中国幽灵蛛属两新种记录（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种：舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov,和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus pingchen-gensis sp.nov。模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院。     

中国幽灵蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了中国幽灵蛛科Pholcidae幽灵蛛属Pholcus蜘蛛一新种;太白幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus taibaiensis sp. nov,采自陕西省太白山自然保护区。模式标本分别保存在西安师范学院生物系和河北教育学院生物系。     

中国幽灵蛛属四新种记述（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了幽灵蛛属四新种:杂斑幽灵蛛Pholcus alloctospilus sp.nov.,山谷幽灵蛛P.bessus sp.nov.,星斑幽灵蛛P.spilis sp.nov.,和武夷幽灵蛛P.wuyiensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存在河北教育学院生物系。     

苍白拟幽灵蛛记述(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科)

描述苍白拟幽灵蛛Smeringopus pullidus (Blackwall,1858)雄蛛。     

中国幽灵蛛属两新种记述(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科)

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种:舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp. nov. 和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus qingchengensis sp. nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.舌幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov. (图1～8)正模♀,副模2♂♂,2♀♀,吉林省桦甸市苇沙河,1973年8月13日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于Pholcus clavimaculatus Zhu et Song, 1999,但有如下2点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈弯指状,2)跗前突具一蛇舌状突起.新种的种名根据雄性触肢器跗前突、前侧突起的形状而拟定.青城幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus qingchengensis sp.nov. (图9～14)正模♂,副模1♂,四川省都江堰市青城山,1975年10月26日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于关氏幽灵蛛Pholcus guani Song et Ren, 1994,但有如下3点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈铲状,2)跗前突具一钉状突起,3)螯肢前面中部具2个突起.新种的种名根据模式标本的采集地而拟定.     

中国六眼幽灵蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述采自福建武夷山的六眼幽灵蛛属一新种－钳六眼幽灵蛛。新种近于Ｓ．ａｋｅｂｏｎａ Ｋｏｍａｔｕｓ，但其触肢器跗节末端的结构和生殖球侧面的突起与后者不同，头胸部背面无斑纹，可与后者区别，故定为新种。     

越南幽灵蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)(英文)

记述采自越南菊芳国家公园的幽灵蛛属1新种,黎氏幽灵蛛Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov.,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。黎氏幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lexuancanhisp.nov.(图1～15)新种与棒斑幽灵蛛P.clavimaculatus Zhu&Song,1999相似,但新种具短的附器,钩状突的形状和跗前突端部结构的形状可与后者相区别。正模♂,越南,菊芳国家公园,天宫洞(20°18’N,105°40’E;海拔256m),2008-07-21,李枢强采。词源:新种种名源自越南科学院LEXuan-Canh博士的姓名;名词。     

北京幽灵蛛的繁殖行为

室内用数码摄像机记录北京幽灵蛛(Pholcus beijingensis)的求偶、交配、产卵和孵卵行为,并分析了行为动作系列。拨丝和慢跳在求偶中起着重要的作用。北京幽灵蛛有多次交配的习性,雌蛛第一次交配的持续时间显著长于第二次交配,PPMs动作(pedipalp movements)在交配阶段贯穿始终,铲状的引导器在PPMs动作里会移出雌蛛生殖腔内的竞争者的精液和雌蛛分泌物,反映的是最后一个交配雄蛛的精子优先模式。雌蛛有护卵行为,产卵后用螯肢咬住卵袋直至其孵化。     

广西洞穴贝尔蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述产自广西乐业县的幽灵蛛科贝尔蛛属1新种,命名为同乐贝尔蛛Belisana tongle sp.nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.     

北京幽灵蛛的附肢自残

附肢自残是北京幽灵蛛（Pholcus beijingensis Zhu ＆ Song,1999）的习性之一。野外调查表明,约20％的个体至少失去1只步足;个体自残的发生率在2—7月间有显著的差异,同时第一对步足自残的比例最高（43．47％）;个体失去步足的比例随着年龄的增加而增加;左侧和右侧步足失去的比率接近（1．03：1）。野外调查发现,正在交配的个体与单独生活的个体相比,步足的完整性上并无显著差别。实验室研究表明,北京幽灵蛛附肢自残后没有再生现象。通过对自残幼体与非自残幼体的3龄与4龄龄期研究,发现各处理组间并无显著的差别。步足自残被认为是北京幽灵蛛在极端情况下的“避险策略”（Bet-hedging strategy）[动物学报54（6）：998-1004,2008]。     

中国云南细蚁亚科二新种(膜翅目:蚁科)

在云南省昆明市西山森林公园发现细蚁亚科2新种,即叉颚原细蚁Protanilla furcoandibula sp.nov和昆虫细蚁Leptanilla kunmingensis sp.nov。分别编制了中国原细蚁属Protanilla3个已知种和细蚁属Lep-tanilla4个已知种工蚁分种检索表,并附所有物种的插图。     

The genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Canary Islands

This paper offers a detailed taxonomic revision of all Canarian Pholcus species described before 2003, all of which are newly described and newly illustrated. Pholcus guadarfia sp. nov. is described, while a neotype for Pholcus malpaisensis Wunderlich, 1992 is also provided. In addition, we propose Pholcus gomerae Wunderlich, 1980 as a senior synonym for Pholcus gomeroides Wunderlich, 1987. More importantly, cladistic analysis based on the morphological characters of the Macaronesian Pholcus species was conducted for the first time. Parsimony analyses of 73 morphological characters revealed the close relationships between those species from the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Macaronesian enclave in Africa (between Agadir and Nouadhibou).  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 151 , 59–114.     

