基于主成分分析的安徽省冬小麦气候灾损风险的时空演变

冬小麦是安徽省主要粮食作物之一,分析其气候灾损风险变化对保障区域粮食安全有着重要意义。依托安徽省74个区县1973—2014年间的冬小麦单产资料,通过气候减产率逐年序列提取了减产年次数、平均减产率、减产极值等9个评价指标,并采用主成分分析法分析安徽省冬小麦灾损风险的时空演变格局。结果表明: 研究期间,安徽省北部特别是沿淮地区为冬小麦气候灾损高风险区域;重心迁移模型显示,安徽省冬小麦气候减产率高值区域由北向南呈显著的移动趋势;全省冬小麦气候灾损风险呈显著的年代际变化,特别是21世纪初以来发生中度以上灾损强度的区县个数明显较少;S-模式主成分分析和气候减产率序列表明,1973—2014年间,安徽省北部地区冬小麦气候灾损风险呈下降趋势,南部地区呈上升趋势。安徽省冬小麦气候灾损风险呈现出明显的时空动态特征,其年代际波动和南北区域差异应引起重视。     

茶叶霜冻害精细化预警——以浙江省松阳县为例

霜冻是茶叶生产最主要的气象灾害,严重危害茶产业的可持续发展。本文根据浙江省70个基本气象站、松阳县25个区域自动气象站的观测数据,以及最优化集成释用(OCF)精细化数值预报产品、30 m分辨率DEM数据,通过GIS技术、混合插值法,建立了基于地理信息的日最低气温空间推算模型,并采用日最低气温作为茶叶霜冻害预警指标,结合ZY-3卫星遥感数据提取的茶树种植区分布图,开展了浙江省松阳县茶叶霜冻害精细化预警。结果表明:细网格日最低气温空间推算模型的绝对误差平均0.35℃,相对误差平均2.83%,推算精度高;茶叶霜冻害精细化预警时效8 d,空间分辨率30 m×30 m;2017年3月15日的茶树霜冻害预警效果良好,预估茶园受灾面积2340.0 hm~2,占全县茶园面积的30.6%;其中,轻度霜冻害面积1939.4 hm~2,中度霜冻害面积367.2 hm~2,重度霜冻害面积34.9 hm~2,分别占全县茶园面积的25.35%、4.80%和0.46%;实地调查结果与预估结果基本一致。     

1971—2020年西南茶区灌木型茶树晚霜冻害危险性时空演变特征

研究晚霜冻害危险性时空演变特征,对于优化区域农业生产布局和品种调优具有科学的指导意义。本研究利用西南茶区65个气象站点1971—2020年逐日气象数据,结合霜冻终日和茶芽萌发初日的变化特征及其相互关系,构建西南茶区灌木型茶树春梢晚霜冻害概率指数和冻害强度指数,分析西南茶区灌木型茶树晚霜冻害危险性时空演变特征。结果表明:1971—2020年,西南茶区霜冻终日和茶芽萌发初日均呈显著提前趋势,且霜冻终日的提早速率快于茶芽萌发初日的提早速率,萌发后的茶芽暴露于晚霜冻害的天数总体呈不显著下降趋势。西南茶区大部分区域灌木型茶树晚霜冻害危险性呈下降趋势,但贵州茶区呈不显著上升趋势。四川茶区西部边缘山区、贵州茶区西部与云南茶区东北部交界处等地灌木型茶树晚霜冻害危险性一直较高,四川盆地区、云南茶区南部和贵州茶区南部等地晚霜冻害危险性一直较低。云南茶区北部、中东部地区等区域晚霜冻害危险性呈明显下降趋势;而贵州茶区中部和东部区域灌木型茶树晚霜冻害危险性明显增加。     

北方冬小麦产量灾损风险类型的地理分布

根据风险分析原理,利用北方各县市冬小麦近50年的实际单产资料和气象资料,进行冬小麦产量灾损风险评估和风险类型划分.以历年平均减产率、灾年减产率变异系数、不同减产率及其发生的概率和抗灾指数作为产量灾损风险评估指标.结果表明,产量灾损风险量化指标在北方冬麦区的分布具有明显的区域分异性和一定的连片性.在各风险评估指标的基础上构建了北方冬小麦产量灾损综合风险指数模式,提出了北方冬小麦产量灾损综合风险类型分类指标.根据分类指标将北方冬麦区划分为高、中、低3个风险类型,并进行了分类评述.分类结果表明,高风险类型主要分布在水土条件较差的陕、晋黄土高原地区和华北平原部分地区;中风险类型分布在华北平原东北部和河南南部以及太行山区;低风险类型主要分布在有灌溉条件和农业生产水平较好的华北平原的大部分地区和关中地区.     

