高产抗病冬小麦花培28的育成及遗传性状分析

随着农业生产的迅速发展,广大农村对作物新品种提出了愈来愈高的要求。高产抗病育种成为我省当前小麦新品种选育的重要目标。我们将花药培养单倍体育种新技术应用于冬小麦育种程序,在育成花培2321之后,又从获得试管苗到新品系鉴定,只用三个世代时间,培育出了冬小麦高产抗病新品系——花培28。     

高产抗病冬小麦花培28的育成及遗传性状分析

随着农业生产的迅速发展,广大农村对作 物新品种提出了愈来愈高的要求。高产抗病育 种成为我省当前小麦新品种选育的重要目标。 我们将花药培养单倍体育种新技术应用于冬小 麦育种程序,在育成花培2321、之后〔II,又从获 得试管苗到新品系鉴定,只用三个世代时间,培 育出了冬小麦高产抗病新品系— 花培28[.210     

春小麦花培育种的遗传研究初报

春小麦是我省主要粮食作物,1987年将花药培养的一系列技术应用于育种,先后通过花药培养出一系列品系,已有品系参加省级品种区域性试验。 本文对花培育种的遗传研究表明:对植株诱导率的影响,即不同生态型、基因型F_1花药受不同年份,同时受不同生态区的不同地点,影响出愈率,分化率;供体植株基因型,以花培品系为亲本组合,其平均诱导率均高于不含花培品系的组合,说明小麦再生能力是花培育种的一个特点。不同世代供体基因型,几年来,我们彩用F_1代供体杂种,是提高诱导率和缩短育种年限的有效措施。花粉植株的遗传与变异是育种工作所注目的。     

西瓜花粉植株的诱导及其后代初步观察

单倍体育种已做为一种新技术,在多种作物上得到广泛地应用,并成功地培育出烟草、水稻、小麦、甜椒等作物新品种。实践证明,单倍休育种新技术对缩短育种周期、加快新品种的培育起到很重要的作用。西瓜属葫芦科植物,较难通过花药培养获得植株,因此,对西瓜花药结养技术的研究甚少。1981年我们首次在“琼酥”品种的花药培养上,成功地诱导出花粉植株。1983年又在“周至红”品种的花药培养上获得了花粉植株。通过对花粉植株后代表现性状的初步观察,发现“琼酥”花培植株H₂代中有1株结瓜量和抗病性超过原“琼酥”品种,说明西瓜花药培养有可能直接选育出优良新品种,为西瓜育种提供一条新途径。本文将试验和观察结果报告如下。     

甘蓝花药培养胚状体诱导形成影响因子研究

用甘蓝F1、F2和自交系S33个世代6种基因型材料进行甘蓝花药培养诱导胚状体形成影响因子研究。结果显示:(1)高浓度蔗糖对甘蓝胚状体形成具有显著的诱导作用,6%蔗糖浓度是甘蓝花药培养的最适浓度,其胚状体的诱导率最高达12.2%;(2)材料基因型是影响花药培养的主要因素,F2和F1代材料胚状体诱导效果好,且胚状体诱导率F2代(F2P192和F2P194)18.9%比F1代(F1S17和F1S13)17.1%较高,但差异不显著,自交系S3代材料很难诱导出胚状体;(3)B5培养基比MS培养基更适合甘蓝花药胚状体的诱导培养。结果表明,甘蓝F2代是其花药诱导培养胚状体的最佳基因型材料,B5 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D 2.0 mg/L KT 6%Suc是甘蓝花药诱导培养胚状体的最适培养基。     

提高光敏感雄性不育水稻花粉单倍体育种效率及不育花粉植株育性转换特点的研

比较了（光敏 s/正常品种）F1及F2为供体亲本,对在花药培养时所获得的花粉植株中不育个体／全部花粉植株之比例的影响,结果表明,以F1为供体亲本,在所获得的二倍体花粉植株（A1）中,不育株（长日下）约占20％左右;而从F2分离的不育株为供体亲本,相应的比例为90％左右,对获得不育的花粉植株而言,供体亲本经过F2的选择,在花粉一代中可以提高育种效率3－4倍,指出,以培育光敏感雄性不育系为目的的花药培养,与一般育种之花药培养采用杂种F1为供体亲本不同,不仅应对杂种F2代在长日照条件下不育株的选择,而且应在短日照下对这种不育株作育性转换的双重选择,以这种个体作为花药培养的供体亲本,可以大大提高育种效率。在长日照下表现不育的花粉植株的育性转换具仍多样性,来自同一组合的不育花粉植株在晚造（短日照）条件下,其花粉有的染色,频率高且稳定;有的虽然可变 染色,但频率不高或不稳定或二者兼有;有些却一直不I－KI染色,或即使染色频率也在10％以下,这一结果与收集全国各地15个光敏核不育系在本所同期种植条件下的反应十分吻合,这说明通过花药培养,从特定的组合培育出所需要的光敏／光温互作或温敏型的核不育系的可能性是存在的。     

