模拟氮沉降下去除凋落物对太岳山油松林土壤呼吸的影响

凋落物是土壤呼吸的重要碳源,氮沉降将改变其输入数量和质量,进而影响土壤呼吸。为揭示氮沉降和去除凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响,以太岳山油松林为研究对象,对林地分别作2种凋落物处理:去除凋落物(LR)、对照(CK1),设计4个施氮水平:不施氮(CK2,0 kg N·hm-2·a-1),低氮(LN,50 kg N·hm-2·a-1),中氮(MN,100 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(HN,150 kg N·hm-2·a-1),于2010—2012年生长季测定土壤呼吸速率的动态变化,并分析土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤微生物生物量C、N的关系。结果表明:随着观测年限的推移,模拟氮沉降对对照处理的土壤呼吸速率、去凋处理的土壤呼吸速率、凋落物层呼吸速率的促进作用逐渐减弱。去除凋落物使土壤呼吸速率降低了29.0%,施氮减小了去除凋落物后土壤呼吸速率的变化幅度。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著指数相关(P0.05),土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的37.3%~62.2%,去除凋落物降低了模型决定系数R2;以土壤温度和土壤水分构建的复合关系方程拟合效果均好于单因子模型,土壤温度和水分共同解释了土壤呼吸季节变化的67.6%~85.6%,并且施氮降低了去凋处理的复合模型决定系数R2,而对对照处理没有显著影响。施氮提高了土壤微生物生物量C、N,并且土壤微生物生物量C、N与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。说明氮沉降、凋落物是影响油松林土壤CO2通量的两个重要因子。     

模拟N沉降对太岳山油松人工林和天然林草本群落的影响

由于人类活动氮沉降呈逐年增加的趋势,进而增加了陆地生态系统氮的输入,从而影响陆地生态系统多样性、物种组成和功能。为揭示氮沉降增加对油松林草本群落的影响,于2009年7月在太岳山油松人工林和天然林,设计4个施氮水平:对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1),低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1),中氮(MN,100 kg N hm-2a-1)和高氮(HN,150 kg N hm-2a-1),研究草本群落的生物多样性、生物量以及草本元素含量对模拟N沉降的响应。研究结果表明:模拟N沉降未能显著影响人工林草本群落的生物多样性(P0.05),而中氮、高氮显著降低了天然林草本群落的生物多样性(P0.05);从Jaccard指数和Sorensen指数分析得出人工林不同氮水平之间草本群落差异性较小,而天然林不同氮水平之间草本群落差异性较大。模拟N沉降没有显著改变人工林草本群落生物量(P0.05),而高氮明显促进天然林草本群落生物量的增加(P0.05)。与对照相比,模拟N沉降提高了人工林和天然林羊胡子苔草叶根中的全N含量(P0.05),而降低了全Mg的含量(P0.05),并且根部元素含量变化与土壤养分含量变化较为一致。施氮提高了N/K、N/Ca、N/Mg(P0.05)的比值。说明油松林下草本群落对氮沉降的响应因林分土壤N饱和程度以及林地利用历史的不同而产生差异,其中天然林响应最为敏感。     

川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应

通过原位进行了对照(CK)、低氮(LN,50kgN.hm-2.a-1)、中氮(MN,100kgN.hm-2.a-1)和高氮(HN,150kgN.hm-2.a-1)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟N沉降的响应.结果表明:凋落物分解95%需要4.72～6.33年,分解率最高的为CK,最低的为HN.经过365d,各处理的分解率均低于CK,仅HN与CK间差异显著(P<0.05);C残留率均高于CK;N和K残留率均显著高于CK(P<0.05);P残留率均高于CK,仅LN与CK间差异显著(P<0.05).各处理凋落物的C/N升高3.9%～23.7%.凋落物分解过程中N元素的迁移模式为富集-释放,C、P和K元素则表现为直接释放.N沉降对凋落物中养分元素的释放及木质素和纤维素的降解均具有抑制作用.随着处理时间的延长,N沉降对川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解的影响从正效应转向负效应,且负效应随沉降浓度的增加而加强.     

