不同富硒土壤对烤烟生长及硒吸收转运的影响

以烤烟品种‘云烟87’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究安徽池州烟区不同全硒含量土壤(0.30、0.45、1.00、1.75mg·kg-1)对烤烟生长发育以及硒吸收和转运的影响。结果显示:(1)土壤硒含量≤1.00mg·kg-1时能够促进烤烟生长,而土壤硒含量≥1.75mg·kg-1则抑制烤烟的生长。(2)土壤硒含量的增加能够显著提高烤烟根系、茎秆、叶片的硒含量,烟株各部位的硒含量呈现根系叶片茎秆的特点,且根系硒含量是叶片的2~3倍,叶片硒含量则是茎秆的3~4倍。(3)土壤硒含量由0.30mg·kg-1增加至1.75mg·kg-1时,烟株对硒的吸收系数由1.08显著降低至0.36,次级转运系数则由2.84显著升高至4.03,即土壤硒含量增加降低了根系吸收硒的效率,但却增加了硒在叶中的转运和相对累积量。(4)烤烟整株硒的富集量在土壤硒含量为1.00mg·kg-1时达到最大,每株达到72μg。研究表明,在安徽池州烟区的富硒土壤(0.45~1.00 mg·kg-1)上能够生产出富硒(0.15~0.23 mg·kg-1)烟叶,不需要额外添加外源硒,既可以减少生产成本,也能够避免造成水土污染。     

硒镉处理对萝卜硒镉吸收的影响及其交互作用

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究不同含量的硒、镉单一和复合作用对萝卜生长及其对硒、镉吸收的影响。结果表明:适量的硒(2.5~5.0 mg·kg-1)可以促进萝卜的生长,表现为萝卜发芽率提高43%、叶片SPAD值提高22%、生物量增加50%;镉单一污染时,镉显著抑制萝卜的生长(P0.05);土壤中硒的浓度低于1.5 mg·kg-1时对镉含量5.0 mg·kg-1具有拮抗作用,同时可以促进萝卜的生长;萝卜中硒的浓度随着土壤中硒的添加量的增加而增加,对硒的富集效果明显,且地下部分对硒的吸收能力大于地上部分;土壤中硒浓度5.0 mg·kg-1时,5.0 mg·kg-1镉的存在不影响萝卜对硒的吸收;当土壤中硒的浓度为5.0~10.0 mg·kg-1时,镉的存在虽然影响萝卜对硒的吸收,但萝卜中硒的含量仍处于稳定积累状态;而当土壤中硒浓度≥10.0 mg·kg-1时,镉的存在会抑制萝卜对硒的吸收,且这种作用表现为地上部分强于地下部分;硒能显著降低萝卜对镉的吸收,且这种作用表现为地下部分强于地上部分。因此,在轻度镉污染的土壤中种植富硒萝卜,既能生产营养安全的富硒食品,又可实现污染农田的再利用。     

贵州汞矿区居民食用大米的甲基汞暴露及健康风险评价

贵州汞矿区居民食用的大米、蔬菜、猪肉和饮水均表现出较高的总汞含量,但仅有大米富集甲基汞.万山汞矿区3个村庄居民食用大米甲基汞的摄入量占总摄入量的平均比例分别为97.5%、94.1%和93.5%,且不同研究对象每日食用大米的甲基汞摄入量与其头发甲基汞含量之间存在显著的相关关系,这证实了食用大米是贵州汞矿区居民甲基汞暴露的主要途径.土法炼汞工人的头发总汞含量显著高于一般居民和对照组,其头发甲基汞占总汞的平均比例仅为12.4%,说明土法炼汞释放的汞蒸气的影响.贵州汞矿区居民头发甲基汞含量相比对照组均有一定程度的升高,部分居民食用大米的日甲基汞摄入量已经超过JECFA 2003年制定的标准(0.23 μg·d-1·kg-1),大部分超过美国环保局的推荐值(0.1 μg·d-1·kg-1),特别是铜仁垢溪和老屋场地区居民存在一定的甲基汞暴露风险,其他汞矿区人群也存在通过食用大米甲基汞暴露的潜在风险.     

