黄海细纹狮子鱼种群特征的年际变化

根据1958-2010年冬季黄海渔业资源底拖网调查获得的细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)生物学数据,对4个不同年代间黄海细纹狮子鱼的空间分布、相对资源密度、生长特征和繁殖特性等特征的年际变化进行了分析。结果表明:细纹狮子鱼在黄海北部主要分布在辽东半岛一侧50 m等深线附近,在黄海中南部1958-1959年集中分布在黄海中部,1985年其分布范围明显扩大,1993-1994年和1999年其分布区域发生北移,高产区集中在36°N以北,2005年重新扩散至整个黄海中南部,2010年主要分布在石岛东南部(35.5-36.5°N,123.5-124.5°E)和江苏南部外海(33.5-34.5°N,123-124°E)的两个区域。出现频率以1985年最高,达87.5%,相对资源密度以1993-1994年最大,为15.5 kg/h。近10年相对资源密度与海表温度呈极显著负相关(P < 0.01),出现频率和海表温度呈负相关关系(P=0.051)。1985年、1999-2001年、2005年和2010年平均体长分别为35.1、33.9、33.8 cm和32.3 cm,呈逐渐减小的趋势。除1985年外,雄性平均体长均显著大于雌性(P < 0.05)。各年份性比均与1:1无显著差异,但各体长组间差异较为明显。伴随着Ⅲ期所占的比例逐渐上升(6.7%-71.8%),细纹狮子鱼性成熟比例(Ⅳ期及以上)逐渐降低(51.1%-23.9%)。     

圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,也是世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。为了将人工繁育的部分大熊猫个体重引入其历史分布区或复壮野生种群,中国保护大熊猫研究中心从2003年开始进行圈养大熊猫的野外放归工作,通过野化培训以提高圈养大熊猫适应和选择野外环境的能力。对野化培训大熊猫"淘淘"的生境选择研究表明:该野化培训大熊猫幼仔经常活动于新笋密度较大的区域[生境与对照:(2.68±1.14)对(1.58±0.66)],却避开成竹密度过大[(9.91±2.51)对(12.18±4.68)]、竹子较高[(4.57±1.09) m对(4.98±0.66) m]以及枯死竹过多[(2.52±0.86)对(3.39±1.33)]的区域;喜欢活动于离水源[(1.59±0.67)对(2.19±0.87)]和隐蔽场所较近[(5.37±2.14) m对(8.35±7.76)m],以及距离乔木较远[(3.09±0.69) m对(2.70±0.42) m]和郁闭度较低[(1.85±0.57)对(2.10±0.47)]的区域(P < 0.05),新笋密度大小是该栖息地在整个野化培训期间是否被利用的最重要因素。该野化培训大熊猫幼仔保持着与带仔母兽相近的生境选择特征,对竹子环境的选择也与卧龙野生大熊猫相似,野化培训对该大熊猫幼仔产生了积极的作用。野化培训大熊猫幼仔形成的家域和核域面积分别为9.21 hm² 和1.93 hm²,占野化培训圈面积的51.95%和10.89%,其中家域面积仅有卧龙野生大熊猫的1.4%-2.4%,所以在以后的野化培训过程中需要采取增加野化培训圈中环境丰富度等方式,促进野化培训大熊猫形成较大的家域面积。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工植被及土壤CNP的化学计量特征

生态化学计量学是研究生态过程和生态作用中化学元素平衡的科学。极端环境中进行植物叶片与土壤中营养元素含量及变化研究,对于揭示植物对营养元素的需要和当地土壤的养分供给能力,以及植物对环境的适应与反馈能力具有十分重要的意义。以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中植物园生长良好的25种人工植被及其生境为研究对象,运用方差分析、相关分析综合研究植物叶片及土壤的化学计量特征及其相互关系。结果显示:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地25种人工植被叶片C、N、P的平均含量分别为(386.7±46.6)、(24.7±8.1)和(1.8±0.78) mg/g;叶片C:N、C:P及 N:P分别为(17.5±6.7)、(249.2±102.8)、(15.0±5.6)。其中豆科植物N含量极显著高于非豆科植物(P<0.001)。不同生活型植物的C、N、P含量均存在显著差异,C、N、P含量在3种生活型的大小顺序为草本>灌木>乔木。C:N和N:P在不同生活型植物间不存在显著差异(P>0.05),而乔木和灌木的C:P显著高于草本植物(P< 0.05)。相关分析表明植物的叶片C:N、C:P都与相应的N、P含量呈现极显著负相关性(P<0.001),而叶片N含量与P含量的变化并不相关(P> 0.05)。土壤C、N、P养分元素含量远低于全国的平均水平,尤其是N含量(<0.2 mg/g);土壤C与N存在着极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),而C与P、N与P间的相关性并不显著(P>0.05)。以上研究结果表明,受极端环境的限制,塔克拉玛干沙漠人工植被植物对养分元素的利用效率显著低于全国陆地植物的平均水平,不同科和不同生活型功能群植物对环境的适应能力显著不同,表现出显著的养分适应策略差异性。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响

