城市污泥堆肥温度动态变化过程及层次效应

对城市污泥强制通风静态垛堆肥的温度变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当调理剂比例较低时,堆体升温速率和降温速率都较为缓慢,堆肥处理长,堆体温度较低,当调理剂比例较高时,堆体升温速率较快,堆肥温度将在较短时间内达到灭菌稳定化所要求的高温。堆体温度在高温阶段持续的时间与调理剂比例有着密切的联系,当调理剂比例太高时,高温持续时间短,如加入适当比例的回流污泥,堆温可以在50℃以上高温阶段持续足够的时间,当堆肥原料的起始温度高于15℃,堆体一般要经历升温阶段、高温持续阶段和降温阶段,但是当堆肥原料的起始温度很低时,堆体温度还要经历一个起爆阶段。堆体内不同层次的温度有着不同的变化趋势,堆肥初始阶段,堆体下层温度高于上层温度,随后上层温度逐渐高于下层温度。     

添加竹炭对猪粪堆肥过程中升温脱水及氮素损失的影响

堆肥是实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,但传统堆肥过程存在升温脱水效果不佳及氮素损失的问题.本文利用猪粪进行堆肥试验,探讨了堆肥过程中添加不同比例竹炭对堆肥升温脱水及氮素损失的影响.结果表明: 与不添加竹炭的对照相比,添加竹炭处理可以使堆体升温时间缩短24～48 h,脱水率提高13.6%～21.4%,堆肥高温期持续时间延长216～264 h;添加竹炭处理可以增加堆肥铵态氮、硝态氮及总氮含量,使氮素固定率提高28.3%～65.4%.
     

湿度对堆肥理化性质的影响

水分是堆肥微生物生命活动的基础 ,也是堆肥中重要的工艺控制参数。弄清湿度对堆肥微生物及理化性质的影响 ,对于优化堆肥工艺参数、提高堆肥效率、降低投资和运行成本具有重要意义。综述了堆肥湿度研究的动态 ,指出了当前研究中存在的问题 ,并提出了未来的研究方向。大量的研究表明 ,湿度低于 4 5 %或高于 6 5 %都不利于堆肥处理。湿度太高会导致堆料的压实度增加、FAS减少、透气性能降低 ,从而导致堆体内氧气供应不足、堆肥升温困难、有机物降解速率降低、堆肥周期延长。湿度过低 ,水分会限制堆肥微生物的新陈代谢 ,导致微生物活性下降、堆肥腐熟困难。由于鼓风、散热、水蒸发等会使堆体内存在湿度的空间变异 ,也会降低堆肥效率和堆肥产品的质量。另外 ,堆肥湿度还影响堆肥的保肥能力。由各文献得出结论 ,堆肥的最佳湿度范围一般为 5 0 %～ 6 0 %左右     

翻堆频率对堆肥减量化、腐殖化和稳定化的影响

好氧堆肥是有机固体废弃物处理处置的有效手段之一,堆肥还田也是贫瘠土壤改良的常用措施。但好氧堆肥是一个典型的CO_2等温室气体的释放过程。如何减少堆肥过程中的CO_2释放,强化堆肥的腐殖化过程对于实现有机固体废弃物的低碳化堆肥、提高作为优良土壤改良剂的腐殖质产量具有重要意义。本文选取农林秸秆和餐厨垃圾作为堆肥原料,研究不同翻堆频率对堆肥过程中的物料减量化、腐殖化和稳定化的影响,以期发现一个较低碳的堆肥工艺,并从微生物角度初步探索了其影响机制。研究结果显示,不同的翻堆频率(分别为每2 d、4 d和6 d翻堆一次),堆料的减量化和腐殖化程度有一定差异,翻堆频率为4 d的堆肥工艺物料减量率最高为50.5%,但碳减量率最低为77.4%;而翻堆频率为2 d的堆肥工艺腐殖质产量最高;3种堆肥工艺经62 d堆肥都达到了腐熟程度,翻堆频率为4 d的堆肥工艺腐熟化程度最高。不同的翻堆频率可能通过影响堆肥过程中堆料的温度、含氧量等因素从而改变堆料中活性微生物量、种类和生物酶活性,进而影响堆料的矿化和腐殖化进程。     