万山汞矿区居民体内汞硒的含量、分布及相互关系

硒作为汞矿的伴生元素被释放至周围环境,贵州万山汞矿区汞污染问题应综合考虑硒的影响。为了评估万山汞矿区居民体内汞硒的含量、分布及汞硒相互关系,选择当地人群30例,采集其血液、尿液和头发样品,分别测定总汞、甲基汞和硒含量。结果表明:31%的人群血液总汞和93%的人群头发总汞含量分别超过美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的安全限值(5.8μg·L~(-1)和1 mg·kg~(-1)),而24%的人群尿汞含量超过联合国工业发展组织(UNIDO)的限值5μg·L~(-1),表明研究人群存在不同程度的甲基汞和无机汞暴露风险。90%的研究人群头发硒含量为中高水平,体内足量硒可能对无机汞和甲基汞的积累起到抑制作用,从而在一定程度上降低了当地居民汞暴露的健康风险。     

亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠对小白菜生长生理特性的影响

以小白菜品种'秦白2号'为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度亚硒酸钠[Se(IV)]和硒酸钠[Se(VI)]胁迫对小白菜生长生理特性的影响及其生理机制,为土壤硒污染修复及其合理开发利用提供理论依据.结果表明,Se(IV)≤10.0 mg·kg-1时,小白菜的叶长、叶宽显著下降,而生物量没有受到显著影响;Se(VI)≤1.0 mg·kg-1时,叶长、叶宽、生物量没有显著变化;更高浓度处理时,叶长、叶宽、生物量均随外源Se(IV)和Se(VI)处理浓度的增大而急速下降.Se(IV)≤40.0 mg·kg-1和Se(VI)≤20.0 mg·kg-1处理均对小白菜叶片叶绿素含量无显著影响,但更高浓度外源Se(IV)和Se(VI)却显著抑制了叶绿素合成.低浓度外源Se(IV)和Se(VI)均使小白菜叶片谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性上升,膜质过氧化物(MDA)含量下降,对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脯氨酸含量无显著影响;高浓度硒使MDA含量、脯氨酸含量及SOD活性上升,而使GSH-Px活性和CAT活性下降;外源Se(IV)和Se(VI)均使过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低.研究发现,低浓度外源Se(IV)和Se(VI)均提高了小白菜的抗氧化作用,从而促进小白菜叶片叶绿素的合成和生长,高浓度时则相反;低浓度硒的抗氧化作用和高浓度硒的过氧化作用均以Se(VI)大于Se(IV).说明硒酸钠的有效性和毒害作用均大于亚硒酸钠.     

野生二粒小麦籽粒含硒量的差异分析

采用氢化物-原子荧光法,对种植于黔中的来自以色列15个野生二粒小麦群体110个基因型籽粒含硒量进行检测分析.结果表明,15个群体含硒量差异极显著(P≤0.001);110个基因型籽粒硒含量和单粒硒含量分别为0.043～0.409 mg kg-1和0.008～0.125 mg seed-1,平均值分别为0.180 mg kg-1和0.046 mg seed-1.籽粒硒含量和单粒硒含量最低的基因型分别是Gamla群体的TZ120和Mt.Hermon群体的TZ8,最高的基因型分别为Bat-Shelomo群体的TZ36和TZ34.在群体水平上硒浓度差异明显,变异系数CV为9%～74%;斯皮尔曼秩相关分析表明,籽粒硒含量分别与该群体起源地海拔、年平均降雨量、平均干旱天数呈显著负相关,与年均温、8月均温、1月均温呈显著正相关.单粒硒含量的相关分析与籽粒硒含量的相似.野生二粒小麦籽粒含硒量的差异是长期适应环境的结果,其遗传多样性将为小麦硒营养机理研究和育种利用提供材料.     

中国典型水产品产地居民发汞含量及其影响因素

为评价中国典型水产品产地居民汞暴露的风险,分别在武汉、青岛和厦门三地系统采集139、136和159份当地居民头发样品,测定总汞含量并分析主要影响因素。结果表明:武汉、青岛和厦门居民(n=434)发汞(THg)的中位数(四分位数)为0.435 (0.262,0.820)μg·g~(-1),武汉、青岛和厦门居民头发THg的中位数(四分位数)分别为0.392(0.253,0.611)μg·g~(-1)、0.305(0.204,0.478)μg·g~(-1)和0.814(0.445,1.350)μg·g~(-1);三地分别有10位(7.2%)、8位(5.9%)和64位(40.3%)居民发汞超过美国环保署(USEPA)限值1μg·g~(-1);厦门居民的发汞含量显著高于武汉和青岛(P0.001),居民的发汞含量与食鱼频率呈显著的正相关关系(P0.001);不同年龄段居民的发汞含量存在显著差异(P0.001),且在65岁后居民发汞逐渐降低;与以小麦为主食者相比,以大米为主食者其发汞含量增加的比数比(OR)(95%CI)值为6.47(4.07～10.29);厦门地区居民存在一定的汞暴露风险,而武汉和青岛地区居民的汞暴露风险较低。     

