抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质指标的影响

高温热害对水稻生产造成了巨大的损失。利用国际水稻研究所耐热圃材料,在抽穗扬花期进行高温处理,研究了该时期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标的影响,结果如下：水稻耐热圃材料的耐热性有较大的差别,依然存在高温相对敏感材料;抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标影响较大;高温胁迫对水稻籽粒的透明度、长宽比、垩白率、糊化温度和蛋白质含量等品质指标与品种的耐热性相关关系不大;高温胁迫下直链淀粉含量变化与品种耐热系数表现出显著的正相关关系（r=0.659 78）;高温胁迫下胶稠度变化与不同水稻品种的耐热系数呈显著的负相关关系（r=-0.516 70）。     

褐飞虱致害性变异机制研究进展

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal是危害水稻Oryza sativa L.的毁灭性害虫。种植抗虫水稻品种可以控制褐飞虱危害,技术手段绿色、经济且可持续。但是,褐飞虱致害性变异速度快且程度高,常导致抗虫水稻品种使用年限缩短。目前,针对褐飞虱致害性个体表型及分子标记、产生原因与机制、功能基因研究等已开展了大量研究。本文围绕褐飞虱致害性变异产生的遗传基础、分子标记、变异的主动机制和被动机制等方面进行综述,并对该领域未来方向进行展望。为更好地利用抗虫品种控制虫害,做好害虫的致害性监测及制定防治策略提供参考。     

江西省早稻品种抽穗扬花期耐热性鉴定评价研究

在自然条件和人工温室模拟极端高温胁迫下对江西省生产上推广种植的37份早稻品种进行抽穗扬花期耐热性鉴定评价。以高温胁迫下结实率和结实率降低率为评价指标,对参试品种的耐热性进行综合评价。方差分析结果表明,杂交水稻组合间在自然条件和高温胁迫下结实率及结实率降低率接近显著水平,说明杂交水稻组合间耐热性存在一定的差异;而常规水稻品种间在自然条件和高温胁迫下结实率及结实率降低率差异不显著,说明常规水稻品种间耐热性的差异较小。2013年高温胁迫下平均最高气温(41.3℃)比2012年高0.9℃的情况下,杂交水稻平均结实率比2012年降低8.9%,而常规水稻平均结实率仅降低1.72%,常规水稻平均结实率的降低幅度明显低于杂交水稻;常规水稻品种的耐热性强于杂交水稻组合。2013年自然条件下最高气温(36.8℃)比2012年高1.3℃,但杂交水稻和常规水稻的平均结实率反而比2012年分别高5.6%和15.0%,这可能是由于2013年自然条件下相对湿度(81.4%)比2012年高(高14.4%)所致,说明气温高于适宜的生育温度时,相对湿度的增加有助于增强水稻品种的耐热性。五丰优623、陵两优611、株两优819、株两优312等4个杂交水稻组合和湘早籼7号、嘉育948、中早35、中早25等4个常规稻品种在高温胁迫下表现为较高的结实率且结实率降低率较低,认为可作为耐高温水稻品种在水稻生产和育种中加以利用。     

水稻光温敏不育基因研究概况

光温敏雄性核不育水稻的花粉育性受日照长度或温度的调控,在长日、高温条件下表现不育,短日、低温条件下表现可育.水稻这一特性的发现使得人们可以利用其进行‘两系法'杂交稻育种来补充传统的‘三系法'杂交育种体系.水稻光温敏核不育基因的研究对于'两系法'杂交稻育种的利用研究至关重要.主要对光温敏核不育基因的遗传规律分析、基因的定位研究进展以及DAN分子标记在基因定位中的应用等方面进行了综述.     