鼓风对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度变化的影响

采用强制通风静态垛和温度反馈自动测控堆肥工艺,研究了鼓风过程对城市污泥好氧堆肥温度的影响。当城市污泥和调理剂比例为1：1时（体积比）,处于鼓风口远端（风向远点）各个层次的堆体温度基本上不会随鼓风过程而变化,处于鼓风方向中部（风向中点）、鼓风口近端（风向近点）的堆体,其中层、上层的温度将会下降,平均下降速度分别为0.05℃/min、0.04℃/min,但是温度下降的速率在整个鼓风过程中并不均匀,温度下降速度在0－10min较快,在10－40min较慢;当混合堆料中调理剂含量较低时（3：2）,堆体上层温度在鼓风过程中将会上升,上升速率约为0.022-0.05℃/min,中层温度下降,在鼓风开始阶段（0－10min）,下降速率较快,约为0.12℃/min,随后变化速率较小,约为0.01℃/min。对于不同调理剂比例的堆体,处于风向远点、中点的下层温度基本不受鼓风作用的影响;处于风向近点的堆体,其下层温度会随着鼓风过程而下降,平均下降速率约为0.025-0.03℃/min。     

虻粪二次堆肥生化特性的动态变化趋势及其微生物演替规律

[目的] 通过培养试验动态观察了虻粪在后续二次堆肥过程中生化特性的动态变化趋势,研究了堆体微生物生态的动态演替规律,讨论了虻粪二次堆肥的稳定化机理。[方法] 采取盛有虻粪的圆桶埋入大条垛发酵堆体的动态培养试验,在为期49 d的测试期内间隔7 d动态采样,采用16S rRNA高通量测序开展虻粪堆体样品的微生物多样性与群落结构分析以及代谢功能预测。[结果] 虻粪堆体经历2周快速升温至68.7℃后,逐步降温至第49天的37.7℃,总有机碳、溶解性有机质（DOM）、pH分别达到67.3%、18.4 g/kg、8.0。在堆体熟腐过程中,Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数等微生物多样性水平均随堆肥进程而快速增加,而后缓慢下降至结束时的7.45、0.98和985。16S rRNA测序发现,Bacteroidetes（拟杆菌门）、Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）、Proteobacteria（变形菌门）与Actinobacteria（放线菌门）等是堆体微生物群落的主要菌群。与此同时,Corynebacteriaceae（棒状杆菌科）从初始的35.7%下降至结束时的6.5%,Flavobacteriaceae（黄杆菌科）则从3.22%逐步增长至12.6%,Porphyromonadaceae（单胞菌科）快速增加至11.5%之后缓慢下降至与初始水平相当的5.1%。PICRUSt预测发现,在整个虻粪堆肥过程中,氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、碳固定通路、甲烷代谢等功能平均相对丰度保持较强水平,且均在堆肥中期（第15–35天）出现峰值,后续均呈现下降态势。脂肪代谢、不饱和脂肪酸生物合成代谢、多环芳烃降解以及硫代谢等平均相对丰度较弱的代谢功能呈现先降后升的特征。[结论] 虻粪二次堆肥过程中,物料含水量与DOM快速下降、有机质降解逐步完成以及物料微生物结构与功能趋于稳定等,堆制腐熟后的虻粪生化性质稳定,有利于虻粪有机肥农田再利用。     

微生物堆肥技术修复石油污染土壤的试验研究

目的利用堆肥处理技术对大庆油田原油污染土壤进行生物修复处理研究,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。方法比较堆肥过程中不同碳氮比对石油烃降解效果的影响,分析堆制过程中各理化参数和总石油烃降解的变化趋势,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。结果 3种比例的堆肥处理,总碳含量呈下降趋势而总氮含量呈上升趋势,当C∶N约为30∶1时,堆肥温度9d持续在50℃以上,土壤中石油烃降解率达到最高。60d后,土壤中总石油烃的降解率可达78%。结论堆肥C∶N为30∶1时为最佳的堆制比例。     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的研究

