湖北海棠原生质体培养获得愈伤组织(简报)

由湖北海棠成熟胚下胚轴诱导愈伤组织并建立悬浮细胞系,用0．5％纤维素酶R－10和0．2％果胶酶分离悬浮系细胞,将酶解的原生质体培养在附加激素和有机成分的MT培养基中,采用液体浅层培养,获得了愈伤组织。     

湖北海棠原生质体培养获得愈伤组织

对湖北海棠成熟胚下胚轴诱导愈伤组织并建立悬浮细胞系,用０．５％纤维麦０和０．２％果胶酶分离悬浮系细胞,将酶解的原生质体培养在附加激素和有机成分的ＭＴ培养基中,采用液体浅层培养,获得了愈伤组织。     

硬粒小麦单倍体原生质体培养及植株再生

由硬粒小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ｄｕｒｕｍ Ｄｅｓｆ．）×玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓＬ．）建立的单倍性胚性愈伤组织,在继代培养４ 个月后置于含２．０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ、３％ 蔗糖、２００ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ水解酪蛋白、１４６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺和３００ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ天冬氨酸的ＭＳ液体培养基中进行悬浮培养,４ 个月后形成了生长迅速、由大小不同（０．５ ～５ ｍ ｍ ）的愈伤组织块组成的愈伤组织悬浮系。酶解试验表明,２．０％ 纤维素酶ＲＳ和０．５％ 的离析酶效果最好,而液体悬浮培养物和固体培养的愈伤组织（在酶解时用锋利的解剖刀片切成１ ｍ ｍ 左右的小块）都能释放出大量原生质体,但悬浮培养物释放出的原生质体状态较好,胞质更浓厚,用ＫＭ８ｐ 培养基以琼脂糖包埋培养方式培养时分裂频率可达５％ 左右。由原生质体再生的小愈伤组织经增殖、筛选后可获得胚性愈伤组织,将其转移至分化培养基Ⅰ（０．２ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ ２,４－Ｄ、１．０ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ ＢＡＰ、０．１ ｍ ｇ／ＬＮＡＡ、３％ 蔗糖、２００ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ 水解酪蛋白、１４６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺和３００ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ天冬氨酸的ＭＳ固体培养基）和Ⅱ（不含２,４－Ｄ,其它成分同Ⅰ）上进行分步分化培养可再生出完整植株,分化频率约为２０％     

疣粒野生稻胚性悬浮细胞系的建立及其原生质体的培养和植株再生

云南疣粒野生稻的成熟种子经55℃温度处理3d打破休眠后,在诱导培养基上诱导出愈伤组织。挑选胚性愈伤组织置于液体培养基中振荡培养,经3个月的继代培养,建立胚性细胞悬浮系。悬浮细胞经酶解、去壁后获得大量原生质体,固体包埋后添加液体培养基进行原生质体培养。在培养过程中调节培养体系的渗透压,获得小愈伤组织;经增殖后在分化培养基上诱导产生胚状体,成功得到疣粒野生稻的原生质体再生植株。     

苎麻原生质体培养及植株再生

用苎麻（Ｂｏｅｈｍ ｅｒｉａ ｎｉｖｅａ）子叶诱导愈伤组织并建立悬浮细胞系． 用４．５％ 纤维素酶、０．８％ 离析酶、０．８％ 半纤维素酶的混合酶液分离悬浮培养细胞,可得到２×１０６ 个／ｇ ｆｒ．ｗｔ的原生质体．这些原生质体以海藻酸钠包埋方式培养在附加２,４－Ｄ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ、ＫＴ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ 的ＫＭ８ｐ 培养基中,５０ ｄ 左右可形成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织．愈伤组织经过扩增,在不同的分化培养基上可诱导芽、根的形成,再生出完整植株． 子叶原生质体则仅能进行几次有限的分裂     

水稻原生质体培养再生植株程序化的初步研究

从１２个品种水稻成熟种子诱发愈伤组织并继代培养,通过ＭＳ培养基中２,４－Ｄ浓度的变换,研究了２,４－Ｄ对水稻愈伤组织生长的影响。用ＡＡ培养基建立适合原生质体培养的胚性细胞悬浮系仅需３个月。由悬浮细胞系游离的原和一质体在改良的ＫＰＲ培养基中进行液体浅层培养,有１０个品种获得高植板率的细胞团。变换使用不同的分化培养基,从７个品种得到再生植株。实验重复性达到８０％,初步实现了水稻原生质体培养的程序化。     

甘蔗原生质体的植株再生

从甘蔗（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍ ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ Ｌ．）嫩叶外植体诱导愈伤组织,经继代培养后,挑选胚性愈伤组织,转入ＭＳ３ 液体培养基,进行悬浮培养。当培养物分离出小粒状的细胞团,细胞变得小而圆时,用于分离原生质体。原生质体以琼脂糖固化的培养方式培养于ＭＲＰ１ 培养基中。由原生质体再生的愈伤组织有两种类型。挑选粒状、坚实的再生愈伤组织转移到Ｎ６ 分化培养基上,“新台糖１ 号”再生的愈伤组织,在含有ＫＴ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的培养基中,分化出绿芽并长成完整的植株。而“粤糖５７－４２３”和“ＵＳ６６－５６－９”再生的愈伤组织,在加有０．１％ 的活性炭的培养基中,前者分化出白化苗,后者分化出根     

小麦幼胚悬浮细胞原生质体培养再生植株

用再生能力强的小麦基因型品种幼胚愈伤组织建立的胚性细胞悬浮系材料解离原生质体,以略加修改的Ｋｍ８ｐ培养基进行液体浅层静止暗培养,４０－５０ｄ可获得小愈伤组织,经增殖和诱导分化,获得完整再生植株。     

小麦胚性悬浮系与原生质体植株再生

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)昌乐5号(冬性)胚性悬浮细胞系的组成成分对原生质体再生频率发生影响,此种悬浮系是由混合型愈伤组织建立起来的,建成的悬浮系中含有2—3mm的小愈伤组织和分散好的几十至上百个细胞的细胞团。分别用悬浮系中的小愈伤组织和细胞团分离原生质体进行培养。结果表明．由小愈伤组织来源的原生质体再生植株的频率显著高于由细胞团分离的原生质体的再生频率。培养基中不同成分对原生质体分裂的影响也作丁研究。     

籼型水稻原生质体再生植株

以在MSB培养基(MS无机盐,B 5有机成份附加2mg／L 2．4－D)中继代一年的87－l籼型花粉愈伤组织和由籼型水稻株系81－3在改良的RY一2培养基中继代半年的悬浮培养物游离原生质体,分别在RY 2和KPR培养基中进行液体浅层培养或琼脂糖包埋培养,并在琼脂糖包埋培养时饲喂以粳型广亲和材料02428的悬浮培养细胞或除去}王胞的调渗悬浮液。原生质体植板率达8．7％－12．5％。将3—4周后形成的肉眼可见的小愈伤组织转移到台o．5mg／L 2．4－D的N6固体培养基上增殖,待愈伤组织长到直径达2—3mm大小时,分别或串换使用三种不同激素水平的分化培养基,最终由籼型株系81－3的原生质体再生了植株,而87－1籼型花粉胚性愈伤组织原生质体只再生了愈伤组织。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.