测定荔枝核中的游离氨基酸

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定荔枝核水提取液、醇提取液样品。在醇提取液中游离氨基酸的含量高于水提取液,在两种提取液中共检出了21种游离氨基酸(其中4种为未知氨基酸,6种必需氨基酸);已知游离氨基酸的质量分数为307μg.kg-1(醇提取液)和269μg.kg-1(水提取液),总游离氨基酸的质量分数为500μg.kg-1,必需氨基酸的量占总游离氨基酸量的44%。结论:荔枝核中的游离氨基酸具有利用价值。     

人体硒代谢与硒营养研究进展

硒是人体所必需的重要微量营养元素,综述了当前国内外人体硒代谢与硒营养的研究进展,包括硒源形式与吸收、人体的硒含量与分布、硒的代谢途径、硒的生物活化形式、硒与疾病、硒中毒和硒的安全摄入量。在此基础上,提出了针对我国硒资源分布、硒反应症分布和居民膳食结构硒摄入量的研究建议,为满足居民通过膳食和补充剂补硒预防和治疗疾病提供理论和实践指导。     

氨基酸叶面硒肥对铁皮石斛富硒及多糖含量的影响

研究不同浓度氨基酸叶面硒肥(CK、1200倍液、900倍液和600倍液)对智能温室人工栽培红杆铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)枝条(即鲜条)富硒、抽芽和多糖含量的影响。结果表明,氨基酸硒肥各浓度处理均极显著提高鲜条硒和多糖含量。鲜条硒含量与氨基酸硒肥浓度呈正相关,且各处理间达极显著差异。鲜条多糖含量在氨基酸硒肥浓度较低(CK、1200、900倍液)时呈正相关,并在氨基酸硒肥900倍液时达最高(35.213 g·kg-1),之后呈递减趋势。氨基酸硒肥稀释达900倍时,90%以上鲜条已抽出3片韧叶,表明氨基酸硒肥明显促进鲜条生长。因此,环保型氨基酸硒肥900倍液是铁皮石斛营养积累前期较适宜浓度。     

Bioavailability and possible benefits of wheat intake naturally enriched with selenium and its products

Bioavailability and possible benefits of wheat intake naturally enriched with selenium and its products was tested. Wheat obtained by application of an original combination and procedure for foliar supplementation of plants with Se was characterized on the average by five times higher content of Se, the main form being l-(+)-selenomethionine (SeMet). Substitution of Se-deficient wheat by wheat naturally enriched with Se and its products contributed to the increase of daily intake on the average by 18 μg (12–35 μg) in volunteers, which is more than 50% of the average daily intake. Six weeks after the beginning of its application, increased daily intake of Se brought about the increase of its concentration in the plasma of the examined persons by 53%, in their erythrocytes by 37%, in their hair by 44%, and in their urine by 54%. This result was comparable to the effect obtained in the course of an 8-wk daily intake of supplements with 100 μg Se in the form of enriched bakery yeast. Analysis of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in blood, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma, lipid parameters (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), and glucose in serum of volunteers showed that the increased Se intake induced increased GSH-Px activity in blood and decreased concentrations of TBARS, lipid parameters, and glucose in blood. Using only one crop (wheat enriched with Se), the existing deficiency of Se in our population can be alleviated. In this way, one-fourth of our population with lower Se intake than 21 μg/d will satisfy basal requirements, whereas one-half will become moderately deficient in Se instead of distinctly deficient in Se.     

Dietary intake of arsenic, mercury and selenium by children from a German North Sea island using duplicate portion sampling

The dietary intake of arsenic, selenium and mercury was studied for children living on the North Sea island Amrum, Germany. Altogether, 98 duplicate portions were collected from 14 children (age 1.5-5.5 years) in April and May 1995 over a sampling period of 7 days, respectively. The element concentrations in duplicate samples were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The weekly As and Hg intake (median and range) was 2.31 and 0.89-6.75 microg/(kg(bw) x week) for As and 0.13 and 0.060-0.62 microg/(kg(bw) x week) for Hg. Compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for As and Hg as proposed by the WHO, German children from coastal areas reveal no health risks due to As and Hg dietary intake. The daily Se intake (median and range) was 19 and 6-160 microg/day. The appropriate Se intake of 10-40 microg/day, as recommended by the Austrian, German, and Swiss Nutrition Councils for 1-4 years-old children, was not reached in 8 out of 49 cases (16.3%), whereas the recommended Se intake, fixed at 15-45 microg/day for the 4-7 years-old children, was not reached in 15 out of 48 cases (31.3%).     

