、巢上方的植被盖度）和环境因素（嘈杂度和食物的丰富程度）都会影响喜鹊对巢址的选择。研究结果对如何进行校园绿地的规划以及鸟类保护具有一定的指导作用。     

人造园林中斑文鸟和白腰文鸟的巢址选择

巢址选择对保证鸟类生存和繁殖成功、降低被捕食率和种间竞争至关重要。2016—2017年,在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园选取3个研究区域对同域分布的斑文鸟Lonchura punctulata和白腰文鸟Lonchura striata进行调查。在记录的15个巢址特征因子中,14个数值型因子用于拟合Logistic回归模型,找出影响文鸟巢址选择的关键因子;使用独立样本t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较2种文鸟在巢址特征因子选择上的差异性;置换检验(Permutation test)用于检验2种文鸟对营巢树种选择偏好的差异性。研究发现,2种文鸟的巢址分布模式在3个研究区域中的差异很大。异种鸟巢间最小间距、营巢树胸径、营巢树与水源最近距离以及巢位高度都是影响巢址选择的关键因子。与白腰文鸟相比,斑文鸟通常选择在胸径更小、位置更高、距离异种鸟巢更远、距离水源更近的地方营巢。斑文鸟多选择枝条紧密的树,而白腰文鸟多选择枝干带刺的树营巢,这可能是二者不同的对抗捕食者的防御策略。     

四种同域分布洞巢鸟的巢址特征比较

洞巢鸟集团是中国东北地区温带次生林内鸟类群落的重要组成部分,对于其巢址特征的比较研究有助于深入了解鸟类群落动态的内在机制。作者于2008年4-7月,对吉林大岗林场4种主要洞巢鸟的巢址特征进行了调查,并从多尺度(巢树、巢址和活动区)比较分析,进而探讨了初级洞巢鸟与次级洞巢鸟的关系。共发现160个繁殖巢,其中初级洞巢鸟58巢,包括大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)24巢和灰头绿啄木鸟(Picus canus)21巢;次级洞巢鸟102巢,包括白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)38巢和普通?(Sitta europaea)45巢。初级洞巢鸟对巢树无显著选择性,而次级洞巢鸟对巢树有显著选择性,以白皮柳(Salix pierrotii)为主。灰头绿啄木鸟的洞口主要朝南,而其他3种洞巢鸟对洞口朝向没有显著的选择性。初级洞巢鸟巢址特征的差异主要表现在巢树和巢址尺度上,而次级洞巢鸟在3个尺度上均有显著差异。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,区分大斑啄木鸟和灰头绿啄木鸟洞巢的关键因子为洞口直径和洞巢内径,即洞巢的大小;区分白眉姬鹟和普通?洞巢的关键因子为巢树树冠高度和洞口深度。也就是说,初级洞巢鸟之间以及次级洞巢鸟之间巢址特征的最主要差异均在巢树尺度上。判别分析表明,普通?倾向于选择灰头绿啄木鸟提供的洞巢,而白眉姬鹟偏好于大斑啄木鸟提供的洞巢。由于啄木鸟所凿洞巢的大小不同,导致了次级洞巢鸟对其巢址的差异性选择。因此,洞巢的大小是影响同域分布的洞巢鸟巢址利用的最重要因素。     

云南纳帕海自然保护区灰背伯劳的巢址选择

2013年5—6月,在云南省纳帕海自然保护区对灰背伯劳Lanius tephronotus的巢址选择进行了研究。结果显示,灰背伯劳对树种具有极强的偏好性,有78.48%(n=62)的巢位于火棘Pyracantha sp.灌丛中,枝条具刺是影响灰背伯劳选择筑巢树的首要因素。主成分分析表明,影响灰背伯劳巢址选择的因素有5类:距离因子(巢距道路距离、距居民点距离)、安全性因子(刺数量、刺长度)、觅食生境因子(耕地占比)、隐蔽度因子(树冠幅、树高)以及巢生境因子(灌木占比)。总之,灰背伯劳喜好营巢于距离居民点较近、巢周围耕地面积较大的多刺灌丛。房屋和道路修建对灌丛的侵占是威胁灰背伯劳生存的主要因素。     