模拟氮沉降条件下木荷幼苗光合特性、生物量与C、N、P分配格局

设置模拟氮沉降的控制试验,以NH4NO3作为外加氮源,设计CK(0kg N hm-2·a-1)、LN(50 kg N hm-2·a-1)、MN(100 kg N hm-2·a-1)、HN(150 kg N hm-2· a-1)4个处理,历时9个月,测定木荷(Schima superba)幼苗的光合特性、生物量和C、N、P含量及其分配格局对氮沉降的响应.结果表明:(1)木荷幼苗的最大净光合速率和光饱和点随着氮处理水平增加呈先增加后减小的特点,在中氮处理下极显著增加(P＜0.01).氮处理降低了幼苗的光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,光补偿点在低氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05),暗呼吸速率在低中氮处理下极显著降低(P＜0.01),高氮处理下显著降低(P＜0.05).未见氮处理对表观量子效率产生显著影响.(2)氮处理促进了木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长.随着氮处理水平的增加,叶重比呈升高的趋势,而根重比和根冠比呈降低的趋势,在高氮处理下叶重比的增加和根重比、根冠比的降低都达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).(3)氮沉降促进各器官N含量的增加,在高氮处理下根和茎中N含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中N含量显著增加(P＜0.05).而各器官C含量随着氮沉降程度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在中氮处理下根和茎中C含量极显著增加(P＜0.01),叶中C含量显著增加(P＜0.05).但各器官P含量变化趋势各不相同,随着氮的增加,根中P含量是呈先增加后降低的趋势,而茎和叶中P含量是呈降低的趋势.氮沉降一定程度上降低了木荷各器官的C/N比值而增加了N/P比值.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物生产及季节动态对模拟氮沉降增加的响应

通过野外模拟试验,研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落物量对氮沉降的初期响应。试验设计4种处理,分别为对照(CK)、低氮(LN,50 kg·hm-2·a-1)、高氮(HN,100kg·hm-2·a-1)和高氮加磷(HN+P,100 kg N·hm-2·a-1+50 kg P·hm-2·a-1),每个处理重复3次。通过2年的试验观测,甜槠林对照林分年总凋落物量为7.78 t·hm-2,经LN、HN、HN+P处理后,年总凋落物量分别为8.81、9.08、9.41 t·hm-2,不同处理间没有显著差异,表明氮沉降增加没有显著提高凋落物产量,但高氮处理林分,叶凋落物量表现出抑制效果,低于低氮处理;高氮+磷处理的林分凋落物总量及落叶、落枝量均明显高于高氮、低氮处理,磷添加呈现凋落物量增加的效应。甜槠林分总凋落物量表现出明显的季节动态,在春季4—5月以及秋季11月出现2个明显的峰值,不同处理趋势一致。凋落物组成中,落叶的比例占总凋落物量的53.78%~58.84%,花果杂物占28.29%~33.66%,落枝占10.79%~12.87%。研究表明,高氮处理可能引起了土壤氮素过剩,造成氮、磷失衡。     