The daily dietary selenium intake of West German adults

The selenium content of food consumed in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was determined for the estimation of the dietary selenium intake of West German adults. The daily dietary selenium intake of men is 47 micrograms (micrograms) and that of women 38 micrograms, corresponding to 0.67 microgram/kg body weight per day for both men and women. Animal protein is the main source of dietary selenium, accounting for 65.5% of the total selenium intake. Pork contributes 25.1% to the total Se intake, reflecting the current consumption and the selenium supplementation of feedstock rather than the availability of selenium from natural dietary sources. The selenium intake of adults in West Germany is only slightly higher than in New Zealand, Finland, and Italy, nearly equal to that in Belgium and France, and distinctly lower than in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, and Japan.     

A tentative recommendation for the maximum daily intake of selenium.

In order to make a tentative recommendation for the maximum acceptable daily intake of selenium, relevant data were compiled from the available literature. Normal daily intake of selenium from foods was estimated as about 100 mug, half of which comes from fish and shellfish (in an average adult Japanese). Intake of selenium from other sources was negligible. The amount of selenium excreted in the urine was found to be compatible with the estimated value of the daily oral intake. The range of the margin of safety was then estimated as 10 to 200 times the normal level on the basis of human and animal toxicity data. The variation of dietary selenium intake in the general population is discussed, leading to the conclusion that the consumers of large amounts of fish may ingest as much as 500 mug daily. Consequently, a value of 500 mug is proposed as the tentative maximum acceptable daily intake of selenium for the protection of human health.     

Longitudinal study of the dietary selenium intake of exclusively breast-fed infants during early lactation in Korea and Japan.

213 samples of human breast milk were collected from 51 healthy Korean women. Selenium content of the samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The selenium content of Korean milk decreased with increase of days after birth: The arithmetic mean of selenium content was higher in colostrum (< 4 days) 34 micrograms/kg (SD +/- 11, n = 44) than in transitional milk 21 micrograms/kg (SD +/- 8, n = 78) or in mature milk (> 10 days) 13 micrograms/kg (SD +/- 6, n = 91). The daily dietary selenium intake of 0-1 month aged Korean infants fed on breast milk is estimated to be around 10 micrograms per day (3 micrograms/kg body weight) regardless of days postpartum, resulting from the calculation of our selenium data and daily milk intake during early lactation. The same result on selenium intake for Japanese newborns, as well as Korean infants, is also estimated to be around 10 micrograms per day (3 micrograms/kg body weight) regardless of days postpartum.     

Effect of dietary selenium restriction on selected parameters of selenium status in men with high life-long intake

The influence of selenium (Se) restriction on disposition in plasma and urine fractions of infused (74)Se (selenite) was studied when adult males (Enshi City, Hubei Province, PRC) whose habitual daily Se intake is approximately 480 microg per day were transferred to Lichuan County, where the daily intake is approximately 30 microg. The subjects received an infusion (106 microg Se) on the day before consuming foods low in Se and a second infusion (113 microg Se) 63 days later. Blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected each day for 7 days after the first infusion and on days 22, 43, and 62 following the first infusion. Urine and blood were also collected daily for the next 7 days after the second infusion. Plasma total Se concentration increased for 7 days after each of the two infusions and urine Se decreased exponentially following both the first and second infusions. The excretion of trimethylselenonium followed the same pattern as the total urinary Se. Surprisingly, there was not a significant difference in selenite retention between the two infusion periods, and the data indicated that, regardless of the chemical form of Se present in various organs, its catabolism leading to excretion in urine followed the same pathway as that of selenite. Labeled Se was incorporated predominantly in the plasma selenoprotein P fraction and the half-life of Se in this fraction was determined to be 1.9 to 2.9 days. Thus, a longer depletion period is required in these subjects to obtain more significant changes.     

Dietary intake of platinum and gold by children from Germany using duplicate portion sampling

The dietary intake of platinum and gold by 84 small children, 42 boys and 42 girls at the age of 14 to 83 months, with different food consumption behaviour living in urban and rural areas of Germany was measured by the duplicate method with a seven day sampling period from May to September 1998. The levels in the food duplicates were in the range of < 0.01 to 450 ng Pt/kg (dry weight) (median: 22) and < 0.14 to 28 microg Au/kg (dry weight) (median: 0.645). Related to the body weight, Pt was in the range of < 0.81 to 32 ng/(kg (body weight) x week) (median: 2.3) and Au was < 0.015 to 2.6 microg/(kg (body weight) x week) (median: 0.068). Children consuming exclusively products from the super market showed slightly higher Pt concentrations in the food duplicates and a higher dietary intake per body weight than children with food consumption including products from the family owned vegetable gardens or the surrounding area and/or products from domestic animals of the surrounding area. No influence of the food consumption behaviour was found for the concentrations in the food duplicates or the dietary intake of Au.     