地方稻资源D43的开花期耐热特性研究

水稻在抽穗开花期对高温胁迫非常敏感,通过挖掘耐热资源,培育耐热水稻品种是应对高温热害最有效的方式。前期研究发现,地方稻资源D43在花期连续高温条件下能保持较高的结实率。本研究在大田和人工气候室不同高温处理下,分析了D43的开花时间与耐热性之间的相互关系。结果表明,高温能够使水稻的开花时间提前,D43表现出稳定的早花时特性,高温胁迫下的开花时间集中在8∶30~10∶00;在开花时间段恒定高温胁迫下,D43的结实率较低;但在大田高温和人工气候室模拟高温胁迫下,D43的开花时间避开了日高温段,从而表现出较高的结实率;花器官形态性状包括花药开裂率、柱头上的花粉附着数、花粉萌发数与结实率之间呈显著正相关,因此可用于评价水稻的花期耐热性。     

广西兴安转Bt水稻大田两迁害虫发生动态

以转Bt水稻华恢1号(Cry1Ac/ CryAb融合基因型,简称HH1)及其对照亲本明恢63(简称MH63)稻田两迁害虫稻纵卷叶螟和白背飞虱为研究对象,系统研究转基因抗虫水稻种植下两迁害虫的发生规律及其致害力差异.结果表明:转Bt水稻及其对照亲本上稻纵卷叶螟的落卵量和幼虫发生量无显著差异,但转Bt水稻的卷叶株率和卷叶率都显著低于对照亲本.表明转Bt水稻对靶标害虫稻纵卷叶螟具有较高抗性.转Bt水稻及对照亲本上白背飞虱若虫、成虫及整个种群的发生动态差异不显著,且转Bt水稻对长翅型和短翅型成虫的种群发生影响也不显著.白背飞虱发生高峰期,转Bt水稻上若虫及短翅型成虫发生量均明显高于对照亲本;相反,转Bt水稻上长翅型成虫发生量明显低于对照亲本,且水稻生育后期长翅型成虫雌性比明显低于对照亲本.转Bt水稻大面积商业化种植下其非靶标害虫白背飞虱的发生危害变得更为复杂.     

中国与越南褐飞虱和白背飞虱生物型研究

【目的】监测我国与越南褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvath生物型,为抗虫育种工作提供指导。【方法】应用群体集团检测法和蜜露量检测法研究了中国广西、云南、河南、湖南、重庆、贵州和越南河内、河静、顺化、胡志明市和九龙江田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱的致害特性和生物型组成结构。【结果】我国主要稻区(除云南思茅外)和越南中北部的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2基因的鉴别品种表现为致害;云南思茅的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2和bph4基因的鉴别品种表现为致害或强致害;越南胡志明市、九龙江的田间褐飞虱以Ⅱ+Ⅱ型的比例多,对含Bph1、bph2、Bph3、bph4基因的鉴别品种主要表现为致害或强致害。我国白背飞虱以Ⅰ型比例较多;越南顺化和河内以Ⅱ型比例多;所有监测点白背飞虱的致害特性总体表现为对含Wph1、Wbph2基因的鉴别品种的致害能力较强,对Wbph3的致害能力表现不一,对含Wph5基因的鉴别品种表现为中等致害。【结论】抗虫育种选择抗源时,不要选含Bph1、bph2基因的水稻品种作为褐飞虱抗源,不要选含基因Wbph1或Wbph2的水稻品种作为白背飞虱抗源。     

水稻高温热害发生机理与耐高温遗传基础研究

在全球气候变暖的大环境下,极端天气频繁发生,高温已经成为制约水稻产量和品质的主要因素之一。培育耐高温的水稻品种是防止高温热害最简便有效的途径。现代分子技术的发展和水稻功能基因组研究的深入,为水稻耐高温遗传机制的剖析提供了有效手段。本文综述了近年来水稻高温热害的发生机理和耐高温遗传基础方面的研究进展,包括耐高温QTL定位与克隆、转录组研究、蛋白组研究等,以期为深入剖析水稻耐高温的分子机制和培育耐高温的新品种提供有益参考。     

水稻高温热害的研究现状与进展

全球气候变暖环境下,水稻高温热害频发,孕穗-开花期和灌浆期高温已成为制约水稻产量和品质的主要因素之一。本文综述了水稻高温热害的发生特点(鉴定与分级、区域和时间)和高温对水稻生长发育(生理、产量和品质)的影响,总结了水稻高温热害的数量性状座位定位、转录组和蛋白质组分析等分子生物学研究及监测预警与风险评估,重点阐述了高温热害的防御措施,包括选用耐热品种、改善田间管理和喷施外源物质,并对今后水稻高温热害研究进行了展望,以期为水稻高温热害防御和农业减灾增效提供科学支持。     

影响水稻纹枯病流行、危害的因子分析

以连作早稻为研究对象,对影响水稻纹枯病发生、危害有关的因子,即品种、施氮肥量、气象因素、为害损失、发病时间、病情程度及药剂等作了系统的定量研究.结果表明,品种间存在抗病性和危害损失程度上的差异;施氮肥量与发病程度关系密切;气象因素中以日均温和雨日频率与病害流行速率关系密切;发病时间与为害损失率相关性不明显,药剂防治效果与控病时间、病情基数有关.     