将广州城市污泥与稻草进行翻堆、接菌-翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气4种方式的堆肥,应用GC／MS技术对堆肥中6种属于USEPA优控污染物的邻苯二甲酸醇化合物(PAEs)进行分析,探讨堆肥产物中PAEs的含量分布以及不同方式堆肥对PAEs的降解效果,结果表明,4种方式堆肥中PAEs总含量(∑PAEs)在9．815～17．832mg·kg^-1之间,依次为翻堆(17．832mg·kg^-1)>接菌-翻堆(13．927mg·kg^-1)>间隙通气(10．765mg·kg^-1)>连续通气(9．815mg·kg^-1),堆肥中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯(DhOP)为主,占∑PAEs的82．2％～89．696,不同方式堆肥中∑PAEs的降解率为连续通气(45．71％)>间隙通气(40．4696)>接菌-翻堆(22．97％)>翻堆(1．3796)(平均降解率为27．63％),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙醇(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的降解率分别为95．7696～98．6896、79．5696～99．46％和87．42％～98．42％;但邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯的含量反而增加,邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)在所有堆肥中均未检出。     

影响木薯次生胚状体发生及植株再生因素的研究

研究了在外植体的不同发育阶段中,碳源以及不同的生长激素配比对木薯次生胚状体诱导及植株再生的影响。结果表明：以固体成熟培养基上生长１５ｄ的胚状体子叶为外植体,次生胚状体的产量最高,达２９．３个成熟胚状体／１个外植体。在次生胚状体的诱导阶段,以麦芽糖（４０ｇ／Ｌ）代替蔗糖作碳源,能同时提高次生胚状体的产量（３２．５个胚次体／１个外植体）及植株再生频率（７４．３％）。２,４－Ｄ与ＰＰ３３３;（０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合能提高植株再生频率到７７．６％。２,４－Ｄ与ＢＡＰ（２ｍｇ／Ｌ）或激动素（２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）配合则大大降低了胚状体诱导及植株再生频率。     

鸡粪堆肥发酵过程微生物数量与温度及酶变化的相关性研究

为研究鸡粪堆肥发酵不同阶段微生物菌数和堆体温度及多种酶活之间的关系,从而进一步了解堆肥发酵中微生物的作用,通过测定鸡粪堆肥发酵过程中微生物菌数和堆体温度及部分酶活性的变化趋势,并利用SPSS软件进行Pearson相关性和显著性分析,结果表明,细菌、真菌数量与堆体温度呈正相关关系（P<0.05）,放线菌菌数与堆体温度无显著相关性;纤维素酶和总菌数呈正相关关系（P<0.05）;过氧化氢酶与细菌菌数呈强正相关关系（P<0.01）;脲酶和蛋白酶与菌数无显著相关性。     

Characterization of compost produced from separated pig manure and a variety of bulking agents at low initial C/N ratios

The aim of this study was to investigate the composting of separated pig manure solids with or without a variety of bulking agents at a low initial C/N ratio (12.5-23.3). Compost stability was investigated using an oxygen uptake rate (OUR) test and compost maturity was investigated using a germination index test. All treatments showed typical patterns of compost temperature. Temperatures above 60 °C were achieved by Day 2, followed by a thermophilic phase (50-60 °C), which lasted for 1 to 2 weeks followed by a cooling phase. The stability of one of treatments which did not contain any bulking agent - OUR of 25 mmol O₂ kg⁻¹ OM hour⁻¹ - was negatively affected by its initial high water content (69%). The addition of a bulking agent and initial water content below 60% were necessary to compost the separated solid fraction of pig manure at a low initial C/N ratio.     

Compost convective airflow under passive aeration

For composting, passive aeration can save energy costs while being just as efficient as forced or active aeration. Passive aeration requires the proper design of aeration ducts, and thus, the proper prediction of the convective airflow rates created by the temperature differential between the compost and the ambient air. To establish such relationship, the temperature and convective air flow regimes of composts were investigated using three bulking agents (wood shavings, hay and straw), each at three moisture contents (MC-60%, 65% and 70%) spanning the normal values. All bulking agent and aeration treatments were aerated in duplicate under passive and active regimes. Laboratory vessels of 105 L were used for all treatments. Passive aeration treatments produced temperatures above 57 degrees C, as did the treatments actively aerated at 4 mg of air s(-1) kg(-1) of initial dry compost material. Compost MC had an effect only on the peak compost temperature, occurring between day 2 and 6. After 6 days of composting, MC no longer had any effect on temperature regime because of the loss of moisture by each mixture. A relationship was established between the Grasholf number (Gr-ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces) and the convective airflow rates, to size the aeration ducts for passive aeration. In general, convective airflow rates ranged from 1.5 to 0.7 mg of dry air s(-1) kg(-1) of initial compost dry matter, from day 0 to day 20, respectively, and for all compost treatments. This airflow rate sizes the aeration ducts installed under compost piles for passive aeration. As compared to straw where airflow rate dropped over a given level of Gr, wood shavings and hay were found to be more effective as bulking agents, as their airflow rate increased constantly with Gr.     