西藏拉萨城区黄嘴朱顶雀的巢及巢址选择

2015年3—6月,在拉萨城区采用样方法和直接观察法对黄嘴朱顶雀Carduelis flavirostris的巢址选择进行了调查研究。共收集了32个巢,其中93.75%的巢筑在乔木上,雪松Cedrus deodara占65.63%,侧柏Platycladus orientalis占12.50%,青海云杉Picea crassifolia占12.50%,垂柳Salix babylonica占3.13%,6.25%的巢筑在灌木紫叶李Prunus cerasifera上。黄嘴朱顶雀的巢多筑于巢树主干与侧枝的交界处,且在巢树上的位置以向南为主,占40.6%,其次是向东,占28.1%。通过主成分分析,发现影响黄嘴朱顶雀巢址选择的主要环境因子包括巢树树种、巢树高度、巢树胸径、木本植物的覆盖度、巢离水源与公路的距离、巢离巢树主干的距离以及巢向。     

东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择

2004和2005年的4～7月,采用样方法和直接观察法,对甘肃省东大山自然保护区喜马拉雅雪鸡(Tetraogallus himalayensis)的巢址选择进行了研究.共测量36个巢址.研究表明,喜马拉雅雪鸡的巢主要分布于2601～3000 m之间,多在高山岩石草地和裸露岩石区、突出大石下和灌木下或草丛中、中坡及中坡以上的坡位、坡度26°～40°之间的阳坡和半阳坡上营巢.主成分分析表明,影响巢址选择的主要因子可分为捕食因子和食物因子两类,其主要因子依次为灌丛高度、距悬崖的距离、草本盖度、灌丛密度和物种丰富度;作为捕食因子与食物因子权衡的结果,其巢址选择有利于喜马拉雅雪鸡的野外生存.此外,悬崖环境(距悬崖的距离和500m内的悬崖数)在巢址选择中起到重要作用,这可能与雪鸡的避敌方式及飞翔能力较差有关.     

陇东地区金翅雀的巢址选择

为探究金翅雀(Chloris sinica)营巢是否偏好某些树种以及偏好原因,于2017—2019年4—8月,在陇东学院校园内,开展了金翅雀巢址选择调查。180个金翅雀巢址分析显示:金翅雀营巢利用圆柏(Juniperus chinensis)、刺柏(Juniperus formosana)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、日本晚樱(Cerasus serrulata)等17种乔木,其中圆柏(χ2=13.6,df=1,P=0.000)和刺柏(χ2=9.8,df=1,P=0.002)是金翅雀选择的主要树种;与其他巢址比较,圆柏和刺柏巢址的巢树树冠直径(DNTC)、巢-缘距(DEC)和巢树-最近树距离(DT)显著小于其他树种巢址的相应参数,而圆柏和刺柏巢址的巢树树冠高度(HNTC)、巢-冠底距离(DBC)、巢树-草地距离(DM)、可利用林木数量(NT)和隐蔽度(CC)都显著大于其他树种巢址的相应参数(T或Mann-Whiteny U检验,全部P0.05);差异显著的8个巢址参数(DNTC、DEC、DT、HNTC、DBC、DM、NT和CC)的因子分析表明,环境隐蔽性、巢位隐蔽性和巢位不易接近性是导致金翅雀偏好在圆柏和刺柏上营巢的主要因素。本研究结果可为城市环境绿化中如何保护鸟类提供参考。     

Effect of Japanese lesser sparrowhawks Accipiter gularis on the nest site selection of azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyana through their nest defending behavior

The frequency of azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyana that nest in association with breeding Japanese lesser sparrowhawks Accipiter gularis was compared between the 1990s and 2000s. During 1990–1994 azure-winged magpies nested within 50 m of their nests in all of the hawk nest sites studied. During 2005–2006, however, the magpies nested in only two of nine hawk nest sites. During the 1990s Japanese lesser sparrowhawks chased jungle crows away when they intruded within 50 m of their nest. During the 2000s, on the other hand, the hawks attempted to expel few crows at a distance of more than 10 m from their nest. As a result of it, the predation rate of simulated magpie nests located in the hawk nest sites was significantly higher during the 2000s. This suggests that the magpies have the ability to assess the defending behavior of the hawks and judge whether they can rely on their defense. Most azure-winged magpies may stop nesting in association with breeding Japanese lesser sparrowhawks because of the reduced defending range of their nest sites.     