Web-invasion and araneophagy by New Zealand and Australian pholcid spiders

Abstract

Pholcus phalangioides, Pholcus ancoralis, and Psilochorus sphaeroides were observed in the field in New Zealand (first species only) and Australia (all three species) to invade the webs of other species. P. phalangioides was observed to feed on spiders in alien webs. Webs of each species were frequently contiguous with webs of other spiders and P. sphaeroides sometimes invaded neighbouring webs in pursuit of insects.     

The Balbiani body in the oocytes of a common cellar spider, Pholcus phalangioides (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Previtellogenic oocytes of a common cellar spider, Pholcus phalangioides, contain a single aggregation of organelles referred here to as the Balbiani body. It is a well defined ooplasmic structure predominantly composed of fine granular nuage, RNA rich material but comprising also mitochondria, vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and stacks of Golgi cysternae. The Balbiani body originates early during previtellogenesis in the form of a cap-shaped mass in juxtaposition to one pole of the oocyte nucleus. During later stages of previtellogenic growth the Balbiani body translocates as a single body towards the ooplasm periphery. The results presented indicate that Balbiani body translocation is cytoskeleton independent. Balbiani body repositioning does not result in the localization of its components to any distinct, asymmetrically situated region of the ooplasm but, instead, ends up with their even dispersion in the oocyte cortex. The Balbiani body in Pholcus does not seem to be implicated either in germ cell determination or organelle inheritance. Its homology with similar organelle accumulations in the oocytes of other species is discussed.     

Predator-prey interactions between jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) and Phokus phalangioides (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Portia is a genus of specialized web-invading salticids that use aggressive mimicry. Some other salticids leap into webs to catch spiders but do not use aggressive mimicry. Pholcus phalangioides is a web-building spider with a special defensive behaviour—called whirling—in which it swings its body around in a circle while keeping its long legs on the silk. Pholcus phalangioides is preyed on by Portia and probably other salticid spiders in nature. Interactions between P. phalangioides and 13 species of salticids were studied in the laboratory to compare how effective salticids with different styles of predation were at catching the pholcids. Four species of Portia were studied and each was more efficient at catching P. phalangioides than were the other nine salticids tested. For one species—Portia fimbriata—individuals from three different populations were studied. The Queensland P. fimbriata used aggressive mimicry more consistently and were more efficient at catching P. phalangioides than were the other species of Portia and the other populations of P. fimbriata . The salticids that were the most efficient at catching pholcids were also better able to avoid setting off whirling by the pholcids. An experiment in which pholcids were artificially induced to whirl whenever the predator was near provided additional evidence that whirling is an effective defence of pholcids against predation by salticids.     

北京幽灵蛛体表微感受器的类型、结构和分布

北京幽灵蛛(Pholcus beijingensis)体表的微感受器包括毛状感受器(触毛、听毛、味觉毛和刺)、裂缝状感受器(单个裂缝器、竖琴器)和跗节器等.扫描电镜观察显示,北京幽灵蛛体表的毛状感受器数量最多,分布最广;其次是裂缝感受器;此外,每个跗节末端具有一个跗节器.除触毛在整个身体表面均有分布外,其他毛状感受器(...     

Long-duration whirling of Pholcus phalangioides (Araneae, Pholcidae) is specifically elicited by Salticid spiders

Long-duration whirling (gyrating of the body during several hours a day) was shown by the pholcid spider Pholcus phalangioides to salticid spiders and hardly ever to predatory spiders from eight other families in laboratory arenas. Long-duration whirling has not been reported so far, in contrast to short-duration whirling lasting less than a few minutes. Long-duration whirling may have the anti-predatory function of disturbing continual visual fixation of prey in attacking salticids, in contrast to short-duration whirling that has been demonstrated to favour survival of pholcids in the presence of all sorts of predatory spiders.     

Slow genital and genetic but rapid non-genital and ecological differentiation in a pair of spider species (Araneae,Pholcidae)

Like most animals with internal fertilization, spiders tend to have species-specific genitalia, allowing closely related species to be identified by their reproductive morphology more easily than by non-genital characters. This implies that genitalia evolve on average more rapidly than non-genital morphological traits. Here we describe two putative species of Pholcidae from Taiwan (Pholcus pingtung, n. sp.; Pholcus chengpoi, n. sp.) that differ conspicuously in their microhabitat (rocks vs. leaves), coloration, color pattern, and body proportions, but have almost indistinguishable genitalia and cytochrome oxidase I (co1) sequences. The two species have identical yet highly unusual male cheliceral modifications, strongly arguing for sister species. Despite the almost identical genitalia and co1 sequences, we treat the two ‘morphs’ as species for three reasons: (1) they are easily distinguished by several characters; no intermediate specimens were found; (2) subtle yet consistent differences in genital (uncus) shape support the idea of reproductively isolated entities beyond the more conspicuous non-genital differences; (3) each locality provided both types of microhabitat but only one of the two species, arguing against environmental plasticity or polymorphism. We conclude that probably a very recent expansion into a novel microhabitat has led to speciation and rapid ecological and non-genital differentiation, with insufficient time to accumulate significant genital and genetic differences.