Co-composting invasive aquatic macrophytes and pond sediment holds the potential for environmental amelioration: Selecting the right shade of grey

Co-composting of invasive aquatic weeds with pond sediment can be a cost-effective way to manage the problem of invasion and eutrophication in aquatic systems and improvement of soil fertility in agricultural systems. Nevertheless, preparation of good quality compost is a challenge because of the variations in the physico-chemical properties of the plant material and the bulking agent. Mixing the plant biomass and the bulking agent in an appropriate proportion is crucial to make good quality compost, which requires a systematic empirical study. We standardized a protocol for composting Eichhornia crassipes and Ipomoea carnea biomass using pond sediment as a bulking agent. For each species, we used a randomized block design with 3 treatments × 3 replicates. The study revealed that mixing pond sediment and the weed biomass in 1:5 ratio yielded better quality compost in both the species compared to other treatments. The study emphasizes that composting aquatic weeds with pond sediment should help in managing the problem of weed invasion, sedimentation, eutrophication, and loss of soil fertility in agricultural fields.     

Strategies to reduce short-chain organic acids and synchronously establish high-rate composting in acidic household waste

The aim of this study was to document whether addition of lime or increased amount of bulking agent would ensure, efficiently, a predictable composting process in acidic SSOW applicable in full scale plants. The results show that both lime addition and increasing the amount of bulking agent relative to waste support the development of high-rate respiration in composting. Both strategies are considered efficient in establishing desired microbial composting processes of acid household waste. Reduction in the content of different organic acids and loss on ignition were higher when more bulking agent was used compared with adding 5% lime to the acidic SSOW. Respiration was completely repressed in samples with 10% lime, where pH remained high. In addition fat and protein seem to degrade faster with increasing amount of bulking agent.     

An assessment of pathogen removal during composting of the separated solid fraction of pig manure

The aim was to investigate pathogen survival during composting of pig manure solids with and without bulking agents in two trials of 56 days duration, each with four treatments. Salmonella was detected in the sawdust and straw bulking agents but was undetectable in the compost, except in one treatment at day 0. Enteric indicator organisms were reduced by day 7 (P<0.001) and were undetectable in the final compost, except for coliform which were present at 3.66-4.43 log?? CFU/g. Yeasts and moulds were reduced and aerobic spore-formers remained stable in one trial but both increased in the other (P<0.001). Bacillus licheniformis and Clostridium sporogenes were the predominant culturable spore-forming bacteria recovered. Microbial counts were influenced by the bulking agent but only at particular time points (P<0.05). Overall, the pig manure-derived compost complied with EU regulations for processed manure products, as E. coli and Enterococcus were below limits and it was Salmonella-free.     

Bacterial community and decomposition rate in long term fed-batch composting using woodchip and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as bulking agents

Long term fed-batch composting experiments were conducted for 200 days using two types of bulking agents; woodchip and PET flake, with periodic compost withdrawal through a washing process. The bacterial communities of composting materials in the two different bulking agents were also investigated by 16S rRNA gene clone analysis. The decomposition rate in both composting reactors was 86.1% and 88.2% of the total organic load, respectively. The control experiment of dead-end operation without compost withdrawal by washing process could not be maintained for more than 102 days because of its low performance. The reactor with compost withdrawal, however, improved the decomposition rate in the composting process, and could be applied in the long run. There was a significant difference in the bacterial community between the FBC reactor with woodchip and another with PET flake as the bulking agent though the decomposition rates were similar. The reactor with woodchip as the bulking agent consisted of 95% Bacillales while the PET flake reactor contained 54% of total bacteria count. In addition, Lactobacillales was dominant at 38% in the PET flake reactor and the bacterial community in general significantly differed from the woodchip reactor. Furthermore, there was a difference in the species composition in the Bacillales and the bacterial community showed a significant difference at the species level between the two reactors. Although bacterial community differed, the decomposition rates between the two reactors were similar and PET flake showed greater viability than woodchip as a bulking agent due to its high abrasion resistance and non-biodegradability.     

