扬子鳄消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学研究

应用７种特异性胃肠激素抗血清对扬子鳄消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位。５－羟色胺细胞在消化道各段都有分布,以十二指肠密度最高,食道、直肠其次。生长抑素细胞在胃幽门部非常密集,胃体中等,胃贲门部较少,十二指肠偶见。胃泌素细胞主要分布于十二指肠前段,空肠、回肠和直肠偶见。许多血管活性肠肽细胞分布于胃贲门部,胃体和胃幽门部少数。胰高血糖素、胰多肽和Ｐ－物质在消化道各段均未检出阳性细胞。结合扬子鳄的     

乌龟胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学研究

应用过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素(Streptavidin peroxidase,简称S-P法)免疫组织化学技术,使用六种特异性胃肠激素抗血清对乌龟胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的种类、定位、分布密度及形态进行了研究。在乌龟胰腺中检测出5-羟色胺、生长抑素、胰高糖素和胰多肽等4种内分泌细胞,生长抑素、胰高糖素细胞多成簇大量分布于胰岛中;5-羟色胺、胰多肽细胞多散在少量分布于胰腺腺泡之间。在乌龟消化道中共检测出5-羟色胺、生长抑素、胃泌素、胰高糖素和P物质等5种内分泌细胞:5-羟色胺细胞在消化道各段均有分布,以十二指肠处分布密度最高(30.7±4.2),空肠其次,回肠、直肠处最低(12.0±1.0/11.2±3.0);生长抑素细胞仅分布于食道和胃中各段;胃泌素细胞分布于胃幽门部和十二指肠处;胰高糖素细胞分布于胃体至空肠段,以胃幽门部分布密度较高(11.3±1.1);P物质细胞仅布于胃幽门部;消化道各段均未检出胰多肽细胞。与其他爬行动物比较,乌龟胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的分布既存在着一定共同点,又显示了较大的种间差异。       

牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴定与定位

应用过氧化物酶标记的链霉卵白素(S-P)免疫组织化学方法对牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)胃肠胰系统5种内分泌细胞进行了鉴定与定位.在消化道中检测到了5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(Gas)和胰高血糖素(Glu)细胞.5-HT细胞主要分布于胃幽门部和空肠,食道中偶见.SS细胞主要分布于胃,幽门部较密集,小肠各段少量,直肠和食道偶见.Gas细胞主要分布于小肠各段,胃和直肠中偶见,食道中未检测到.Glu细胞主要分布于胃和直肠,小肠各段偶见,食道中未检测到.在胰腺中检测出了5-HT、SS、Gas、Glu和胰多肽(PP)细胞.SS、Glu和PP细胞数量较多,成簇分布于胰岛中,5-HT和Gas细胞少量,散在分布于胰腺腺泡之间.胃腺部和胰腺内分泌细胞多呈圆形、椭圆形或形态不规则,有的可见明显胞突伸向邻近细胞,胃肠道上皮中的内分泌细胞多呈梭形、楔形或锥形,有的可见明显胞突伸向消化腔.与其它两栖动物相比,牛蛙胃肠胰系统内分泌细胞的存在与分布有一些共性,也存在着种间差异.     

扬子鳄消化道Ghrelin免疫活性细胞的分布及其在冬眠期的密度变化

目的 研究扬子鳄（Alligator sinensis）消化道中生长素释放肽ghrelin免疫活性（IR）细胞的分布、组织定位及其在冬眠期的变化.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物（SABC）免疫组织化学方法结合生物统计学分析.结果 Ghrelin-IR细胞在扬子鳄的小胃密度最高,在胃贲门部、胃体和胃幽门部有少量分布,主要位于胃腺上皮细胞之间.在食管、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠中均未检测出ghrelin-IR细胞.冬眠期小胃ghrelin-IR细胞显著性减少（P〈0.01）,其它部位无显著性变化（P〉0.05）.结论扬子鳄消化道ghrelin-IR细胞的分布同其它动物有相似之处,也有其一定的特异性.Ghrelin在扬子鳄冬眠期的代谢变化和能量稳态的调节中起重要作用.     