模拟氮沉降凋落物管理对樟树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

以湖南省植物园樟树人工林为对象,研究了模拟氮沉降下,不同凋落物处理对土壤呼吸的影响。设置4个施氮水平,分别为CK(0 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、LN(50 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、NM(150 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))以及HN(300 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1));凋落物处理分别为去除凋落物、添加凋落物以及凋落物对照组。经过为期2年的观测研究,结果表明:(1)模拟氮沉降不同凋落物处理下,土壤温度呈现显著的季节性变化,但不存在显著差异;土壤湿度呈现显著的波动性变化,施氮及凋落物管理对土壤温度无影响。土壤湿度仅受凋落物管理的影响。在不同施氮水平下,去除凋落物的土壤湿度与加倍凋落物的土壤湿度均存在显著差异性。(2)模拟氮沉降不同凋落物处理下,土壤呼吸均呈现显著的季节性变化,最大值出现在6—8月;最小值出现在1月,且在生长季期间(4—8月),不同处理下土壤呼吸存在显著差异。(3)施氮对土壤呼吸表现为抑制作用,添加凋落物对土壤呼吸起促进作用,去除凋落物对土壤呼吸起抑制作用。(4)在凋落物对照组中,LN、MN、HN较CK相比,土壤呼吸速率年均值分别降低了35.4%、30.6%、36.8%,且各施氮水平与CK存在显著差异(P0.05);添加凋落物处理下,LN、MN、HN处理较CK相比,土壤呼吸速率年均值土壤呼吸分别降低了23.2%、15.8%、14.7%。去除凋落物处理下,LN、MN、HN较CK相比,土壤呼吸速率年均值分别降低了3.5%、0.5%、-11.6%。且添加或去除凋落物均能削弱施氮对土壤呼吸的抑制作用,且这种作用随着施氮水平的增加而增大。(5)土壤呼吸与5 cm处土壤温度存在显著相关性(P0.05),土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸变异的47.76%—72.61%;与土壤湿度呈现正相关,但未达到显著相关水平(P0.05)。     

氮沉降对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤呼吸的影响

2012年6月至2012年10月, 对黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地进行了模拟氮沉降试验, 氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮(LN, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(HN, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)。利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸速率。结果表明, 氮沉降促进了芦苇湿地土壤呼吸作用, LN和HN处理使芦苇生长季(6-10月)平均土壤呼吸速率比CK分别提高19%和58%。积水改变了芦苇湿地土壤呼吸日动态。地面无积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸日动态均呈单峰型曲线; 地面有积水时, 土壤呼吸日动态峰值推后或无单峰型波动规律。积水影响土壤呼吸作用对温度的响应。地面无积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸速率均与气温呈极显著的正指数相关关系, 气温分别解释了CK、LN和HN处理下土壤呼吸季节变化的69.9%、64.5%和59.9%; 地面有积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸与气温相关性不显著。CK、LN和HN处理下土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值分别为1.68、1.75和1.68, 表明LN处理增强了土壤呼吸温度敏感性, HN处理对其影响不显著。     

鼎湖山苗圃和主要森林土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收对模拟N沉降的短期响应

研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区苗圃(幼苗)、马尾松、混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(季风林)土壤CO2排放和CH4吸收的一些特征及其对模拟N沉降增加的响应.结果表明,土壤CO2日(白天)平均排放量的大小顺序为(平均值±标准误)苗圃(258±62mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(177±42 mg·m-2·h-1)＞马尾松林(162±39 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(126±30 mg·m-2·h-1).土壤CH4日(白天)平均吸收量的大小顺序为马尾松林(-0.15±0.02 mg·m-2·h-1)＞季风林(-0.08±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞混交林(-0.07±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1)＞苗圃(-0.05±0.01 mg·m-2·h-1).低N(50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和中N(100kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃、马尾松林和混交林样地土壤CO2日平均排放量的影响均不明显,高N(150 kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理对苗圃土壤CO2的日平均排放量也无显著影响,但倍高N(300kg N·hm-2·a-1)处理显著促进苗圃样地土壤CO2的排放.然而,所有N(低N、中N和高N)处理均显著促进季风林土壤CO2日平均排放量,且这种促进作用随N处理水平的升高而增加.N处理显著促进季风林和马尾松林土壤对CH4吸收速率,但对混交林土壤CH4吸收则无明显的影响.在苗圃样地,除倍高N外,N处理对土壤CH4吸收速率也无显著作用,但倍高N处理使苗圃土壤发生功能转变,即从CH4汇转变为CH4源.     