Effect of carbon source on compost nitrogen and carbon losses

The effect of C source on N losses by volatilization during composting was measured using four bulking agents, each at three humidity levels and composted in duplicate under passive and active aeration. The bulking agents were pine shavings alone and corrected with soybean, chopped grass hay alone and corrected with urea, long (unchopped) wheat straw and chopped oat straw. The readily available C of each bulking agent was determined by analyzing for BOD5. In 105 l laboratory vessels, the bulking agents were mixed with liquid swine manure and tap water for a C/N of 20 and three humidity levels of 60%, 65% and 70%. While being aerated actively or passively, the mixtures were composted for 21 days. Their initial and final C and N contents were measured to conduct a mass balance analysis and calculate C and N losses. C and N losses were compared to bulking agent BOD5. N losses were compared to C losses. The humidity level and aeration regime had no effect on C and N losses but the N losses were correlated to C losses and only the C losses could be correlated to the BOD5 of the bulking agent. Thus, the N losses are related not only to the availability of C but also to the extent of composting. A relationship established between N and C losses indicated that 85% of the initial total N of the compost was available for microbial degradation and that 70% of the available C was lost as CO2 during the immobilization process.     

Solidifying agent and processing of blood used for the larval diet affect screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) life-history parameters

Spray-dried whole bovine blood and a sodium polyacrylate polymer gel as a bulking and solidifying agent are among the constituents of the current larval diet for mass rearing screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Locally available, inexpensive dietary materials could reduce rearing cost and address an uncertain commercial supply of spray-dried blood. We compared efficacy of diet prepared from fresh bovine blood after decoagulation with sodium citrate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or after mechanical defibrination, with the diet containing spray-dried blood using either gel or cellulose fiber as the bulking and solidifying agent. Several life-history parameters were compared among insects reared on each of the blood and bulking agent diets combination. Diets containing citrated blood yielded the lightest larval and pupal weights and fewest pupae. EDTA-treated blood with the gel also caused reductions. EDTA-treated blood with fiber yielded screwworms that were heavier and more numerous than those from the diet with citrated blood but lighter than those from the control diet using spray-dried blood. A reduction in percentage of adults emerging from pupae occurred from diets with both bulking agents using citrated blood and the diet using EDTA mixed with the gel bulking agent. As a group, the cellulose-fiber diets performed better than the gel diets. Larval diet did not affect adult longevity, weight of the eggs deposited by the females that emerged or subsequent egg hatch. Parameter measurements of insects from both defibrinated blood diets were similar to those from the spray-dried blood diets, indicating that fresh, defibrinated bovine blood can successfully replace the dry blood in the screwworm rearing medium.     

Relating Quinone Profile to the Aerobic Biodegradation in Thermophilic Composting Processes of Cattle Manure with Various Bulking Agents

Summary Cattle manure was composted aerobically with various bulking agents (rice straw, vermiculite, sawdust or waste paper) at a constant incubation temperature of 60 °C. Increased quinone content (IQC) was used to assess microbial biomass in the composted material. IQC was proportional to mass reduction (MR) (R = 0.812) and cumulative O₂ consumption (COC) (R = 0.810) irrespective of the bulking agent used, indicating that the yield of quinone was constant. Quinone yields were 0.44 ± 0.03 μmol quinone/g MR and 0.34 ± 0.02 μmol quinone/g COC. The material that was decomposed by microorganisms was considered to be mainly cattle manure. Bulking agents were not degraded within the 14 day trial period and did not affect microbial succession because composting runs with various bulking agents exhibited similar quinone yields.     

Characterization of dairy cattle manure/wallboard paper compost mixture

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of manufacturing wallboard paper scraps as an alternative bulking agent for dairy cattle manure composting. The characteristics of the composting process were studied based on the changes in physico-chemical parameters and final compost quality. Composting of dairy cattle manure with wallboard paper was performed in a 481-L cylindrical reactor with vacuum-type aeration. Rapid degradation of organic matter was observed during the thermophilic stage of composting due to high microbial activity. High temperature and alkaline pH conditions promoted intense ammonia emission during the early stage of composting. The number of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms were found to be affected by changes in temperature at different composting stages. The total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) concentrations of the mixture did not change significantly after 28days of composting. However, the presence of gypsum in the paper scraps increased the calcium content of the final compost. The wallboard paper had no phyto-inhibitory effects as shown by high germination index of final compost (GI=99%).