南五味子脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

目的:对南五味子脂溶性成分进行研究。方法:采用索氏提取法提取脂溶性成分,甲酯化后用GC-MS联用技术分离鉴定其组成和含量。结果:脂溶性成分的得率为15．42％。鉴定了32个化合物,占样品总量的91．95％,其中脂肪酸成分的量占81．30％。含量较高的化合物为亚油酸(57．63％),油酸(13．37％),棕榈酸(7．16％)。结论:首次对南五味子脂溶性成分进行了分析,主要为脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占优势。     

开封产两个菊花品种的脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

以索氏提取法提取白菊花和紫白菊花的脂溶性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱分析鉴定。从白菊花中共分离得到46个化学成分,鉴定了其中的39个,占色谱总出峰面积的97．05％;从紫白菊花中共分离得到61个化学成分,鉴定了其中的49个,占色谱总出峰面积的90．17％。白色菊花和紫白色菊花在脂肪酸含量和烃类成分含量具有显著性差异。     

火麻仁脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取火麻仁中脂溶性成分,进行甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分离和鉴定其组成和含量.共鉴定29种脂溶性成分,其中脂肪酸甲酯化产物占99.32%(其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯为12.36%,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯为86.96%),13种成分在火麻仁脂溶性成分的研究中未见报道.研究结果表明,火麻仁在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较大的应用潜力和开发前景.     

苹果种籽中脂肪酸组分分析

用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析5个品种苹果籽中脂溶性成分的结果表明：苹果籽中脂溶性成分的提出率为26．6％;以亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸为主,亚油酸和油酸含量最高。     

菘蓝不同器官脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法对菘蓝根、茎、叶、花和幼果等不同器官的脂溶性成分进行提取,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对其脂溶性成分进行鉴定,并运用面积归一化法确定相对含量,以明确菘蓝的化学物质基础,为综合开发利用菘蓝资源提供依据。结果显示:从菘蓝的根、茎、叶、花和幼果中分别鉴定出24、23、21、18和23种脂溶性成分;其中,十二烷、十三烷、十四烷、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和棕榈酸为各器官的共有成分;不同器官中脂肪酸含量依次为:花(80.91%)>根(60.56%)>幼果(21.93%)>茎(17.45%)>叶(11.28%)。除花中的饱和脂肪酸含量高于不饱和脂肪酸外,其他器官中不饱和脂肪酸的含量均较高,表明菘蓝不同器官中脂溶性成分的组成及含量存在一定差异。     

灵芝孢子粉中脂溶性成分分析方法的建立

运用高效液相建立灵芝孢子粉中脂溶性成分的分析测定方法。通过色谱柱、洗脱条件、ELSD参数的优化,建立了12种脂溶性成分的测定方法,结果表明,该方法简单、准确、稳定,可以实现孢子粉中甘油三酯、脂肪酸、甾醇三类脂溶性成分的同时提取、分析;破壁孢子粉中脂溶性成分为301.49-397.37mg/g,孢子油产品中脂溶性成分的含量为626.00-713.07mg/g,远高于三萜含量;1,2-二油酸-3-棕榈酸甘油酯、甘油三油酸酯、1,2-二油酸-3-亚油酸甘油酯是主要的脂溶性成分,脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸及油酸为主,甾醇中麦角甾醇含量最高。研究结果明确了灵芝孢子粉中脂溶性成分的物质基础,为深入研究其活性成分、全面评价孢子粉质量提供了依据。     

高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质的抗缺氧效果与化学成分

为了确定高在鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi)体内抗缺氧水成分,通过超临界萃取（SCEF）方法从高原鼢鼠肌肉提取脂溶性部分,我们对其成分通过气相色谱－质谱（GC－MS）联用分析。为了证实高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性成分的抗缺氧效果,探讨其抗缺氧机制,我们以小鼠为实验动物,分为5个组,即高剂量实验组（HEG）,中剂量实验组（MEG）,低剂量实验组（LEG）,阳性药物对照组（PEG）,空白对照组（CEG）,分别以浓度为20％萃取物,10％萃取物,5％萃取物,10％的红景天和蒸馏水连续饲喂10天,然后进行小鼠常压抗缺氧实验,测定小鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性及血清丙二(MAD)含量。结果发现,高原鼢鼠肌肉脂溶性物质提取率为11．5％,共确定了17种成分,主要成分是n-十六烷酸（32．293％）,n-十廿烷酸（1．109％）,n-十八烷酸（6．03％）,二－羟基－环十五酮（1．198％）,顺十六烯酸（6．13％）,反十八烯酸（27．3％）,和亚油酸（81．4％）,小鼠抗缺氧实验和生化指标测试结果表明,高原鼢鼠肌从脂溶性成分在20％,10％,5％时,与空白对照组相比,都不同程度地延长小鼠在缺氧条件下的存活时间,提高小鼠血清SOD和GSH－PX活性,降低血清LDH活性,减少血清MDA含量。     