模拟氮沉降对天山云杉细根分解及其养分释放的影响

采用野外模拟试验,设计4种氮处理——对照(不施氮,CK)、低氮(施氮5kg·hm-2·a-1,LN)、中氮(施氮10kg·hm-2·a-1,MN)、高氮(施氮15kg·hm-2·a-1,HN),研究氮沉降对天山云杉细根分解及养分释放的影响。结果表明:(1)不同氮处理分解2年后天山云杉细根残留率依次为74.044%(HN)、71.967%(MN)、68.156%(CK)、61.933%(LN),且差异显著。(2)天山云杉的细根月分解速率在试验前期不同氮处理下规律不明显;而在试验后期呈现为对照中氮低氮高氮。(3)4种氮处理下天山云杉细根分解50%需要的时间依次为3.31年(LN)、3.67年(CK)、4.28年(MN)、4.64年(HN),分解95%需要的时间依次为14.39年(LN)、15.93年(CK)、18.58年(MN)和20.17年(HN)。(4)天山云杉细根C元素迁移模式总体表现为直接释放,N元氮为富集-释放模式,残留率呈现波动式下降趋势。(5)不同氮处理下天山云杉细根分解率与C元素浓度间均呈线性负相关关系;对照和低氮处理下,天山云杉细根分解率与N元素浓度间均为线性负相关关系,中氮和高氮处理下,细根分解率随N元素浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。     

模拟N沉降下三种林分土壤营养动态分析

通过模拟N沉降实验,设置对照(CK,0 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));低氮(LN,5 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));中氮(MN,10 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));高氮(HN,15 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))4种N处理,以NH_4NO_3为外源N来研究福建省三明格氏栲自然保护区内板栗人工林、观光木人工林及米槠天然林0—10 cm土层养分变化动态。结果表明:N沉降会使板栗人工林土壤显著酸化,P含量降低,在一些时间段内,中高水平的N沉降会显著降低有机C、全N和速效N含量,中或低水平N沉降会显著降低土壤全P和速效P含量,而从第6个月起只有LN处理会显著降低土壤K含量。N沉降总体上会不同程度地提高观光木人工林土壤p H值、有机C、全N和速效N含量,有时影响会达显著或极显著水平;比较而言,LN和HN处理更会造成土壤全P的富集,而MN处理对速效P的影响更显著;LN和HN处理也会显著增加K含量,且以LN处理的效果更稳定。总体上N沉降量越大米槠天然林土壤酸化越显著;N沉降会使其有机C和速效P量显著波动;实验期间,HN处理会显著降低土壤全N和速效N量,而LN与MN处理则会使速效N和K含量增加;在4种处理下全P含量会呈相同趋势波动,差异不显著。     

Soil C and N responses to woody plant expansion in a mesic grassland

Changes in land management and reductions in fire frequency have contributed to increased cover of woody species in grasslands worldwide. These shifts in plant community composition have the potential to alter ecosystem function, particularly through changes in soil processes and properties. In semi-arid grasslands, the invasion of shrubs and trees is often accompanied by increases in soil resources and more rapid N and C cycling. We assessed the effects of shrub encroachment in a mesic grassland in Kansas (USA) on soil CO₂ flux, extractable inorganic N, and N mineralization beneath shrub communities (Cornus drummondii) and surrounding undisturbed grassland sites. In this study, a shift in plant community composition from grassland to shrubland resulted in a 16% decrease in annual soil CO₂ flux(4.78 kg CO₂ m^–2 year^–1 for shrub dominated sites versus 5.84 kg CO₂ m^–2 year^–1 for grassland sites) with no differences in total soil C or N or inorganic N. There was considerable variability in N mineralization rates within sites, which resulted in no overall difference in cumulative N mineralized during this study (4.09 g N m^–2 for grassland sites and 3.03 g N m^–2 for shrub islands). These results indicate that shrub encroachment into mesic grasslands does not significantly alter N availability (at least initially), but does alter C cycling by decreasing soil CO₂ flux.     