在水分极度匮乏的荒漠生态系统,凝结水是除降雨之外最重要的水分来源之一,它对荒漠生态系统结构、功能和过程的维持产生重要的影响。为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮表面的凝结水形成和蒸发特征,采用自制的微型蒸渗计(直径7 cm、高5 cm的PVC管)实验观测了不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮)对凝结水形成和蒸发的影响。结果表明:(1)观测期间共有20次凝结水形成记录,除降雨天气外,几乎每天都能观测到水分凝结现象;(2)不同类型地表凝结水总量依次为(1.998±0.075),(2.326±0.083),(2.790±0.058)和(3.416±0.068) mm,生物结皮表面的凝结水总量显著大于裸沙(P < 0.05);随生物结皮的发育,不同类型生物结皮表面的凝结水总量呈增加的趋势,凝结水总量之间差异显著(P < 0.05);观测期间不同类型地表日平均凝结水量依次为(0.100±0.003),(0.116±0.004),(0.140±0.002)和(0.171± 0.003) mm,不同类型地表日平均凝结水量之间差异极显著(P < 0.01);(3)凝结水形成过程的观测结果显示,凝结水19:00开始形成,23:00-凌晨1:00形成不明显,1:00-7:00继续形成,除浅灰色藻类结皮外,太阳升出后在黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮表面继续形成少量的凝结水;凝结水7:30开始蒸发,10:30到11:00之间结束蒸发,凝结水在裸沙和浅灰色藻类结皮中的保持时间显著大于黑褐色藻类结皮和苔藓结皮中的保持时间(P < 0.05);(4)凝结水的形成受大气温度、地表温度、空气相对湿度和大气地表温度差等气象因素的影响,但其形成过程不与某一个气象因素呈简单的线性关系。     

湖南省雀形目鸟类新纪录4种

2011年5月～2012年6月,作者在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区进行鸟类资源调查和种群监测的过程中,拍摄到4种雀形目鸟类,经分类鉴定为灰翅鸫(Turdus boulboul)、蓝喉仙鹟(Cyornis rubeculoides)、灰眉岩鹀(Emberiza godlewskii)和银脸长尾山雀(Aegithalos fuliginosus),均为湖南省鸟类新纪录。     

马尾松人工林近自然化改造对植物自然更新及物种多样性的影响

中国人工林面积居世界第一位,而马尾松是中国人工林面积较大的树种之一,广泛分布于中国的亚热带区域。马尾松适应能力强,耐干旱、瘠薄,是南方低山丘陵区群落演替的先锋树种,也是荒山绿化造林的主要树种,马尾松人工林对生态防护、生态治理有着重大的意义。但是,绝大部分马尾松人工林为人工纯林,生态系统比较脆弱,生态服务功能较差。人工林的近自然改造对于增加林地生物多样性,提升人工林的生态服务功能具有重要意义。2005年,对中国林业科学院热带林业试验中心1993年造林的马尾松人工林进行4种不同强度(50%、40%、30%、20%)间伐后,套种大叶栎(Castanopsis fissa)、米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、润楠(Machilus pingii)、红锥(C. hystrix)4个乡土阔叶树种,各种套种密度皆为120株/hm²。分别于间伐前(2004年)及2010年对群落生物多样性及人工套种树种生态情况进行调查,结果表明:(1)间伐处理后,自然更新至乔木层的物种种类和数量都有显著的增加,600 m²的样方中,物种数由(2.75±2.56)种增加到(11.17±4.32)种,个体数由(5.75±4.31)株增加到(32.17±19.09)株,群落中乔木亚层的优势种变化不大,主要有南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、水锦树(Wendlandia uvariifolia),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、破布木(Cordia dichotoma)、白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus)等。新增加到乔木层的物种大都为之前群落中灌木层的种类,主要有三桠苦(Evodia lepta)、鸭脚木(Schefflera minutistellata)、白花龙(Styrax faberi)、中平树(Macaranga denticulata)、黄毛榕(Ficus esquiroliana)、华南毛柃(Eurya ciliata)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)、猴耳环(Pithecellobium clypearia)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)、毛黄肉楠(Actinodaphne pilosa)等。(2)间伐处理前,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(24.63±4.24)种,间伐处理后,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(27.58±3.80)种,不同间伐强度处理后林下灌草的优势种与间伐前大致相同,灌木层优势种为三桠苦,草本层优势种为弓果黍(Cyrtococcum patens)。不同间伐强度处理林分间,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均无显著差异,且与间伐前林分也无显著差异。(3)间伐促进了4个乡土树种幼树的生长,随着间伐强度的增加,大叶栎、红锥幼树的高度和胸径显著增长;50%的间伐强度的林分中,阔叶树种幼树的长势要显著好于其他间伐强度,50%的间伐强度最有利于马尾松林下套种的阔叶树种生长。(4)在马尾松林下套种的4个阔叶树种幼树的初期生长有明显差异。总体而言,大叶栎与米老排幼树的早期生长速率要明显高于红锥和润楠。     