华北平原冬小麦干旱灾损风险区划

干旱是华北平原最严重的农业气象灾害之一,是冬小麦产量稳定上升的重要限制因素。本文从冬小麦产量的实际灾损角度,对减产率、发生概率及产量的变异系数等因子进行了分析,构建了华北平原冬小麦干旱产量灾损风险评估模型,并对华北平原冬小麦进行了实际灾损风险区划。结果表明,风险高值区约占该地区19.8%,主要分布于鲁西、鲁西北-冀东北,鲁西南-豫东地区;中值区约占34%,主要分布在冀中南、豫北、豫中和豫西以及山东中部丘陵地区;风险低值区占46.2%,主要集中于鲁中部、南部和豫中南、西南的广大地区。     

基于种植现状的安吉白茶霜冻害气象指数精准预报技术

开展安吉白茶霜冻害气象指数精准预报对提高茶叶生产防灾避灾能力具有重要意义。基于安吉县24个自动气象站观测资料,采用回归分析+残差内插方法构建了安吉县日最低气温空间分析模型;结合中期天气预报客观产品、DEM高程数据和高分2号(GF-2)卫星遥感数据提取安吉白茶种植分布现状,采用GIS技术研发了安吉白茶霜冻害气象指数精准预报技术方法。结果表明：安吉县日最低气温空间分析模型绝对误差平均值为0.5℃,模拟效果较好;安吉白茶霜冻害气象指数预报时效达15 d,空间分辨率为30 m;基于种植现状的安吉白茶霜冻害气象指数预估,2021年3月23日全县80.64%茶园有霜冻害发生,其中1级(轻度)、2级(中度)灾害面积分别为9291.96和62.7 hm²,各占全县茶园面积的80.10%和0.54%,预估结果与实际灾情基本一致。研究成果可为茶叶气象精细服务提供技术支撑。     

不同海拔梯度糙皮桦和紫果云杉种子的萌发变异

对青藏高原东缘不同海拔梯度糙皮桦（Betula utilis）和紫果云杉（Picea purpurea）种子经低温贮藏后的萌发进行研究。结果表明: 1）糙皮桦和紫果云杉种子的萌发率和萌发速率随母体植株海拔的升高而增大;2）来自不同海拔的种群,种子的萌发率和萌发速率随低温贮藏时间的延长而增大,尤其是高海拔生境的糙皮桦种子经过较长时期的低温贮藏后（80或160 d,3 ℃～4 ℃）,萌发率达到最大（94%和90%）。说明海拔是造成种群间种子萌发能力差异的主要原因之一;不同时期的低温干燥贮藏也不同程度地影响种子的萌发行为,使生长在不同海拔梯度的种群能够通过调节种子的萌发时机降低幼苗建植的死亡风险,保障了物种延续。     