Carbon dynamics and microbial activity in tallgrass prairie exposed to elevated CO2 for 8 years

Alterations in microbial mineralization and nutrient cycling may control the long-term response of ecosystems to elevated CO₂. Because micro-organisms constitute a labile fraction of potentially available N and are regulators of decomposition, an understanding of microbial activity and microbial biomass is crucial. Tallgrass prairie was exposed to twice ambient CO₂ for 8 years beginning in 1989. Starting in 1991 and ending in 1996, soil samples from 0 to 5 and 5 to 15 cm depths were taken for measurement of microbial biomass C and N, total C and N, microbial activity, inorganic N and soil water content. Because of increased water-use-efficiency by plants, soil water content was consistently and significantly greater in elevated CO₂ compared to ambient treatments. Soil microbial biomass C and N tended to be greater under elevated CO₂ than ambient CO₂ in the 5–15 cm depth during most years, and in the month of October, when analyzed over the entire study period. Microbial activity was significantly greater at both depths in elevated CO₂ than ambient conditions for most years. During dry periods, the greater water content of the surface 5 cm soil in the elevated CO₂ treatments increased microbial activity relative to the ambient CO₂ conditions. The increase in microbial activity under elevated CO₂ in the 5–15 cm layer was not correlated with differences in soil water contents, but may have been related to increases in soil C inputs from enhanced root growth and possibly greater root exudation. Total soil C and N in the surface 15 cm were, after 8 years, significantly greater under elevated CO₂ than ambient CO₂. Our results suggest that decomposition is enhanced under elevated CO₂ compared with ambient CO₂, but that inputs of C are greater than the decomposition rates. Soil C sequestration in tallgrass prairie and other drought-prone grassland systems is, therefore, considered plausible as atmospheric CO₂ increases. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氮素类型和剂量对寒温带针叶林土壤N2O排放的影响

大气氮沉降输入会增加森林生态系统氮素有效性,进而改变土壤N_2O产生与排放,然而有关不同氮素离子(氧化态NO_3~--N与还原态NH_4~+-N)沉降对土壤N_2O排放的影响知之甚少。以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,构建了3种类型(NH_4Cl、KNO_3、NH_4NO_3)和4个施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的增氮控制试验,利用流动化学分析仪和静态箱-气相色谱法4次/月测定凋落物层和矿质层土壤无机氮含量、土壤-大气界面N_2O净交换通量以及相关环境因子,分析施氮类型和剂量对土壤氮素有效性、土壤N_2O通量的影响探讨氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O通量的环境驱动机制。结果表明:施氮类型和剂量均显著影响土壤无机氮含量,土壤NH_4~+-N的积累效应显著高于NO_3~--N。施氮一致增加寒温带针叶林土壤N_2O排放,NH_4NO_3促进效应最为明显,增幅为442%-677%,高于全球平均水平(134%)。土壤N_2O通量与土壤温度、凋落物层NH_4~+-N含量正相关,且随着施氮水平增加而增加。结果表明大气氮沉降短期内不会导致寒温带针叶林土壤NO_3~--N大量流失,但会显著促进土壤N_2O的排放。此外,外源性NH_4~+和NO_3~-输入对土壤N_2O排放的促进作用具有协同效应,在未来森林生态系统氮循环和氮平衡研究中应该区分对待。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Responses of N fluxes and pools to elevated atmospheric CO2 in model forest ecosystems with acidic and calcareous soils