A genetic resource for early-morning flowering trait of wild rice Oryza officinalis to mitigate high temperature-induced spikelet sterility at anthesis

Background and Aims

High temperatures over 32–36 °C at anthesis induce spikelet sterility in rice. The use of a germplasm with an early-morning flowering (EMF) trait has been hypothesized as a way of avoiding this problem. In this study, the effect of the EMF trait on avoiding high temperature-induced sterility at anthesis by flowering at a cooler temperature in the early morning was evaluated.

Methods

The EMF trait was introgressed from wild rice (Oryza officinalis) into the rice cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ (O. sativa). First, spikelets of the EMF line and Koshihikari were subjected to rising temperatures during the daytime in the greenhouse to test for differences in spikelet sterility. Secondly, spikelets of both plants were exposed to 26, 34 and 38 °C at anthesis and to 38 °C beginning at least 1 h after flowering, in the growth chambers at 70 % relative humidity, to test for differences in tolerance to high temperatures.

Key Results

Spikelets of the EMF line started and completed flowering a few hours earlier than Koshihikari. In a greenhouse experiment, spikelets of Koshihikari opened after the air temperature reached 35 °C, but those of the EMF line could open at cooler temperatures. Under these conditions, spikelet sterility significantly increased in Koshihikari, but did not in the EMF line. The number of sterile spikelets increased as their flowering time was delayed in Koshihikari. Furthermore, the chamber experiments revealed that 60 % of the spikelets from both lines were sterile when exposed to 38 °C at anthesis, indicating that tolerance of high temperature was similar in both genotypes.

Conclusions

Reduced sterility in the EMF line subjected to rising temperatures at anthesis in the greenhouse was attributed to an earlier flowering time compared with Koshihikari. The EMF trait of wild rice is effective in mitigating anticipated yield loss due to global warming by escaping high-temperature stress at anthesis during the daytime.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium on spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice

Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice increased further with the increase of nitrogen supply. Spikelet sterility in Fujisaka-5 did not increase due to low temperature when nitrogen supply was increased from 10 to 40 ppm and at 80 ppm nitrogen supply it was less affected than IR36. Total nitrogen content in the leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen supply and was forced to be associated with the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature. Based on auricle distance between the last two leaves, the most sensitive stage to low temperature damage differed in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature for 10 days was very high in both the varieties and the effect of nitrogen was not clear.The effect of phosphorus on the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at reproductive stage was not clear except that at the highest phosphorus (P) level (10 ppm) the spikelet sterility increased both in Fujisaka-5 and IR36.Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice decreased with the increase of Potassium (K) supply in both Fujisaka-5 and IR36. With an increase of potassium supply, nitrogen (N) content decreased in the leaves and panicles and spikelet sterility induced by low temperature decreased with an increase of the K to N ratio in the leaves and panicles. The results suggest that potassium might play a major role to counteract the low temperature damage at the reproductive stage of rice.     