泡桐花油的GC-MS分析及抑菌作用研究

本文采用索氏提取法提取泡桐花脂溶性成分,并用GC-MS联用技术对其成分进行分离鉴定.共分离出45个组分,各组分提取质谱图,经用人工解析及NIST05标准谱库检索定性,峰面积归一化法定量分析,计算出各成分的相对百分含量.其中含量较高的化学成分有3,7,11,15-四甲基十六-1,6,10,14-四烯-3-醇(14.74%)、二十三(碳)烷(5.79%)、9,19-环羊毛甾-24-烯-3-醇(5.41%)、十六(烷)酸(5.09%)、十六烷基环氧乙烷(4.93%)等.对泡桐花索氏提取后的部分进一步水提,并分别测定其脂溶性成分和水溶性成分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌作用.得知其脂溶性成分对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用较强,而水溶性成分则对大肠杆菌抑制作用较强.本次实验,可为泡桐花资源的进一步开发利用提供一定的理论依据.     

白花丹参与丹参活性成分积累比较研究

研究了山东产丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge．）、白花丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge．f．alba）不同生育阶段脂溶性与水溶性成分含量的动态变化,对活性成分积累过程进行数学模拟。结果表明：白花丹参脂溶性成分积累有两个高峰期,分别在7月底和10月底,丹参脂溶性成分的积累高峰在7月底;白花丹参和丹参水溶性成分的积累高峰期均出现在6—7月份。两年生白花丹参活性成分高于丹参;两种丹参的迷迭香酸含量均以地上部为高,其他活性成分均以地下部为高;白花丹参与丹参根中丹酚酸B的含量积累方程分别为y=-8．105X＋81．047和y=-13．777X＋117．917,即随着植株的不断发育,丹参根部丹酚酸B的含量呈下降趋势。该研究结果可为丹参栽培及其质量控制提供理论依据。     

麝香中脂溶性成分的提取与麝香质量鉴别

采用薄层层析和气相色谱技术,比较了超声、冷浸和热回流3种提取方法及乙醇、乙醚、正己烷3种溶剂对麝香提取液中脂溶性成分及麝香酮含量的影响。结果显示用不同提取方法和溶剂提取的麝香脂溶性成分经薄层层析后均呈现6或7个斑点。而经气相色谱分析,其结果却有较大的差别,麝香乙醚提取液的色谱峰较乙醇和正己烷更丰富,超声提取的效果较冷缦和热回流好,色谱峰达到20个。麝香酮的定量分析显示冷浸法提取的麝香酮含量高于超声和热回流提取。通过薄层层析和气相色谱分析,对10个麝香样品的质量进行了鉴别。     

Improvement of anther culture technique: Activated charcoal bound in agar medium in combination with liquid medium and elevated CO2 concentration

Anthers of different species of the genera Anemone, Clematis, Papaver and Nicotiana were cultured by floating on a liquid medium which overlay an agarified charcoal medium . This technique proved to be superior to conventional methods i.e. culture on either solid or liquid media. Cold treatment of Anemone anthers for 7 days after inoculation on the double layer medium gave about the same frequency of embryos per anther as corresponding cultures cold treated before inoculation. An elevation of the CO₂ concentration to 2% stimulated embryogenesis in anther cultures of Anemone canadensis, Anemone vitifolia, Papaver setigerum and Papaver radicatum . Cold treatment of cultures of Anemone canadensis inhibited embryogenesis if the ensuing culture was performed in 2% CO_2. On the other hand, cold treatment was stimulating, with an optimum of about 20 days, if the cultures were maintained in normal air. Chemical analysis of untreated anthers of Anemone canadensis showed the presence of abscisic acid (2.2 × 10⁻⁶ g/g anthers). Cold treatment reduced the concentration of abscisic acid to 0.6 × 10⁻⁶ g/g anthers. By use of assays with Lemna gibba as test organism, activated charcoal was shown to adsorb abscisic acid that was added to the medium. Medium treated with charcoal before inoculation of anthers of Anemone canadensis provided to inhibit embryo production.     