Diurnal course of photochemical activity of winter-adapted Scots pine at subzero temperatures

The photochemical activity of native Central Siberian Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L) was estimated from the middle of February to the middle of March 2001. We measured chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in attached intact needles from trees located approx. 30 km west of the Yenisey river (60°44′N, 89°09′E) near the village of Zotino. In this period, the air temperature varied between −39 °C and +7 °C. At temperatures below −10 °C, P. sylvestris needles did not exhibit any variable Chl fluorescence during the daylight period. During the night, however, the effective quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry, Φ₂ [Φ₂ = (F_m′ − F_t)/F_m′), increased from values near zero to values between 0.05 and 0.20 depending on the needle temperature and sample investigated. The increase started soon after dusk and lasted for 3–6 h depending on the temperature. A faster increase of Φ₂ was found for temperatures around −16 °C, and lower rates occurred at lower temperatures. Irrespective of the temperature, Φ₂ decreased rapidly to near zero values at dawn, when the photosynthetic photon flux density increased to about 1–5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and remained near zero throughout the day. At temperatures higher than −10 °C, the diurnal decrease and the nocturnal increase of Φ₂ were less distinct or disappeared completely. Hence the winter-adapted Scots pine maintains some photochemical activity of PS2 even at extremely cold temperatures. The capacity of photochemical reactions below −10 °C is, however, very limited and PS2 photochemistry is saturated by an extremely low irradiance (less than 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹).     

城市不同地表覆盖类型对土壤呼吸的影响

采用Licor-6400-09的土壤呼吸测量系统对北京市区3种不同覆盖类型地表(全硬地表、半透砖地表、草坪覆盖地表)的土壤呼吸速率及其影响因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明:(1)不同地表覆盖类型的土壤呼吸速率年均值分别为7.928 μmol·m^-2·s^-1(全硬地表),5.592 μmol·m^-2·s^-1(部分硬化地表)、2.625 μmol·m^-2·s^-1(草坪覆盖地表);土壤呼吸日均值最高均出现在夏季(14.785,10.296,5.143 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),最低为冬季(0.490,0.319,0.239 μmol·m^-2·s^-1);(2)3种地表类型的土壤呼吸速率有显著差异(P<0.05),大小排序为:草坪覆盖地表<部分硬化地表<全硬地表;(3)3种地表类型土壤呼吸速率均与土壤温度呈显著的指数相关,Q₁₀值排序为:草坪覆盖地表<部分硬化地表<全硬地表;(4)土壤含水率和土壤电导率与土壤呼吸均有一定的相关性,但关系较为复杂,有待于进一步研究。     

Oxygen consumption by ammocoetes of the lampreyGeotria australis in air

 When covered by moistened lint-free gauze, the larvae (ammocoetes) of the lamprey Geotria australis survived, without apparent discomfort, for 4 days in water-saturated air at 10, 15 and 20 °C. In air, the mean standard rates of O₂ consumption of medium to large ammocoetes of G. australis (xˉ=0.52 g) at 10, 15 and 20 °C were 14.5, 35.7 and 52.1 μl⋅g^-1⋅h^-1, respectively. At 15 °C, the slope of the relationship between log O₂ consumption (μl O₂⋅h^-1) and log body weight for ammocoetes over a wide range in body weight was 0.987. The Q ₁₀s for rate of O₂ consumption between 10 and 15 °C, 15 and 20 °C and 10 and 20 °C were 4.9, 2.9 and 3.6, respectively. Our results and observations of the ammocoetes suggest that, when out of water, larval G. australis derives most of its O₂ requirements from cutaneous respiration, particularly at lower temperatures. This would be facilitated by the small size and elongate shape (and thus a relatively high surface-to-volume ratio), low metabolic rate, thin dermis, extensive subdermal capillary network and high haemoglobin concentration of larval G. australis. Accepted: 28 March 1996     