华南地区龙眼寒害灾损风险评估

基于华南地区64个基本气象站1961—2012年逐日气象资料,采用公认的龙眼寒害灾害指标,结合农业气象灾害风险研究的方法与模拟技术,并考虑龙眼寒害灾损减产风险在不同生育期（花芽生理期、花芽形态分化期、休眠期）之间的差别,对1961—2012年华南地区龙眼不同发育时段的寒害灾损最大风险进行定量评估与分析.结果表明： 在花芽生理期,各地区龙眼受灾最严重的是轻度寒害,其次为重度寒害,最后为中度寒害;不同寒害致灾等级对各地龙眼造成的危害程度不同,在轻度寒害威胁下,龙眼受灾轻重次序为福建、广东和海南、广西,中度寒害威胁下,龙眼受灾轻重次序为海南、广东和广西、福建,重度寒害威胁下,龙眼受灾轻重次序为海南、广东和广西、福建.在花芽形态分化期,各地区龙眼受灾最严重的是轻度寒害,其次为重度寒害,最后为中度寒害;该时段内不同寒害致灾等级对各地龙眼造成的危害程度相似,龙眼受灾轻重次序均为海南、广东和广西、福建.在休眠期,各地区龙眼寒害受灾最严重的是轻度寒害,其次为重度寒害,最后为中度寒害;该时段内不同寒害致灾等级对各地龙眼造成的危害程度不完全相同,轻度和重度寒害威胁下,各地龙眼受灾轻重次序为海南、广东和广西、福建,中度寒害威胁下,海南和广西龙眼受灾最轻,其次为广东,福建受灾最严重.同一寒害致灾等级下,不同发育时段龙眼寒害灾损减产最大风险指数差异显著：轻度寒害威胁下,各地区龙眼在花芽生理期受到危害最重,其次为花芽形态分化期,休眠期危害最轻;中度和重度寒害威胁下,各地区龙眼在花芽生理期受到危害最重,其次为休眠期,花芽形态分化期危害最轻.     

江淮地区小麦涝渍灾害风险评估与区划

基于灾害风险分析理论,根据历年气候资料,小麦生长发育、种植面积和产量资料,对江淮地区各县小麦涝渍脆弱性、自然气候风险、灾损风险和抗灾能力等方面进行分析评估,建立了包括涝渍脆弱度、气候风险指数、灾损风险指数、涝渍综合风险评估系数等不同的涝渍风险表征模型,并构建了涝渍综合风险评估系数作为区划指标,对江淮地区小麦涝渍灾害风险进行了空间区域划分。结果表明:涝渍脆弱度、气候风险指数、灾损风险指数和抗灾力系数4个因子的组合,可以较好地反映江淮地区小麦涝渍风险特征;按照高、较高、中和低4个等级对小麦涝渍综合风险进行了区划;安徽省江淮南部为高风险区;沿淮中部以及江淮中部南部、沿洪泽湖区域为涝渍较高风险区;河南省33°N以南区域、以及安徽、江苏省淮北中部区域为涝渍中风险区;33°N以北地区为涝渍低风险区。     

安吉白茶精细化气象灾害风险分析与区划

气象灾害严重威胁茶产业高质量发展,开展气象灾害风险精细评价可为茶叶生产灾害精准防控提供科学依据。本文基于自然灾害风险理论、安吉县及周边7个国家气象站1971—2020年和安吉县23个区域自动气象站2012—2020年的逐日气象资料、15个乡镇农业社会经济统计资料,以及源于GF-2卫星遥感数据解译出的茶树种植现状分布图和DEM高程等多源信息,采用加权综合指数法、模糊层次分析法和GIS技术,对安吉白茶进行了精细化气象灾害风险分析与区划。结果表明：安吉白茶致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境暴露性的高值主要位于南部山区,承灾体脆弱性的高值集中于中部平原地区,防灾减灾能力的高值多位于中东部平原地区;综合考虑各因子的综合风险度,安吉白茶气象灾害风险可分为低风险、中风险和高风险3个等级;低风险区主要分布于安吉中北部平原区域,占安吉县地域面积的66.55%;中风险区主要分布于安吉西部、南部的中高海拔区域,占安吉县地域面积的30.54%;高风险区主要位于南部高海拔山区,占安吉县地域面积的3.01%;集成格点化的茶树种植现状,安吉县内61.21%的茶园分布在低风险区,38.17%的茶园分布在中风险区,0.62%的茶...     

Divergent trends in the risk of spring frost damage to trees in Europe with recent warming

Frost events during the active growth period of plants can cause extensive frost damage with tremendous economic losses and dramatic ecological consequences. A common assumption is that climate warming may bring along a reduction in the frequency and severity of frost damage to vegetation. On the other hand, it has been argued that rising temperature in late winter and early spring might trigger the so called “false spring”, that is, early onset of growth that is followed by cold spells, resulting in increased frost damage. By combining daily gridded climate data and 1,489 k in situ phenological observations of 27 tree species from 5,565 phenological observation sites in Europe, we show here that temporal changes in the risk of spring frost damage with recent warming vary largely depending on the species and geographical locations. Species whose phenology was especially sensitive to climate warming tended to have increased risk of frost damage. Geographically, compared with continental areas, maritime and coastal areas in Europe were more exposed to increasing occurrence of frost and these late spring frosts were getting more severe in the maritime and coastal areas. Our results suggest that even though temperatures will be elevated in the future, some phenologically responsive species and many populations of a given species will paradoxically experience more frost damage in the future warming climate. More attention should be paid to the increased frost damage in responsive species and populations in maritime areas when developing strategies to mitigate the potential negative impacts of climate change on ecosystems in the near future.     