Effects of activated charcoal in anther cultures

Embryogenesis in anther cultures of Anemone Canadensis L., Anemone hupehensis Lemoine and Nicotiana tabacum L. was shown to be inhibited by abscisic acid added to the medium. However, this inhibition was reduced in the presence of activated charcoal (AC).
The presence of AC in the culture medium strongly promoted embryogenesis in anther cultures of Anemone Canadensis compared with other media combinations. Treatment of the agar medium with AC, which was removed before inoculation of the anthers, also stimulated embryogenesis, but treatment of the water constituent did not.
The number of embryos produced in anther cultures of Anemone Canadensis and Nicotiana tabacum was shown to be positively related to the length of lime of incubation on medium supplemented with AC. In the case of Anemone Canadensis the stimulating effect of AC was most pronounced when the first visible embryos had emerged.
The presence of anther-derived embryos from Anemone Canadensis in anther cultures of Anemone Canadensis and Nicotiana tabacum was shown to inhibit embryogenesis. It was also demonstrated that embryos from anther cultures of Anemone canadensis, Papaver setigerum DC and Clematis viticella L. produced phenolic substances, and that the concentration of these substances was higher in culture medium lacking AC. Treatment of such medium with AC could reduce the concentration of phenolic substances by more than 80%.     

Secondary metabolites and insecticidal activity of Anemone pavonina

The insecticidal properties of the crude extracts of the leaves and flowers of Anemone pavonina were evaluated on Pheidole pallidula ants and showed significant levels of activity. Bioassay-guided fractionations led to the isolation of the butenolide ranunculin (1) as the active principle. Chemical investigations of the extracts showed them to contain as major components the sitosterol glycopyranoside lipids 2-5 and the glycerides 6-8. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated, following acetylation and hydrolysis of the natural products, by interpretation of their NMR and mass spectral data. The uncommon lipid metabolites 2-8 were isolated for the first time from the genus Anemone and this is the first report of insecticidal activity of the Anemone metabolite ranunculin against ants.     

Effects of Commercial Harvesting on Population Characteristics and Rhizome Yield of Anemone altaica

Effects of Commercial Harvesting on Population Characteristics and Rhizome Yield of Anemone altaica. Commercial harvesting constitutes a direct threat to numerous non–timber forest products (NTFPs), but its ecological effects have not been well documented. Anemone altaica Fisch. ex C. A. Mey, a spring ephemeral plant found in temperate forests of Eurasia, is a traditional Chinese herb. Owing to medicinal value, its rhizomes have been harvested for commercial purposes in northwestern China for many years. This paper addresses the ecological effects of commercial harvesting on A. altaica populations under different harvest intensities. The results show that size–selective harvesting of rhizomes can increase population densities by asexual propagation. Currently, two– to three–year–old individuals derived from asexual propagation are the main targets of commercial harvesting. The increased demand in recent years has resulted in earlier and more intensive harvesting activities largely impacting the natural recovery of the harvested populations. For sustainable use of this traditional medicinal species, we recommend that a periodic harvest strategy of three to four years be adopted.     

土茯苓对高尿酸症小鼠肾损伤的防治作用

目的：观察土茯苓对高尿酸症小鼠肾功及血清尿酸的影响。方法：将昆明种小鼠分为正常对照组、模型对照组、土茯苓治疗组、别嘌呤醇治疗组,造模成功后分别给予土茯苓、别嘌呤醇灌胃,7d后检测各组大鼠血中肌酐（Cr）,尿素氮（Bun）、尿酸（UA）及黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）。结果：治疗7d后,与模型组相比,土茯苓治疗组大鼠血肌酐、尿素氮、血UA、XOD明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论：土茯苓对高尿酸症小鼠肾功能有保护作用,对尿酸升高有明显的治疗作用。     