The objectives of this study were to estimate how soil type, elevated N deposition (0.7 vs. 7 g N m^–2y^–1) and tree species influence the potential effects of elevated CO₂ (370 vs. 570 mol CO₂ mol^–1) on N pools and fluxes in forest soils. Model spruce-beech forest ecosystems were established on a nutrient-rich calcareous sand and on a nutrient-poor acidic loam in large open-top chambers. In the fourth year of treatment, we measured N concentrations in the soil solution at different depths, estimated N accumulation by ion exchange resin (IER) bags, and quantified N export in drainage water, denitrification, and net N uptake by trees. Under elevated CO₂, concentrations of N in the soil solution were significantly reduced. In the nutrient-rich calcareous sand, CO₂ enrichment decreased N concentrations in the soil solution at all depths (–45 to –100%). In the nutrient-poor acidic loam, the negative CO₂ effect was restricted to the uppermost 5 cm of the soil. Increasing the N deposition stimulated the negative impact of CO₂ enrichment on soil solution N in the acidic loam at 5 cm depth from –20% at low N inputs to –70% at high N inputs. In the nutrient-rich calcareous sand, N additions did not influence the CO₂ effect on soil solution N. Accumulation of N by IER bags, which were installed under individual trees, was decreased at high CO₂ levels under spruce in both soil types. Under beech, this decrease occurred only in the calcareous sand. N accumulation by IER bags was negatively correlated with current-years foliage biomass, suggesting that the reduction of soil N availability indices was related to a CO₂-induced growth enhancement. However, the net N uptake by trees was not significantly increased by elevated CO₂. Thus, we suppose that the reduced N concentrations in the soil solution at elevated CO₂ concentrations were rather caused by an increased N immobilisation in the soil. Denitrification was not influenced by atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. CO₂ enrichment decreased nitrate leaching in drainage by 65%, which suggests that rising atmospheric CO₂ potentially increases the N retention capacity of forest ecosystems.     

丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环中的作用

作为植物需求量最大的营养元素,氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子。丛枝菌根真菌能与地球上80%以上的陆生植物形成菌根共生体,帮助宿主植物吸收土壤中的P、N等矿质养分。目前,丛枝菌根真菌与氮素循环相关研究侧重于真菌对氮素的吸收形态以及共生体中氮的传输代谢机制,却忽略了丛枝菌根真菌在固氮过程、矿化与吸收过程、硝化过程、反硝化过程以及氮素淋洗过程等土壤氮素循环过程中所起到的潜在作用,并且越来越多的证据也表明丛枝菌根真菌是影响土壤氮素循环过程的重要因子。总结了丛枝菌根真菌可利用的氮素形态及真菌的氮代谢转运相关基因的研究现状;重点分析了丛枝菌根真菌在调控土壤氮素循环过程中的潜在作用以及在生态系统中的重要生态学意义,同时提出了丛枝菌根真菌在土壤氮素循环过程中一些需要深入研究的问题。     

Ecological and site historical aspects of N dynamics and current N status in temperate forests

Ecological developments during Holocene age and high atmospheric depositions since industrialization have changed the N dynamics of temperate forest ecosystems. A number of different parameters are used to indicate whether the forests are N‐saturated or not, most common among them is the occurrence of nitrates in the seepage water below the rooting zone. The use of different definitions to describe N saturation implies that the N status of ecosystems is not always appropriately assessed. Data on N dynamics from 53 different German forests were used to classify various development states of forest ecosystems according to the forest ecosystem theory proposed by Ulrich for which N balances of input – (output plus plant N increment) were used. Those systems where N output equals N input minus plant N increment are described as (quasi‐) Steady State Type. Those forests where N output does not equal N input minus plant N increment as in a ‘transient state.’ Forests of the transient state may lose nitrogen from the soil (Degradation Type) or gain nitrogen [e.g., from atmospheric depositions (Accumulation Type)]. Forest ecosystems may occur in four different N states: (a) (quasi‐) Steady State Type with mull type humus, (b) Degradation Type with mull type humus, (c) Accumulation Type with moder type humus, and (d) (quasi‐) Steady State Type with moder type humus. Forests with the (quasi‐) steady state with mull type humus in the forest floor (n= 8) have high‐soil pH values, high N retention by plant increment, high N contents in the mineral soils, and have not undergone large changes in the N status. Forests of the Degradation Type lose nitrogen from the mineral soil (currently degradation is occurring on one site). Most forests that have moder or mor type humus and low‐soil pH values, and low N contents in the mineral soil have gone through the transient state of organic matter loss in the mineral soils. They accumulate organic matter in the forest floor (accumulation phase, currently 21 sites are accumulating 6–21 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) or have reached a new (quasi‐) steady state with moder/mor type humus (n= 15). N retention in the accumulation phase has significantly increased in soil with N deposition (r²= 0.38), soil acidity (considering thickness of the forest floor as indices of soil acidity, r²= 0.43) and acid deposition (sulfate deposition, r²= 0.39). Retention of N (4–20 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) by trees decreased and of soils increased with a decrease in the availability of base cations indicating the important role of trees for N retention in less acid soils and those of soils in more acid soils. Ecosystem theory could be successfully applied on the current data to understand the dynamics of N in temperate forest ecosystems.     