Phenological change in a spring ephemeral: implications for pollination and plant reproduction

Climate change has had numerous ecological effects, including species range shifts and altered phenology. Altering flowering phenology often affects plant reproduction, but the mechanisms behind these changes are not well‐understood. To investigate why altering flowering phenology affects plant reproduction, we manipulated flowering phenology of the spring herb Claytonia lanceolata (Portulacaceae) using two methods: in 2011–2013 by altering snow pack (snow‐removal vs. control treatments), and in 2013 by inducing flowering in a greenhouse before placing plants in experimental outdoor arrays (early, control, and late treatments). We measured flowering phenology, pollinator visitation, plant reproduction (fruit and seed set), and pollen limitation. Flowering occurred approx. 10 days earlier in snow‐removal than control plots during all years of snow manipulation. Pollinator visitation patterns and strength of pollen limitation varied with snow treatments, and among years. Plants in the snow removal treatment were more likely to experience frost damage, and frost‐damaged plants suffered low reproduction despite lack of pollen limitation. Plants in the snow removal treatment that escaped frost damage had higher pollinator visitation rates and reproduction than controls. The results of the array experiment supported the results of the snow manipulations. Plants in the early and late treatments suffered very low reproduction due either to severe frost damage (early treatment) or low pollinator visitation (late treatment) relative to control plants. Thus, plants face tradeoffs with advanced flowering time. While early‐flowering plants can reap the benefits of enhanced pollination services, they do so at the cost of increased susceptibility to frost damage that can overwhelm any benefit of flowering early. In contrast, delayed flowering results in dramatic reductions in plant reproduction through reduced pollination. Our results suggest that climate change may constrain the success of early‐flowering plants not through plant‐pollinator mismatch but through the direct impacts of extreme environmental conditions.     

Temperature sensitivity of spring vegetation phenology correlates to within-spring warming speed over the Northern Hemisphere

The inter-annual shift of spring vegetation phenology relative to per unit change of preseason temperature, referred to as temperature sensitivity (days °C⁻¹), quantifies the response of spring phenology to temperature change. Temperature sensitivity was found to differ greatly among vegetation from different environmental conditions. Understanding the large-scale spatial pattern of temperature sensitivity and its underlying determinant will greatly improve our ability to predict spring phenology. In this study, we investigated the temperature sensitivity for natural ecosystems over the North Hemisphere (north of 30°N), based on the vegetation phenological date estimated from NDVI time-series data provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the corresponding climate dataset. We found a notable longitudinal change pattern with considerable increases of temperature sensitivity from inlands to most coastal areas and a less obvious latitudinal pattern with larger sensitivity in low latitude area. This general spatial variation in temperature sensitivity is most strongly associated with the within-spring warming speed (WWS; r = 0.35, p < 0.01), a variable describing the increase speed of daily mean temperature during spring within a year, compared with other factors including the mean spring temperature, spring precipitation and mean winter temperature. These findings suggest that the same magnitude of warming will less affect spring vegetation phenology in regions with higher WWS, which might partially reflect plants’ adaption to local climate that prevents plants from frost risk caused by the advance of spring phenology. WWS accounts for the spatial variation in temperature sensitivity and should be taken into account in forecasting spring phenology and in assessing carbon cycle under the projected climate warming.     