不同生长季节丹参营养器官中有效成分的动态变化

分析了三年生丹参不同季节营养器官中几种有效成分的变化规律。结果表明：（1）丹参地上部分丹参素、原儿茶醛和咖啡酸的含量在整个生长季节中显著高于根的;丹酚酸B和迷迭香酸的含量除8月份达到最高和最低外,其他月份差异不显著;（2）6-8月地上部分的5种水溶性酚酸类成分的含量均显著变化,而根中除咖啡酸在6月积累较低外,其它酚酸在整个生长季节的积累量变化不明显;（3）在整个生长季节,根系丹参酮ⅡA和隐丹参酮含量变化不显著,而二氢丹参酮和丹参酮Ⅰ的含量呈现上升趋势。总体来说,三年生丹参秋季采挖为宜,其地上部分水溶性成分含量较大,值得进一步开发。     

Effects of carbon dioxide in anther cultures

In anther cultures of Anemone canadensis L., Anemone dichotoma L., Anemone hupehensis Lemoine, Clematis viticella L. and Papaver setigerum DC. a positive relationship between incubation in 2% CO₂ and the production of microspore-derived embryos was observed. In anther cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L., Anemone hupehensis and Clematis viticella a combination of cold treatment (7°C) and incubation in 2% CO₂ increased embryo production. In Anemone canadensis cold treatment increased the number of proembryos, whereas incubation in 2% CO₂ had no effect. In Anemone hupehensis 5% CO₂ increased embryo production by more than 2%. In Anemone dichotoma and Papaver setigerum 2% CO₂ was the more efficient level. CO₂ had no significant effect on pH in the culture medium in anther cultures of Anemone canadensis.     

丹参配伍三七和川芎不同提取工艺对丹参酮ⅡA含量的影响

目的：丹参分别配伍三七和川芎经水煎煮和70%乙醇回流后,检测丹参酮ⅡA含量的变化,探究配伍提取后对丹参中可检测成分含量的转移规律。方法：丹参,丹参＋三七,丹参＋川芎,丹参＋三七＋川芎分别水煎煮、70%乙醇回流提取后,用TLC和HPLC方法检测丹参酮ⅡA含量。结果：①全部水煎煮物中基本不含丹参酮ⅡA;②丹参单独醇回流和丹参＋川芎混合醇回流加入三七后,丹参酮ⅡA含量分别上升16.66%和54.97%;③丹参单独醇回流和丹参＋三七混合醇回流加入川芎后,丹参酮ⅡA含量分别下降57.34%和43.33%;④丹参单独醇回流加入三七＋川芎后,丹参酮ⅡА含量下降33.89%;结论：丹参配伍三七显现中药的＂相使＂药性;而川芎对丹参则是＂相恶＂药性,但三七可缓解川芎对丹参的＂相恶＂药性。     

Loss of habitats,naturalness and species diversity in Eurasian forest landscapes

Man has exploited land and forests in Western and Central Europe longer and more intensively than in Northern Europe and further east in Eurasia. We estimated forest naturalness and modelled expected biodiversity loss in seven different landscapes (2500 km² each) in the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Poland, St. Petersburg (Western European Russia), Perm (Eastern European Russia), and Irkutsk (Central Siberia) across the distribution of Pinus sylvestris L. in Eurasia. Field inventories showed that the mean living tree volumes were relatively similar in the studied sites, but the volumes of dead wood differed greatly. In Irkutsk and Perm the volume of dead trees per ha was about 5–10 times larger than in Central and Western European regions. The studied forests were generally young in all regions except for Irkutsk, where about half of the study plots had trees older than 120 years. Signs of recent forest fires were found almost exclusively on Russian sites. According to Landsat satellite image-based land-cover classifications the amount of remaining forest habitat in the studied landscapes varied from 25% in the Netherlands to 93% in Irkutsk. Estimated by forest patch size and density of cut stumps, forests were also more fragmented and heavily managed in the western study landscapes compared to eastern ones. Based on species–area relationship functions, we calculated that the proportion of forest-dwelling species already extinct or expected to become extinct due to habitat loss ranges from 1–2% in Irkutsk to 13–24% in the Netherlands study landscape. For saproxylic species, which depend on dead wood, the extinction estimates were calculated based on remaining dead wood volume in the landscape. The modelled expected loss of saproxylic species ranged from 7–14% in Irkutsk to 35–58% in the Netherlands.