Seasonal N uptake and N2fixation by common and adzuki bean at various spacings

The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Wild.) Ohwi and Ohashi) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have a high physiological demand for N. A 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the seasonal change of available soil N and symbiotic N₂ fixation usage. The beans were seeded at two densities, 22.2 plants m^–2 with a row spacing of 0.3 m and 11.1 plants m^–2 with a row spacing of 0.6 m. The amount of fixed N₂ in the shoot was calculated using the ¹⁵N natural abundance method. The common bean demonstrated low N₂ fixation and the ability to accumulate high levels of soil N. Soil nitrate under the common bean was continually absorbed. The adzuki bean, on the other hand, had a remarkable peak of N accumulation in the early reproductive stage. This was mainly due to N₂ fixation, though the soil nitrate level was high. Narrowing the plant row spacing increased the dry matter yield of both species, but the origin of the increased N differed between the species. For the first 77 DAP in 1999 (73 DAP in 2000) the N increase for both beans was due to both soil and atmospheric N₂. At harvest, though, the increase of N in common bean was mainly due to soil N, while that in adzuki bean was mainly due to atmospheric N₂. It can be concluded that the low symbiotic N₂ fixation ability of common bean was due to its high soil N uptake ability and constant N accumulation, which enabled an efficient soil N absorption. Adzuki bean absorbed N mainly for a short period and depended more on symbiotically fixed N₂ and, in contrast to common bean, left a high level of NO₃-N remaining in the soil after cropping.     

东北次生杨桦林土壤碳氮动态特征

土壤分级组分是研究其碳氮动态的基础,次生杨桦林作为东北地区主要的天然林类型,目前相关数据的欠缺状态要求对此进行深入研究。为此,采集0—10cm、10—20cm、20—30cm长白山次生杨桦林土壤,通过土壤颗粒组分物理化学分级方法,将土壤分成5种组分:沙和稳定团聚体土壤组分(SA)、酸不溶土壤组分(AI)、易氧化土壤组分(EO)、颗粒态土壤组分(P)和可溶性土壤组分(S),进而分析了不同组分的质量分数、碳氮含量、碳氮分配比例及红外光谱5类官能团相对含量,旨在探讨次生杨桦林土壤固碳、氮供应机制。结果显示,接近90%的土壤质量集中在稳定组分AI(66.21%)和SA(22.11%)上,导致稳定组分中碳截获量最大(占土壤总碳量的2/3),而且其C/N比活跃组分(P和EO)大2—9倍;与碳不同,由于活跃组分中N含量比稳定组分大4—80倍,致使活跃组分P和EO氮的分配比例最大,分别占土壤总氮的33.1%和26.0%;除了占土壤质量很少的P和S外,组分间以及组分内的碳氮间多具有显著相关关系。这种土壤碳、氮在不同组分间贮存方式的差异使得土壤碳储存稳定性更高、而N肥力供应更快速。伴随不同组分碳氮储存的变化,不同组分间红外官能团存在显著差异,AI组分中绝大多数官能团相对含量均最低,而P和S组分中绝大多数官能团相对含量均较高,绝大多数官能团相对含量与碳含量、氮含量呈现显著的正相关关系,反映了官能团具有维持土壤碳氮的功能。同时,官能团与土壤C/N具有显著相关关系,反映出组分官能团相对含量的高低具有指示组分化学活性高低的作用。研究发现对于林分土壤的碳截获与氮供应的机制阐明具有重要的科学意义,这为深入了解东北次生杨桦林碳氮动态及对未来气候的响应提供基础数据。