禾本科植物花药培养中的白化现象

白化花粉植株〔花粉白苗）的产生是禾本科植物花 药培养的特征之一。除葡萄外‘333,还未见在禾本科以 外的植物甲有花粉白苗的报道。禾本科植物的子房培 养“03、原生质体培养‘,,,、幼穗培养“,,’“,’．,及幼胚培 养[t37等再生植株中也有白苗,但远不如花粉植株中白 苗比例高。在大麦、水稻和小麦的花粉植株中,白苗往 往占1/3以上,有时高达90%。白化现象已成为禾本 科植物花药培养应用于育种实践的重要障碍之一。     

小麦花粉植株诱导条件的研究

根据近几年来国内外有关植物花药培养方面的主要资料,我们进行了小麦花粉植株诱导条件的实验研究。除培育出一批花粉植株外,还观察了小麦花粉植株诱导过程中各种培养基成分对于花粉愈伤组织形成和分化过程的影响程度,比较了各种实验材料之间的差异,讨论了与培养过程有关的光照、温度等问题。其中除部分1973年材料已在《遗传学通讯》发表外,再根据1973、1974年两次实验结果作简要总结,以便取得经验,不断改进培养技术和方法,提高培养效率,为小麦花粉植株的培育,为小麦单倍体育种工作打下良好的基础。     

草鱼野生与选育群体线粒体DNA控制区D-loop遗传变异分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化, 研究对4个野生群体(邗江、九江、石首和吴江)和2个选育世代(F1和F2)进行了线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)序列的遗传变异分析。实验结果表明, 4个野生群体在单倍型数目(H)、单倍型多样性(H_d)、核苷酸多样性(π)、平均核苷酸差异数(K)水平上均高于2个选育世代, 在2个选育世代内表现为F1代群体的核苷酸多样性(π)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)大于F2代群体, 但单倍型多样性(H_d)小于F2代群体; 单倍型分析结果表明, 6个群体间无共享单倍型, 4个野生群体间共发现2种共享单倍型(Hap1和Hap3), 石首群体和2个选育世代共享1种单倍型(Hap15); 遗传分化指数(F_st)分析结果表明, 邗江、九江、吴江3个野生群体和2个选育世代间存在较大的遗传分化(F_st范围为0.41475—0.55128), 石首群体与F1代群体之间存在较小的遗传分化, 与F2代群体之间存在中等水平的遗传分化, 同时F1代群体与F2代群体之间存在较小的遗传分化; 基于6个群体276个个体构建的邻接(Neighbor-Joining, NJ)进化树和基于27种单倍型构建的单倍型网络图也得到了相似的结论, 即邗江、九江、吴江3个野生群体和2个选育世代间的亲缘关系较远, 石首群体和2个选育世代两两之间的亲缘关系较近。以上结果表明, 经过2个世代的选择育种, 选育群体的遗传结构已发生了变化, 并且随着选育的进行, 选育世代的遗传多样性下降的较为明显, 这警示着我们在今后的育种工作中应适当改变现有的选育方案, 并实时监测选育群体的遗传多样性, 以便为今后进一步的选育工作打下坚实的基础。     

离体再生能力的遗传调控和操作

许多农艺精典作物基因型难以离体再生,这样限制了利用如离体筛选或基因转移等组织培养技术进行育种来改良这些作物的能力。然而,一些现有研究表明植物的离体再生能力是受遗传调控的,可以通过操作使其表达该种特性。对一种春大麦(Hordeum spontaneum)品系间杂交产生的 F1和 F2代植株进行遗传分析,发现一种高花药培养反应性和两种较低反应性品系,慕尼黑科技大学的科学家 M.R.Islam 及其同事报道,这种花药培养反应性特性是可遗传的并以显性基因的方式起作用。研究还表明从花药培养物再生绿色植株的遗     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418