Tea Plantation Frost Damage Early Warning Using a Two-Fold Method for Temperature Prediction

As the source and main producing area of tea in the world, China has formed unique tea culture, and achieved remarkable economic benefits. However, frequent meteorological disasters, particularly low temperature frost damage in late spring has seriously threatened the growth status of tea trees and caused quality and yield reduction of tea industry. Thus, timely and accurate early warning of frost damage occurrence in specific tea garden is very important for tea plantation management and economic values. Aiming at the problems existing in current meteorological disaster forecasting methods, such as difficulty in obtaining massive meteorological data, large amount of calculation for predicted models and incomplete information on frost damage occurrence, this paper proposed a two-fold algorithm for short-term and real-time prediction of temperature using field environmental data, and temperature trend results from a nearest local weather station for accurate frost damage occurrence level determination, so as to achieve a specific tea garden frost damage occurrence prediction in a microclimate. Time-series meteorological data collected from a small weather station was used for testing and parameterization of a two-fold method, and another dataset acquired from Tea Experimental Base of Zhejiang University was further used to validate the capability of a two-fold model for frost damage forecasting. Results showed that compared with the results of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and multiple linear regression (MLR), the proposed two-fold method using a second order Furrier fitting model and a K-Nearest Neighbor model (K = 3) with three days historical temperature data exhibited excellent accuracy for frost damage occurrence prediction on consideration of both model accuracy and computation (98.46% forecasted duration of frost damage, and 95.38% for forecasted temperature at the onset time). For field test in a tea garden, the proposed method accurately predicted three times frost damage occurrences, including onset time, duration and occurrence level. These results suggested the newly-proposed two-fold method was suitable for tea plantation frost damage occurrence forecasting.     

Maternal winter body mass and not spring phenology determine annual calf production in an Arctic herbivore

Warming of the Arctic has resulted in earlier snowmelt and green‐up of plants in spring, potentially disrupting the synchrony between plant phenology and breeding phenology in herbivores. A negative relationship between offspring survival in West Greenland caribou and the timing of vegetation emergence was the first finding of such a mismatch in Arctic mammals. However, other studies indicate that the energy for foetal growth and early lactation is predominantly drawn from stored energy reserves typical of ‘capital’ breeders, suggesting that conditions well before spring influence calf production more than the timing of spring onset. Here we use 20 years of observations of marked Svalbard reindeer to evaluate determinants of annual recruitment, as measured by the presence of a calf at foot in mid‐summer. Spring temperatures and the enhanced vegetation index were used as proxies for spring onset, while data on body mass and pregnancy rates in late winter allowed us to determine maternal condition and the reproductive status before spring. Pregnancy rate, offspring survival and annual recruitment were all strongly correlated with average late winter adult female body mass (r = 0.87; r = 0.83; r = 0.92, respectively). Contrary to the findings in West Greenland, neither early calf survival nor annual recruitment were correlated with the two measures of annual variation in spring phenology (r = – 0.07, p = 0.8 and r = – 0.15, p = 0.6, respectively). We also revisit the Greenland data and reveal that the pattern of covariance between early and late measures of fecundity, as well as between early measures of fecundity and offspring survival, correspond with the results from Svalbard. Our results emphasize that conditions affecting maternal body mass during winter explain close to all the variation in recruitment, questioning the importance of the role of a mismatch between plant phenology and calving date.     

Use of intraspecific variation in thermal responses for estimating an elevational cline in the timing of cold hardening in a sub‐boreal conifer

To avoid winter frost damage, evergreen coniferous species develop cold hardiness with suitable phenology for the local climate regime. Along the elevational gradient, a genetic cline in autumn phenology is often recognised among coniferous populations, but further quantification of evolutionary adaptation related to the local environment and its responsible signals generating the phenological variation are poorly understood. We evaluated the timing of cold hardening among populations of Abies sachalinensis, based on time series freezing tests using trees derived from four seed source populations × three planting sites. Furthermore, we constructed a model to estimate the development of hardening from field temperatures and the intraspecific variations occurring during this process. An elevational cline was detected such that high‐elevation populations developed cold hardiness earlier than low‐elevation populations, representing significant genetic control. Because development occurred earlier at high‐elevation planting sites, the genetic trend across elevation overlapped with the environmental trend. Based on the trade‐off between later hardening to lengthen the active growth period and earlier hardening to avoid frost damage, this genetic cline would be adaptive to the local climate. Our modelling approach estimated intraspecific variation in two model components: the threshold temperature, which was the criterion for determining whether the trees accumulated the thermal value, and the chilling requirement for trees to achieve adequate cold hardiness. A higher threshold temperature and a lower chilling requirement could be responsible for the earlier phenology of the high‐elevation population. These thermal responses may be one of the important factors driving the elevation‐dependent adaptation of A. sachalinensis.     