High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

In future climates, greater heat tolerance at anthesis will be required in rice. The effect of high temperature at anthesis on spikelet fertility was studied on IR64 (lowland indica) and Azucena (upland japonica) at 29.6 degrees C (control), 33.7 degrees C, and 36.2 degrees C tissue temperatures. The objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the effect of temperature on flowering pattern; (ii) examine the effect of time of day of spikelet anthesis relative to a high temperature episode on spikelet fertility; and (iii) study the interactions between duration of exposure and temperature on spikelet fertility. Plants were grown at 30/24 degrees C day/night temperature in a greenhouse and transferred to growth cabinets for the temperature treatments. Individual spikelets were marked with paint to relate fertility to the time of exposure to different temperatures and durations. In both genotypes the pattern of flowering was similar, and peak anthesis occurred between 10.30 h and 11.30 h at 29.2 degrees C, and about 45 min earlier at 36.2 degrees C. In IR64, high temperature increased the number of spikelets reaching anthesis, whereas in Azucena numbers were reduced. In both genotypesor=33.7 degrees C at anthesis caused sterility. In IR64, there was no interaction between temperature and duration of exposure, and spikelet fertility was reduced by about 7% per degrees C>29.6 degrees C. In Azucena there was a significant interaction and spikelet fertility was reduced by 2.4% degrees Cd-1 above a threshold of 33 degrees C. Marking individual spikelets is an effective method to phenotype genotypes and lines for heat tolerance that removes any apparent tolerance due to temporal escape.     

Pollen germination and in vivo fertilization in response to high‐temperature during flowering in hybrid and inbred rice

High‐temperature during flowering in rice causes spikelet sterility and is a major threat to rice productivity in tropical and subtropical regions, where hybrid rice development is increasingly contributing to sustain food security. However, the sensitivity of hybrids to increasing temperature and physiological responses in terms of dynamic fertilization processes is unknown. To address these questions, several promising hybrids and inbreds were exposed to control temperature and high day‐time temperature (HDT) in Experiment 1, and hybrids having contrasting heat tolerance were selected for Experiment 2 for further physiological investigation under HDT and high‐night‐time‐temperature treatments. The day‐time temperature played a dominant role in determining spikelet fertility compared with the night‐time temperature. HDT significantly induced spikelet sterility in tested hybrids, and hybrids had higher heat susceptibility than the high‐yielding inbred varieties. Poor pollen germination was strongly associated with sterility under high‐temperature. Our novel observations capturing the series of dynamic fertilization processes demonstrated that pollen tubes not reaching the viable embryo sac was the major cause for spikelet sterility under heat exposure. Our findings highlight the urgent need to improve heat tolerance in hybrids and incorporating early‐morning flowering as a promising trait for mitigating HDT stress impact at flowering.     

HEAT INJURY DURING FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA,FABACEAE)

High night temperatures during floral development induce male sterility in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The objectives of this study were to determine: the possible causes of the male sterility; the stage of floral development when damage due to heat stress occurs; and whether specific tissues are damaged during the period of sensitivity to heat. Plants were grown under controlled temperatures in both greenhouses and growth chambers in separate experiments. Floral development was normal under a night temperature of 20 C, whereas flowers developed under high night temperature (30 C) set no pods due to low pollen viability and anther indehiscence. Anthers developed under 33/30 C day/night temperatures did not exhibit endothecial formation, whereas anthers developed under 33/20 C day/night temperatures exhibited normal development of the endothecial layer. Reciprocal transfers of plants between chambers with high or optimum night temperature demonstrated that the stage of floral development most sensitive to heat stress occurs 9 to 7 d before anthesis. Anthers developed under either optimal or high night temperatures were compared cytologically. Development was similar through meiosis, but after tetrad release, which occurred 8 d before anthesis, the tapetal layer degenerated prematurely under high night temperature. Premature degeneration of the tapetal layer and lack of endothecial development may be responsible for the low pollen viability, low anther dehiscence, and low pod set under high night temperatures.     

Specific panicle responses resulting from MSMA-induced straighthead sterility in rice

Straighthead is a physiological disorder of rice causing sterility. A particular characteristic of straighthead is panicles that remain upright because of the light weight of the unfilled grains, the hulls of which may be distorted into a crescent or parrot-beak shape. Monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA) was used in this study, to induce straighthead-like sterility symptoms in rice. Rating scales were developed to quantify the specific symptoms of straighthead (grain distortion, rachis curvature, panicle exsertion, and panicle weight), which were used to examine MSMA-induced straighthead in a greenhouse setting. Different rice cultivars were surveyed for their specific responses to MSMA, to identify targets for focus in rice breeding that differ in their responses. MSMA altered the pattern of anthesis so that flowering continued for a longer period of time although the initial flowering time and total panicle number were not affected. Early flowering panicles were less affected by MSMA than later flowering panicles. While all previous studies of MSMA-induced straighthead used MSMA applied at or before planting, a time course of MSMA application showed a time point for application at about the V4 (4-leaf) stage when the sterility symptoms were reduced and then an interval of time from about V6 to V8 when applications resulted in symptoms more severe than application at planting. A greenhouse temperature study demonstrated that lowering the temperature of the roots reduced the severity of the responses. MSMA is valuable as a trigger to induce a set of sterility symptoms so that the underlying physiological, biochemical, and genetic causes can be studied, and which may have implications for other sterility conditions.     