小熊猫胃的解剖和组织结构研究

小熊猫的胃属单室腺型胃,它以角切迹为界,可分为胃底部和幽门部两部分。胃壁由粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜四层组成。四上皮为单层柱状上皮,具有分泌粘液的功能。胃腺有贲门腺、胃底腺、幽门腺三种,但贲门腺不发达。主细胞、壁细胞和粘液细胞的数量与分布呈现规律性变化。肌层发达,特别是内环行肌发达。并与大熊猫胃的结构作了比较。     

小熊猫胃的解剖和组织结构研究

小熊猫的胃属单室腺型胃,它以角切迹为界,可分为胃底部和幽门部两部分.胃壁由粘膜、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜四层组成.四上皮为单层柱状上皮,具有分泌粘液的功能.胃腺有贲门腺、胃底腺、幽门腺三种,但贲门腺不发达.主细胞、壁细胞和粘液细胞的数量与分布呈现规律性变化.肌层发达,特别是内环行肌发达.并与大熊猫胃的结构作了比较.     

两种有胃鱼消化道6种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学比较研究

目的 应用6种胃肠激素抗血清对胡子鲶(Clarias fuscas)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学比较.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物技术(streptavidin biotin-peroxidase complex method,SABC法)免疫组织化学方法.结果 除胡子鲶后肠外,五羟色胺细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均有分布,其中贲门部或幽门部密度最高,前中肠次之,食道最少;胡子鲶消化道中生长抑素细胞主要分布于胃贲门部和胃部,食管、胃幽门及肠道内未见分布,而瓦氏黄颡主要分布于食管和胃部,肠道内未见分布;胃泌素细胞在胡子鲶消化道内只在肠内检测到,瓦氏黄颡只在幽门胃和前肠两个部位检测到;胰多肽细胞只在瓦氏黄颡的幽门胃和前肠两个部位有分布;胰高血糖素和P-物质两种细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均未见其分布.结论 两种有胃鱼消化道中六种内分泌细胞的分布既有一定的共性,体现了两者消化生理的共同点;同时又存在较大的种间差异,与各自食性及生活环境相适应.     

黑龙江林蛙冬眠和非冬眠消化道内分泌细胞的比较研究

目的应用5-羟色胺(5-HT)、生长抑素(SS)、胃泌素(GAS)、胰高血糖素(Glu)、胰多肽(PP)和P-物质(SP)6种特异性抗血清,对黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道内分泌细胞进行检测。方法应用卵白素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex,ABC)免疫组织化学法。结果在冬眠期和非冬眠期黑龙江林蛙消化道内检测到5-HT细胞、SS细胞和Glu细胞,而GAS细胞、PP细胞和SP细胞均未检测到。5-HT细胞分布广泛,存在于黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期从食管到直肠的整个消化道中,在冬眠期分布密度高峰为胃幽门部和十二指肠,而非冬眠期则为胃幽门部;SS细胞分布也较为广泛,在黑龙江林蛙冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中,除了直肠以外,均有分布,且这两个时期SS细胞的分布密度高峰均在胃幽门部。Glu细胞在冬眠期仅在胃贲门部、胃体、空肠和回肠检测到,而在非冬眠期除以上四个部位外直肠部也检测到了Glu细胞,并且Glu细胞分布密度高峰都在胃体部。结论黑龙江林蛙在冬眠期和非冬眠期消化道中内分泌细胞分布型的不同,可能与机体适应不同时期的生理功能有关。     

凹耳蛙消化道组织学和嗜银细胞形态观察

为了揭示凹耳蛙(Odorrana tormota)消化道的基本特征,运用石蜡切片法和龙桂开银浸法对凹耳蛙消化道组织学结构及嗜银细胞的形态与分布密度进行了观察。结果显示:①凹耳蛙的胃壁具明显的纵行皱襞和胃小凹,胃腺发达,小肠可分为十二指肠和回肠,杯状细胞分散在十二指肠上皮细胞之间,十二指肠中未见十二指肠腺分布。②凹耳蛙嗜银细胞见于消化道全长,呈毛笔头样、锥体形、梭形、椭圆形和长条形等;幽门腺上皮和十二指肠绒毛上皮中的嗜银细胞具指向腺泡腔或肠腔的突起,提示其可能具有腔分泌的功能。嗜银细胞的分布密度胃幽门部最高,十二指肠和胃体其次,食道最低。据此认为胃既是凹耳蛙的主要消化器官,也是消化道中主要的内分泌器官;十二指肠是凹耳蛙消化道中的主要吸收部位,同时也具有内分泌功能;消化道嗜银细胞具有内分泌的功能,还可能具有腔分泌的功能。     