Female and male plumage brightness correlate with nesting failure in azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyanus

Animals may assess the quality of other individuals by using information that is contained in elaborate traits. We investigated the degree of sexual dimorphism in structural blue plumage coloration and the potential signal value of these traits in the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyanus . We predicted that in this species blue coloration should signal individual quality in both sexes since both females and males invest significantly in caring for offspring. Males have more saturated UV/blue coloration than females and blueness decreased from moulting to reproduction. Males and females did not mate assortatively for blue coloration although they did in relation to body size and condition. Blue colour did not correlate with adult body size or condition. However, nest predation decreased with female and male brightness. Our results suggest that blue coloration may potentially be used to assess parental qualities by potential mates in both sexes of the azure-winged magpie.     

灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择：Ⅱ.巢位选择

灰喜鹊在吉林省梅河口市海龙水库地区是常见的留鸟。利用灰喜鹊防治森林虫害已经取得了一定的效果［１～３］,但对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性,生态规律及食性的研究还尚少［４～７］,对灰喜鹊巢位选择的研究亦属空白。因此,本文在吉林省环保局“梅河口市海龙水库水源涵养林保护...     

Egg rejection by Iberian azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyanus in the absence of brood parasitism

The Iberian azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyanus shows a remarkable ability to discriminate against great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius eggs. Here, I studied whether egg recognition in this species could be a derived feature resulting from intra-specific brood parasitism. Azure-winged magpies showed a very high level of discrimination and rejection of great spotted cuckoo models (73.7%), and of conspecific eggs (42.8%), even when no evidence of great spotted cuckoo or conspecific brood parasitism has been found in the population. Azure-winged magpie discriminated more readily than magpies, the current favourite host of the great spotted cuckoo. The high rejection rate of conspecific eggs by the azure-winged magpie suggests that it is quite possible that egg discrimination in this species evolved in response to conspecific brood parasitism rather than to cuckoo parasitism.     

Feathers at nests are potential female signals in the spotless starling

Although the presence of feathers in the nest is widespread among birds, it has not been previously suggested that feathers can be used as sexual signals. Females of the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) regularly carry feathers to their nest, mostly during laying and incubation. We show that the arrangement of these feathers was non-random with respect to the side (obverse or reverse) placed upwards (which can be viewed from the nest entrance). Feathers of the wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) and the spotless starling, which exhibit higher ultraviolet and visible reflectance on their reverse side, were predominantly placed with this side upwards. On the contrary, feathers of the jay (Garrulus glandarius) were predominantly found exhibiting the obverse side, which possesses higher reflectance in this species. Feathers of the azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana), with similar reflectance values on either side, were placed indiscriminately in obverse and reverse positions. The results suggest that feathers are arranged to maximize their conspicuousness within the nest and hence that they might be potentially used as intraspecific signals.     

贺兰山岩羊冬春季取食生境的比较

2003年11～12月和2004年4～6月,在贺兰山设定了25条固定样线,采用直接观察法对岩羊冬春季的取食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,岩羊冬季对12种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择位于山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度4～6m,灌木密度〉5株、高度〉1．3m,食物质量〉50g,人为干扰距离〈500m,距裸岩距离〈2m的地方取食。而春季对11种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度〈6m,灌木密度5～10株、高度1．3～1．7m,食物质量〉100g,海拔高度〈2000m,距水源距离〈500m,隐蔽级50％～75％的地点。冬春季岩羊对植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、乔木密度、乔木高度、灌木密度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级的选择存在显著差异。主成分分析表明,冬季第1主成分的贡献率达24．493％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、优势乔木、乔木高度、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木高度、海拔高度、距水源距离和人为干扰距离等生态因子：春季第1主成分的贡献率达28．777％,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、乔木距离、灌木高度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、海拔高度和人为干扰距离等生态因子。随着北方地区冬春季食物数量和质量的剧烈变化,贺兰山岩羊对取食生境的利用对策也将发生一定程度的改变,与其他分布区的岩羊相比,贺兰山独特的地理位置和特殊生境使其在取食生境选择上存在很大差异。     

Nest location, clutch size and nest success in the Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber

Breeding success and nest-site characteristics were studied during the 1996–1997 breeding season in a colony of Scarlet Ibises Eudocimus ruber in south-eastern Brazil to test the hypothesis that nest-site characteristics and clutch size affect nest success. Two nesting pulses produced young, the earlier being more successful. Predation accounted for most failures during the first pulse, wind destruction during the second. A third pulse with few nests produced no young. Adult Ibises abandoned nests when they lost sight of other incubating birds. Logistic regression analysis indicated that nest success during the first pulse was positively related to clutch size, number of nests in the nest tree and in the nearest tree, and negatively to the distance to the nearest neighbour. During the second pulse there were significant negative associations between success, nest height and distance to the fourth nearest nest, and a positive association between success and nest cover. The results agree with the 'selfish herd' hypothesis, indicating that nest aggregation may increase breeding success, but the nest-site characteristics affecting success can differ over the course of one breeding season.     