气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响

明确气候变化对黑龙江省水稻孕穗期和抽穗期障碍型冷害的影响,可为水稻安全生产提供科学依据。基于黑龙江省70个台站1971—2012年的气象资料和10个台站1980—2011年水稻生育期数据,结合水稻障碍型冷害指标,分析了气候变化对黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害的影响。结果表明:(1)水稻孕穗期障碍型冷害1990s发生频率最低,2000s发生频率最高;抽穗期障碍型冷害1970s和1980s发生频率高,1990s和2000s发生频率低。(2)抽穗期障碍型冷害发生程度大于孕穗期障碍型冷害。(3)不同熟型水稻品种可种植北界逐渐北移东扩,极早熟、早熟和中熟品种可种植范围分别缩小了5、21和11个县(市),中晚熟和晚熟品种可种植范围分别扩大了14和23个县(市)。(4)随着水稻种植格局的变化,不同熟型水稻障碍型冷害均在1990s发生频率最低,2000s发生频率最高。     

High day–night transition temperature alters nocturnal starch metabolism in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Transitory starch plays a vital role in maintenance respiration as its degradation products provide substrate for the night respiration. A study was conducted with two contrasting rice cultivars: Vandana (high night temperature susceptible) and Nagina 22 (high night temperature tolerant) by subjecting them to increase in transition temperature from anthesis to physiological maturity. Night respiration on plant area basis increased by 35% in Vandana at 5 days after anthesis but was unaffected in tolerant cultivar. A simultaneous 18% decrease in starch content was observed in the susceptible cultivar. An analysis of the starch-metabolizing enzymes showed that activity of β-amylase increased markedly in Vandana whereas both β and α-amylase decreased in Nagina 22 following high day to night transition temperature exposure. The level of starch breakdown product, maltose, increased in the susceptible cultivar but glucose levels declined in both the cultivars. Concurrently, expression of chloroplastic isoforms α-amylase OsAMY1, OsAMY2 and β-amylase OsBAM2 increased in Vandana. A lower accumulation of dry matter was recorded in the susceptible than the tolerant cultivar. Our study elucidated the regulatory role of transitory starch in supporting the high day to night transition temperature-induced night-time respiration which is mediated by the increased activity of β-amylase through enhanced expression of OsBAM2 in flag leaves of susceptible cultivar.     

Spikelet Sterility and Flowering Response of Rice to Water Stress at Anthesis

Water deficits at the anthesis stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.)induce a high percentage of spikelet sterility and reduce grainyield. This study attempted to elucidate the direct effectsof water stress on panicle exsertion, spikelet opening, andspikelet desiccation leading to spikelet sterility. A well-wateredtreatment and two water stress levels were imposed in pot-grownplants of IRAT 13 (upland cultivar) and IR20 (lowland cultivar)at the time of flowering under greenhouse conditions A cultivar difference was observed in the flowering responseto water stress with a high sensitivity in IR20. The time courseof panicle exsertion showed an inhibitory effect due to thelow panicle water status. Low panicle water potentials significantlyreduced the number of opened spikelets. Spikelet opening wascompletely inhibited at panicle water potentials below –1·8MPa and –2·3 MPa in IR20 and IRAT 13, respectively.However, the peak spikelet opening time in a day was not influencedby the stress treatment. Spikelets in stressed panicles wereobserved to remain open for a longer period than in the well-wateredpanicles. The role of turgor in spikelet opening is also discussedin the study. At low panicle water potentials, severe desiccationof spikelets and anthers was noted. The deleterious effectsof water deficits on spikelet opening and spikelet water losscontributed to reduced spikelet fertility Oryza sativa L., rice, spikelet sterility, flowering, water stress, panicle water potentials, turgor potentials, desiccation