大熊猫胃肠道内分泌细胞分布型的研究

本文用ＰＡＰ法对３只大熊猫胃底,幽门腺区、十二脂肠,空肠,回肠、结肠和直肠的五羟色胺,生长抑素,胃素,胆囊收缩囊,神经降压素、胃动素、抑胃多肽、胰高血糖素、血管活性肠肽和内啡肽的ＩＲ细胞进行了研究。结果表明,大熊猫胃肠道粘膜上皮中具有前八种ＩＲ细胞。对７年龄个体胃肠各段相对数量的比较和各段内分布情况的观察结果表明,除五羟色胺ＩＲ细胞在空肠分布较多外,大多数种类的ＩＲ细胞集中分布于幽门区和十二指肠,     

An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the chicken gastrointestinal tract

The distribution and the frequency of occurrence of nine types of gut endocrine cells were revealed using immunohistochemical methods in eight portions from the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken (Gallus gallus var domestica). In the proventriculus, somatostatin- and gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were commonly found. Serotonin-, pancreatic glucagon-, and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were uncommon. Avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-immunoreactive cells were rare. In the gizzard, numerous GRP-, and a small number of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed. The pyloric region was characterized by the presence of abundant gastrin-, somatostatin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. Numerous serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine. Moderate numbers of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were detected in all portions of the intestine except for the cecum. A few gastrin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the duodenum and jejunum. A small number of pancreatic glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the jejunum and ileum. Enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the small intestine in increasing numbers forwards the ileum. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were rare in the small intestine.     

The distribution and ontogeny of polypeptide YY (PYY)-and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of rat

Summary The distribution and ontogeny of polypeptide YY (PYY)-and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of rat were investigated. PYY-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the pylorus, ileum and colon and only a few cells were observed in the corpus, duodenum, jejunum and rectum. On the other hand, a few PP-immunoreactive cells were seen in the colon only. Both PYY-and PP-immunoreactive cells were of the open type, i.e., they extended from the basal lamina to the gut lumen. PYY-immunoreactive cells were observed first in the lower half of the stomach and in the intestine of 19 day-old embryo. The localization of the cells seemed to move along towards the pylorus and the lower part of the intestine. PP-immunoreactive cells could only be detected for the first time in the colon of 2 day-old rat. These cells appeared temporarily in the pylorus and rectum during the period 7 to 21 days after birth. It was concluded that the difference between PYY-and PP-immunoreactive cells in the distribution, frequency and ontogeny provide further evidence that PYY and PP occur in two independent cell types.     

An immunohistochemical study on the distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic pigeon, (Columba livia var domestica)

The endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia var domestica) were studied immunohistochemically, and their distribution and relative frequencies were determined. In the proventriculus, moderate numbers of somatostatin- and numerous gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells were found. No immunoreactive cells were detected in the gizzard. In the pyloric region, many motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in addition to numerous somatostatin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells. In the intestine, somatostatin-, gastrin-, serotonin-, neurotensin-, pancreatic glucagon- and enteroglucagon-immunoreactive cells were found to have in differing distribution patterns.     

An immunohistochemical study of somatostatin in the stomach and the small intestine of the African ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The aim of the present study was to clarify the distribution and relative frequencies of somatostatin (SST)-producing cells in the stomach and the small intestine of the ostrich by using immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive (SST-IR) cells were distributed in mucosal layers of the proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. However, no immunoreactivity was observed in the gizzard. SST-IR cells were found at the lower part of glandular lobule in the proventriculus, which were oval and round generally. SST-IR cells were present in the mucous membrane of entire small intestine of the ostrich. SST-IR cells had round and spherical shapes (closed-type cells), or spindle and pyriform shapes (open-type cells) in the small intestine. SST-positive cells were localized preferentially in the proventriculus of the 60-day-old ostrich. These results indicated that SST might be involved in functional and developmental regulation of gastrointestinal tract of the ostrich.     