Multi-scale turtle dove nest habitat selection in a Mediterranean agroforestry landscape: implications for the conservation of a vulnerable species

Determination of factors affecting nest habitat selection is a major topic in avian ecology, with strong implications for conservation purposes especially for the species with unfavorable status. The turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a vulnerable species that has undergone a rapid and serious decline across its distribution range. I investigated the effect of different variables at two spatial scales (10-m radius, nest site; and 100-m radius, landscape) on the probability of presence of turtle dove nests in an agroforestry system of Central Morocco. Topography, habitat structure, human disturbance, and land use parameters were measured at nests (n?=?70) and random points (n?=?70) at both scales. Generalized linear model analyses showed that, at the nest site scale, tree height best explained occurrence of turtle dove nests (with nest occurring preferentially in smaller trees). At the landscape scale, nest occurrence probability decreased with elevation and distance to the nearest forest edge, and increased with forest cover and distance to the nearest habitation. Comparison of explanatory power of the single-scale models showed that the most relevant scale was the nest site level, followed by landscape scales, but the model including both nest-scale and landscape-scale variables was best. The variation partitioning analysis confirmed this pattern. In study area, the turtle dove nest habitat selection process occurs within a relatively small scale, but the joint effect of variables at the two scales is relevant. From a practical perspective, it would be interesting to reproduce the same experimental approach on other Mediterranean breeding habitats (agricultural and other forest habitats) to find out if this species would adopt the same nest habitat selection pattern.     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains,China during winter (from November to December)and spring (from April to June)from 2003 to 2004.We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep.Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests,a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens,with medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2),moderate tree height (4-6 m),higher shrub density (＞5 individuals/100 m2),higher shrub (＞1.3 m),higher food abundance (＞50 g),moderate distance to human disturbance (＜500 m),and mild distance to bare rock (＜2 m).Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter.Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter,blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2)during spring.Nevertheless,blue sheep preferred medium tree height (＜6 m),moderate tree density (5-10 individuals/100 m2),medium shrub height (1.3-1.7 m),higher food abundance (＞100 g),moderate altitude (＜2 000 m),moderate distance to water resource (＜500 m),and medium hiding cover (50%-75%)during spring.Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type,landform feature,dominant tree,tree height,shrub density,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,slope direction,slope degree,distance to water resource,and hiding cover between winter and spring.Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493%of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter,with higher loadings for vegetation type,dominant tree,tree height,distance to the nearest tree,shrub density,shrub height,altitude,distance to water resource,and distance to human disturbance.In spring,the first principal components explained 28.777%of the variance,with higher loadings for vegetation type,distance to the nearest tree,shrub height,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,altitude,and distance to human disturbance.     

A Karyological Study of Some Corvine Birds (Corvidae, Aves)

Karyotypes were studied in the hooded and carrion crows, their naturally occurred hybrids, the jungle crow, the azure-winged magpie (2n= 80 in all aforementioned birds), and the magpie (2n= 82). Corvine birds of Primorskii Krai were karyotyped for the first time. In addition to the similarity in the diploid chromosome sets, corvine birds were shown to have a similar structure of karyotype: in all studied birds, 14 macrochromosomes (Mchs) classified into three groups according to their size were detected. By karyotype structure, birds belonging to the same genus are similar. Some intergeneric differences are due to a change in the position of centromeres of the largest and sex chromosomes. Karyotypes of interspecific hybrids of crows are remarkable for the presence of heteromorphic (t/st) chromosome pair 2 in some individuals, which apparently does not affect their fecundity. Using differential C-banding, the sex chromosome W in female magpies was identified. In addition, heteromorphism was detected in C-bands of homologs of Mch pair 4 in the hooded crow. In the jungle crow, the azure-winged magpie, and the magpie, bright QH-bands and numerous G-bands were detected on Mchs and on some microchromosomes only. Active Ag-NOR-bands were detected on one macrochromosome pair in the magpie. In all, the karyotype structure of corvine birds is comparable to the basic structural scheme of the karyotype in the order Passeriformes, which confirms the concept of conservatism of the avian karyotype.