自然造就的神奇之地

神农架因为华夏始祖炎帝神农氏在这里搭架采药而得名，它位于湖北省的西北部，如一叶翡翠镶嵌在华中大地，是长江和汉水的分水岭，也是秦岭和大巴山的交汇地。它地跨东经109&#176;56’-110&#176;58：北纬31&#176;15’-31&#176;75：总面积3253km^2，辖4镇4乡、1个林业管理局（国家森林公园）和1个国家级自然保护区，     

Growth promotion of wheat seedlings by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Exiguobacterium acetylicum</Emphasis> 1P (MTCC 8707) a cold tolerant bacterial strain from the Uttarakhand Himalayas

Exiguobacterium acetylicum strain 1P (MTCC 8707) is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, yellow pigmented bacterium isolated from soil on nutrient agar plates at 4°C. The identity of the bacterium was arrived on the basis of the biochemical characterization, BIOLOG sugar utilization pattern and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. It grew at temperatures ranging from 4 to 42°C, with temperature optima at 30°C. It expressed multiple plant growth promotion attributes such as phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production, differentially at suboptimal growth temperatures (15 and 4°C). At 15°C it solubilized phosphate (21.1 μg of P ml⁻¹ day⁻¹), and produced IAA (14.9 μg ml⁻¹ day⁻¹) in tryptophan amended media. Qualitative detection of siderophore production and HCN were possible at 15°C. At 4°C it retained all the plant growth promotion attributes. Seed bacterization with the isolate, positively influenced the growth and nutrient uptake parameters of wheat seedlings in glass house studies at suboptimal cold growing temperatures.     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林的生物量及其分配特征

根据1,2,3,5,8a共5个不同年龄的15块1000 m2尾巨桉样地(3次重复)调查资料,利用18株不同年龄和径阶的样木数据,建立以胸径(D)为单变量的生物量回归方程。采用样木回归分析法(乔木层)和样方收获法(灌木层、草本层、地上凋落物)获取不同林龄尾巨桉人工林的生物量,分析了其组成、分配及不同林龄生物量的变化趋势。结果表明:林分总生物量随林龄而增加,1,2,3,5年生和8年生尾巨桉人工林生物量分别为12.49,47.75,64.51,105.77和137.51 t/hm2,其中活体植物占85.60%—97.61%,地上凋落物占2.39%—14.40%;层次分配方面乔木层占绝对优势,占54.80%—91.56%,且随林龄的增加而增大,其次为凋落物,灌木层和草本层生物量较小,分别占1.02%—6.47%和0.28%—24.33%,均随林龄的增加呈递减趋势;乔木层以干所占比例最高,占51.07%—98.48%,且随林龄而增加,枝、叶、根分别占5.76%—11.80%,2.17%—21.01%和6.72%—14.87%,均随林龄而下降;灌木层以枝所占比例最高,为37.89%—56.79%,叶和根分别占16.35%—34.24%和19.52%—39.52%,随林龄的变化均不大;草本层分配1—5年生以地上所占比例较大,8年生地下所占比例高达63.87%;尾巨桉人工林乔木层各器官、地上凋落物及总生物量具有良好的优化增长模型,其总生物量的增长模型为Y=-1.693×104+3.337×104X-1.761X2;8年生尾巨桉人工林总生物量与30年生的木莲人工林持平,低于热带雨林,但其年均净生产量高达17.19 t/hm2,是一个光合效率高、固碳潜力大的速生丰产优良造林树种。     

河南省栾川县伏牛山发现翼手目物种大菊头蝠

2011年3月至11月,在调查河南省洞栖蝙蝠过程中,分别在河南省信阳市新县沙窝镇胡山水库引水渠(N31°41′,E115°04′)、南阳市桐柏县桐柏山太白顶桃花洞(32°23′N,113°16′E)、洛阳市栾川县伏牛山龙峪湾矿洞(N33°42′,E111°45′)3地观察到大菊头蝠(Rhinolophus luctus),并各捕获1只个体共3只,对其外形和头骨特征进行了测量、描述,与其他地区的大菊头蝠进行了比较,经鉴定为大菊头蝠华南亚种(R.luctus lanous).标本现保存于河南师范大学标本馆.本文还探讨了大菊头蝠在河南省的分布状况.     

贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉林线种群的时空动态

通过对贡嘎山雅家埂峨眉冷杉种群林线附近6个3000 m2样地(阴阳坡各3个)中峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri Craib)种群的定位调查,分析了过去100a间该区峨眉冷杉种群的时间-空间动态。结果表明:1)雅家埂林线附近峨眉冷杉种群密度在过去100 a(主要是近50 a)有显著的升高,但树线的海拔位置并无明显的爬升;2)阴阳坡林线格局存在显著的坡向分异:阴坡林线和树线的海拔高度显著高于阳坡(分别比阳坡高152.5 m和135.8 m),阳坡林线附近峨眉冷杉早期的生长速率在大于阴坡,但后期的生长速率却低于阴坡;3)热量(温度)控制假说不能完全解释雅家埂目前的树线格局,除气候因素之外,其它因素也限制了雅家梗地区树线位置的变化。     

青海湖流域矮嵩草草甸土壤有机碳密度分布特征

通过对青海湖流域不同退化程度矮嵩草草甸土壤容重和有机碳含量的测定,确定了其土壤有机碳密度。结果表明:不同退化程度下矮嵩草草甸土壤有机碳含量和变化特征各有不同。从未退化-重度退化,0—100 cm土壤剖面平均有机碳含量分别为(25.17±4.73)g/kg,(17.51±3.06)g/kg,(20.79±1.30)g/kg和(14.53±1.20)g/kg,即未退化中度退化轻度退化重度退化;0—20 cm土壤平均有机碳含量从(64.47±11.70)g/kg减少为(14.52±1.52)g/kg,减少了77.48%。土壤剖面有机碳密度变化趋势与其有机碳含量变化趋势一致。0—100 cm土壤剖面有机碳密度分别为(18.16±4.12)kg/m3,(14.24±3.52)kg/m3,(18.64±2.82)kg/m3和(13.27±2.28)kg/m3,即中度退化未退化轻度退化重度退化;土壤有机碳集中分布在0—40 cm深度,从未退化到严重退化,该深度有机碳密度分别为(32.06±6.41)kg/m3,(25.10±4.20)kg/m3,(22.68±3.17)kg/m3和(17.10±2.77)kg/m3,比整个剖面有机碳密度高出76.53%,76.25%,21.68%和28.88%。不考虑其他因素,以空间尺度代替时间尺度,这一结果说明矮嵩草草甸的退化导致土壤逐渐释放有机碳,其作为储存碳的功能在减弱,必须加强对矮嵩草草甸生态系统的保护,以防止其碳库变为碳源。     

蝇蛹金小蜂的交配行为及雄蜂交配次数对雌蜂繁殖的影响

多数昆虫能够进行多次交配,随寄生蜂雄蜂交配次数的增加,雄蜂体内精子减少,雌蜂获得的精子数量减少,产下更多的单倍体卵,发育为雄性后代;一些单寄生性的寄生蜂雌蜂一生仅能够交配1次。描述了蝇蛹金小蜂雌雄蜂的交配行为,探讨了雄蜂交配次数对雌蜂后代产量等的影响以及雌蜂的可交配次数。结果表明,交配过程包括求偶、交尾前期、交尾和交尾后期;雄蜂已交配的次数并不能够显著影响其配偶的寿命、产卵期和后代总数量,但显著影响到其配偶的雌、雄后代数量和性比。随雄蜂交配次数的增加,与之交配的雌蜂的后代雄性百分比显著增大,雌蜂在产卵期内更早地出现较多雄性后代,体内精子不足的现象更加明显。无论已交配的蝇蛹金小蜂雌蜂在产卵期中是否出现精子不足,均不能再次完成交配。     

Production and partial purification of invertase using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cympopogan caecius</Emphasis> leaf powder as substrate

The present study investigates the efficiency of Aspergillus niger to produce invertase, an industrially important enzyme by using powdered stem of Cympopogan caecius (Lemon grass) as sole substrate and sole carbon source for the microorganism. The molecular weight of invertase was estimated to be 66–70 kDa by sodium do decyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The production of the enzyme was studied at different pH scales ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 at a constant temperature of 30°C and 2% substrate concentration. The maximum production of invertase (specific activity −0.0516 μk/mg protein) was obtained at pH 5.5 at 30°C temperature, and incubation for 48 h. The activity was found to be stable at pH 5.5 for 30 min. The enzyme was found to be stable in the temperature range of 20–55°C. The effect of divalent metal ions Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺ on the activity of the enzyme invertase showed that these ions affected the activity by a certain factor. The study can be further industrially exploited in a country-like India where lemon grass is found in plenty and can be used as substrate for enzyme production. Moreover, the preparation of the substrate is also a simple process.     