红腹锦鸡胃肠道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学定位

应用ABC免疫组织化学方法,对红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)胃肠道5-羟色胺(5-hydroxtryptamine,5-HT)、胃泌素(gastfin,GAS)、生长抑素(somatostatin,ss)3种内分泌细胞的分布密度和形态进行了观察.结果显示,5-HT细胞在空肠和直肠分布密度最高,回肠和盲肠次之,十二指肠较少,腺胃和肌胃最少;GAS细胞在十二指肠和直肠分布密度最高,其次是空肠和盲肠,腺胃部最低,肌胃则呈免疫阴性;SS细胞数量较少,在直肠、盲肠处分布密度相对高,其次是十二指肠和空肠,腺胃部最低,肌胃则呈免疫阴性.3种内分泌细胞的形态多样,有圆形、椭圆形、锥体形、杆状和不规则形,其中以圆形、椭圆形为主.细胞分布于固有膜、黏膜上皮细胞基部、黏膜上皮细胞之间、腺泡上皮细胞基部或腺泡上皮细胞之间.红腹锦鸡胃肠道内分泌细胞的形态与其内、外分泌功能是相适应的.     

Intestinal mesenchyme provokes differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in gizzard endoderm

The gizzard (muscular stomach) of chicks is deficient in endocrine cells at hatching. It has previously been shown that proventricular types and proportions of endocrine cells can be induced in gizzard endoderm under the influence of proventricular (glandular stomach) mesenchyme. In order to test its capacity to form nongastric endocrine cell types, gizzard endoderm of 3.75- to 5-day chick embryos was combined with mesenchyme from the small intestine of 3.5- to 4-day quail embryos. The combinations were grown as chorio-allantoic grafts until they attained an incubation age comparable to that of hatching chicks. Controls comprised reassociated endoderm and mesenchyme of chick gizzard and of quail intestine. In the experimental grafts, morphogenesis was predominantly intestinal but some grafts showed gizzard-like features, particularly if the endoderm had been provided by older donors. All intestinal endocrine cell types, including those also found in the normal proventriculus (serotonin-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells) differentiated in experimental grafts, some even where morphogenesis was gizzard-like. Hence progenitors of not only gastric, but also intestinal, endocrine cells are indeed present in gizzard endoderm. The possibility that gizzard mesenchyme is inhibitory to endocrine cell differentiation is mooted. Motilin- and secretin-immunoreactive cells, which are characteristic of the intestine but not of the proventriculus of chicks at hatching, were respectively sparse or absent when the endoderm was derived from older donors. Thus the ability of gizzard endoderm to differentiate into nongastric endocrine cell types declines before its capacity to form gastric types. The unexpected appearance of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells, a proventricular type not found in normal chick intestine, suggests that the intestinal mesenchyme, at least in this instance, was exercising a permissive role.     

The distribution and ontogeny of gastrin/CCK-, somatostatin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken

The distribution and time of appearance of cells with gastrin/CCK-, neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity were studied in samples from eight regions of the gastrointestinal tract of chick embryos from 11 days of incubation to hatching. No immunoreactive cells were found in any region at 11 days of incubation. Somatostatin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells appeared for the first time in the proventriculus, pyloric region and duodenum at 12 days of incubation with cells immunoreactive for neurotensin occurring in the rectum at the same stage. Gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected in the small intestine first at 14 days and in the pyloric region two days later. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin and neurotensin appeared in the upper and lower ileum at 14 days of incubation for the first time; neurotensin-immunoreactive cells, present in the caecum at 14 and 16 days, were rare. Cells of all three types were plentiful in the pyloric region by 17 1/2 days of incubation. No immunoreactive cells were detected in the gizzard at any stage studied. Endocrine cells were present in the relatively undifferentiated surface epithelium which occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract of chick embryos at 12 days of incubation. Thereafter cells of all three types were detected in the glandular epithelium at or very soon after morphogenesis and differentiation of the latter had occurred.     

白条草蜥消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

应用6种胃肠激素抗血清和免疫组织化学ABC法(avidin-biotin complex method),对白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位研究和形态学观察。结果表明,5-羟色胺细胞较其他5种内分泌细胞的分布更为广泛,整个消化道中(即从食管到直肠)均有分布,其分布密度高峰位于幽门。食管、回肠和直肠未检测到生长抑素细胞,生长抑素细胞在幽门部分布密度最高,总体来说生长抑素细胞的分布在胃部较高而在小肠部较低。胃泌素细胞和胰多肽细胞分布在小肠,均在十二指肠分布密度最高。胰高血糖素细胞在胃幽门部分布密度最高,十二指肠、空肠次之,回肠分布密度最低。P-物质细胞仅分布于幽门部。6种内分泌细胞以圆形和锥体形为主,它们广泛分布于消化道黏膜之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间及上皮细胞基部。内分泌细胞的密度分布与其食性、食物组成和生活环境有关,它们的形态与其内、外分泌功能是相适应的。