Inter-tree variation and yearly fluctuation in the susceptibility of Sakhalin spruce Picea glehnii, to shoot-boring sawfly Pleroneura piceae

This study evaluated the effect of inter-tree variation in the bud phenology of Picea glehnii on susceptibility to the shoot-boring sawfly. Pleroneura piceae , and found that individual susceptibility fluctuates from year to year. The mechanism for the fluctuation between 1994 and 1997 is discussed.
Inter-tree difference in the time of bud swelling is probably genetically based, since most of the trees that began to swell early in 1995 also swelled early in 1997, and those that began to swell late also did so in both years. Damage severity of each tree was evaluated by damage ratio: proportion of the number of damaged current shoots on the previous year's leader shoot. The rank of the bud swelling phenology of a tree was positively correlated to the rank of the damage ratio. This means that genetically based differences in phenology could explain why some trees are subjected to higher levels of herbivory than others.
There was year-to-year variation in the damage severity for each tree. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found in the rank of the damage ratio between years. However the standard deviation of the damage ratios of each tree was highest for trees of intermediate rank. The skew of the frequency distribution of damage ratio was negatively correlated to the cumulated daily mean temperature in spring, which means that the spruce is more susceptible to the sawfly in warm springs than in cool springs.
The mean growth rate of the lightly damaged trees increased constantly, while that of the heavily damaged trees seemed to reach a limit and then became lower than that of the lightly damaged trees.     

Climatic effects on the breeding phenology and reproductive success of an arctic-nesting goose species

Climate warming is pronounced in the Arctic and migratory birds are expected to be among the most affected species. We examined the effects of local and regional climatic variations on the breeding phenology and reproductive success of greater snow geese ( Chen caerulescens atlantica ), a migratory species nesting in the Canadian Arctic. We used a long-term dataset based on the monitoring of 5447 nests and the measurements of 19 234 goslings over 16 years (1989–2004) on Bylot Island. About 50% of variation in the reproductive phenology of individuals was explained by spring climatic factors. High mean temperatures and, to a lesser extent, low snow cover in spring were associated with an increase in nest density and early egg-laying and hatching dates. High temperature in spring and high early summer rainfall were positively related to nesting success. These effects may result from a reduction in egg predation rate when the density of nesting geese is high and when increased water availability allows females to stay close to their nest during incubation recesses. Summer brood loss and production of young at the end of the summer increased when values of the summer Arctic Oscillation (AO) index were either very positive (low temperatures) or very negative (high temperatures), indicating that these components of the breeding success were most influenced by the regional summer climate. Gosling mass and size near fledging were reduced in years with high spring temperatures. This effect is likely due to a reduced availability of high quality food in years with early spring, either due to food depletion resulting from high brood density or a mismatch between hatching date of goslings and the timing of the peak of plant quality. Our analysis suggests that climate warming should advance the reproductive phenology of geese, but that high spring temperatures and extreme values of the summer AO index may decrease their reproductive success up to fledging.     

Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean

Experimental and modelling work suggests a strong dependence of olive flowering date on spring temperatures. Since airborne pollen concentrations reflect the flowering phenology of olive populations within a radius of 50 km, they may be a sensitive regional indicator of climatic warming. We assessed this potential sensitivity with phenology models fitted to flowering dates inferred from maximum airborne pollen data. Of four models tested, a thermal time model gave the best fit for Montpellier, France, and was the most effective at the regional scale, providing reasonable predictions for 10 sites in the western Mediterranean. This model was forced with replicated future temperature simulations for the western Mediterranean from a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). The GCM temperatures rose by 4·5 °C between 1990 and 2099 with a 1% per year increase in greenhouse gases, and modelled flowering date advanced at a rate of 6·2 d per °C. The results indicated that this long‐term regional trend in phenology might be statistically significant as early as 2030, but with marked spatial variation in magnitude, with the calculated flowering date between the 1990s and 2030s advancing by 3–23 d. Future monitoring of airborne olive pollen may therefore provide an early biological indicator of climatic warming in the Mediterranean.