Overgrazing and soil carbon dynamics in eastern Inner Mongolia of China

Eastern Inner Mongolia of China is a typical ecotone between sandy forests and steppe. Little is known about the effect of overgrazing on carbon loss from soil in semiarid steppe and sandy forests of the north of China. The soil carbon parameters were measured in a 10,000 ha natural reserve in eastern Inner Mongolia of China (43°30′–43°36′N, 117°06′–117°16′E). Three situations were compared: primary protected (PP), moderately protected (MP) and highly degraded (HD). Soil and litter samples were recovered in spring and summer. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and CO₂–C values decreased from the PP (9.23 kg m⁻² and 157 g m⁻²) to the HD (1.69 kg m⁻² and 57 g m⁻²) sites whereas the C mineralization rate increased toward the less restored sites (1.06–2.37). Surface-litter C was different in both sites under protection (PP 648 and MP 408 g m⁻²), an was low at the HD site (17 g m⁻²). Leaves from woody species dominated the surface litter at the PP site, whereas grass material was predominant at the MP site. During summer, both CO₂–C and SOC decreased, whereas the C mineralization rate increased. We calculated that C loss since the introduction of cattle into the forest was 77 M g ha⁻¹, reaching a total of 1.1×10¹⁵ g for eastern Inner Mongolia. These values are higher than those caused by the conversion of steppe and other ecosystems into agriculture or cultivated pastures. The amount of C fixed at the PP site (650 g ha⁻¹year⁻¹) indicates that the sandy soils have a significant potential as atmospheric carbon sinks. Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39900019, 30070129).     

基于ESDA的西北太平洋柔鱼资源空间热点区域及其变动研究

以西北太平洋(150°E—160°E、38°N—45°N)柔鱼Ommastrephes bartramii为研究对象,以2007和2010年鱿钓渔业的原始点位数据为基础,利用常规统计和探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)中的全局空间自相关分析方法,对西北太平洋柔鱼资源空间分布及其变动进行了研究。结果表明,西北太平洋柔鱼资源呈现较强的聚集分布特征,但不同空间位置差异较大。利用GIS和ESDA的局部自相关方法进行了柔鱼资源热冷点空间分布的制图,结果显示2007年研究区存在3个显著的热点和1个冷点,2010年与之存在较为明显的差异,具有1个热点和4个冷点。变化检测分析表明,两个年份间出现1个热点区域和1个冷点区域未发生变化,另有2个区域从2007年热点变成2010年冷点;此外,非热冷点之间的变动在研究区占据了主导地位。景观指数分析表明,研究区柔鱼资源热冷点格局的复杂性和自相似性并不高,但其异质性和聚集性非常强,且整体性和凝聚度均很高。分析认为,2007年西北太平洋柔鱼渔区的形成受温度和海流的影响,近一半作业渔区产量相对较高,但并未充分保证空间热点的大面积形成,空间热点和冷点分布面积大致相当;2010年整个西北太平洋柔鱼渔场受亲潮势力影响,空间热点较为集中、空间冷点较多且分散。     

External nutrient inputs into terrestrial ecosystems of the Falkland Islands and the Maritime Antarctic region

Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are nutrient-poor and depend for their functioning in part on external nutrients. However, little is known about the relative importance of various sources. We measured external mineral nutrient sources (wind blown material, precipitation and guano) at three locations, the cold temperate oceanic Falkland Islands (51°76′S), and the Maritime Antarctic Signy (60°71′S) and Anchorage Islands (67°61′S). These islands differ in the level of vegetation development through different environmental constraints and historical factors. Total mineral nitrogen input differed considerably between the islands. During the 3 month summer period it amounted to 18 mg N m⁻² on the Falkland Islands and 6 and 102 mg N m⁻² at Signy and Anchorage Islands, respectively. The high value for Anchorage was a result of guano deposition. By measuring stable isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of the different nitrogen sources and the dominant plant species, we investigated the relative utilisation of each source by the vegetation at each island. We conclude that external mineral nitrogen inputs to Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems show great spatial variability, with the local presence of bird (or other vertebrate) colonies being particularly significant.