Producing selenium-enriched eggs and meat to improve the selenium status of the general population

The role of selenium (Se) in human health and diseases has been discussed in detail in several recent reviews, with the main conclusion being that selenium deficiency is recognised as a global problem which urgently needs resolution. Since selenium content in plant-based food depends on its availability from soil, the level of this element in food and feeds varies among regions. In general, eggs and meat are considered to be good sources of selenium in human diet. When considering ways to improve human selenium intake, there are several potential options. These include direct supplementation, soil fertilisation and supplementation of food staples such as flour, and production of functional foods. Analysing recent publications related to functional food production, it is evident that selenium-enriched eggs can be used as an important delivery system of this trace mineral for humans. In particular, developments and commercialisation of organic forms of selenium have initiated a new era in the availability of selenium-enriched products. It has been shown that egg selenium content can easily be manipulated to give increased levels, especially when organic selenium is included in hen’s diet at levels that provide 0.3–0.5 mg/kg selenium in the feed. As a result, technology for the production of eggs delivering ≈50% (30–35 μg) of the human selenium RDA have been developed and successfully tested. Currently companies all over the world market selenium-enriched eggs including the UK, Ireland, Mexico, Columbia, Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, Turkey, Russia and the Ukraine. Prices for enriched eggs vary from country to country, typically being similar to free-range eggs. Selenium-enriched chicken, pork and beef can also be produced when using organic selenium in the diet of poultry and farm animals. The scientific, technological and other advantages and limitations of producing designer/modified eggs as functional foods are discussed in this review.     

Factors affecting the selenium intake of people in transbaikalian Russia

The selenium concentration in foods grown and consumed and in plasma, red blood cells, and toenails of people living in the district of Chita in the transbaikalian part of Russia were studied in August 1991. Preliminary results from the area have suggested low selenium intakes and the possible occurrence of cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) in the population. A low selenium concentration in foods grown locally was found: mean selenium concentration in wheat grains was 1, 5, and 28 μg/kg, respectively, in three villages studied, that of oats was beween 3–6 μg/kg, and of cow's milk 10–27 μg/kg dry matter. The selenium concentration of bread was considerably higher, between 87–337 μg/kg dry wt, presumably because wheat imported from the US had been used for baking. Occasional samples of pork, beef, and mutton contained between 32–318 μg selenium/kg dry wt. Low selenium concentrations were observed in samples of soil and river water. The mean plasma selenium concentration of 52 persons was 1.02 μmol/L, including 33 children and 19 adult subjects. The selenium concentrations in red blood cells and toenails were 1.95 μmol/L and 0.61 mg/kg, respectively. No symptoms of heart disease caused by selenium deficiency were observed. It is concluded that the selenium status of people was fairly good thanks to the contribution to dietary intake of imported wheat with a high selenium content. As the selenium concentration was very low in foods grown in the area, the selenium intake of the population will be reduced to a very low level if only locally produced foods are consumed.     

Dietary selenium intake of chinese adult women in the 1990s

To assess the levels of daily dietary intake of selenium (Se) among the general Chinese population, a series of field surveys were conducted in the 1990s. Samples of 24-h duplicates of foods were collected from 500 participants (300 in 6 cites and 200 from 4 villages). Se levels were determined by microwave digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the measurements were compared with FCT (Food Composition Tables)-based estimates. The average daily intake of Se was 69.2 μg/d (79.9 and 53.1 μg/d in urban and rural areas, respectively) by instrumental determination and 35.1 μg/d (36.7 and 32.7 μg/d) by FCT-based estimation. As the distribution of Se should be uneven within China, the FCT-based estimation is of a limited value and the ICP-MS determination of Se is more accurate and reliable when evaluating the nutritional status of local people. Taking ICP-MS-based values, Se intakes were lower in rural areas than in urban areas, and the intakes of about half of the people in rural areas were less than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in China of 50 μg/d. The low intake might be resulted from difference in the types of food consumed. Thus, the dietary intake of Se basically meets the recommended RDA in most of urban areas, but insufficiency may be still a nutritional and public health problem in some rural areas.