A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHOLCUS (ARANEAE, PHOLCIDAE)FROM VIETNAM

记述采自越南菊芳国家公园的幽灵蛛属l新种,黎氏幽灵蛛Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.黎氏幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lexuancanhi sp.nov.(图1～15)新种与棒斑幽灵蛛P.clavimaculatus Zhu& Song,1999相似,但新种具短的附器,钩状突的形状和跗前突端部结构的形状可与后者相区别.正模♂,越南,菊芳国家公园,天宫洞(20° 18′N,105°40′E;海拔256 m),2008-07-21,李枢强采.词源:新种种名源自越南科学院LE Xuan- Canh博士的姓名;名词.     

中国幽灵蛛属两新种记述(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科)

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种:舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp. nov. 和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus qingchengensis sp. nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.舌幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov. (图1～8)正模♀,副模2♂♂,2♀♀,吉林省桦甸市苇沙河,1973年8月13日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于Pholcus clavimaculatus Zhu et Song, 1999,但有如下2点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈弯指状,2)跗前突具一蛇舌状突起.新种的种名根据雄性触肢器跗前突、前侧突起的形状而拟定.青城幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus qingchengensis sp.nov. (图9～14)正模♂,副模1♂,四川省都江堰市青城山,1975年10月26日.鉴别特征新种雄性触肢器的钩状突形状近似于关氏幽灵蛛Pholcus guani Song et Ren, 1994,但有如下3点不同:1)雄性触肢转节距呈铲状,2)跗前突具一钉状突起,3)螯肢前面中部具2个突起.新种的种名根据模式标本的采集地而拟定.     

中国幽灵蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了中国幽灵蛛科Pholcidae幽灵蛛属Pholcus蜘蛛一新种;太白幽灵蛛,新种Pholcus taibaiensis sp. nov,采自陕西省太白山自然保护区。模式标本分别保存在西安师范学院生物系和河北教育学院生物系。     

太行山区幽灵蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述了太行山区蜘蛛区系研究中发现的幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属1新种:短突幽灵蛛Pholcus pennatus.sp.nov.模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.文中测量单位mm.     

中国幽灵蛛属两新种记录（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

记述了幽灵蛛科幽灵蛛属2新种：舌幽灵蛛Pholcus lingulatus sp.nov,和青城幽灵蛛Pholcus pingchen-gensis sp.nov。模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院。     

中国幽灵蛛属四新种记述（蜘蛛目：幽灵蛛科）

本文记述了幽灵蛛属四新种:杂斑幽灵蛛Pholcus alloctospilus sp.nov.,山谷幽灵蛛P.bessus sp.nov.,星斑幽灵蛛P.spilis sp.nov.,和武夷幽灵蛛P.wuyiensis sp.nov.,模式标本保存在河北教育学院生物系。     

开普蛛科(蛛形纲,蜘蛛目)在越南的新纪录

报道了越南蜘蛛1新纪录科,开普蛛科Caponiidae。描述了越南1新纪录种:刚毛老挝蛛Laoponia saetosa Platnick & Jager,2008和1新种:拟刚毛老挝蛛L.pseudosaetosa sp.nov.。这2个种的雄性触肢器的形状基本相同,但是触肢器生殖球的大小差异十分显著,该结构在拟刚毛老挝蛛中显著小于刚毛老挝蛛(P<0.05)。标本采集于越南北部的3个国家公园:库风国家公园(Cuc Phuong National Park),吉婆岛国家公园(CatBa National Park)和三岛国家自然公园(Tam DaoNational Park)。拟刚毛老挝蛛,新种Laoponia pseudosaetosa sp.nov.(图6～8,10,13)正模♂,副模20♂♂,越南永丰省三岛国家公园,2007-04-01至2008-03-31,范鼎飒采。词源:新种因生殖器结构与刚毛老挝蛛Laoponiasaetosa Platnick & Jager,2008相似而得此名。     

广西洞穴贝尔蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述产自广西乐业县的幽灵蛛科贝尔蛛属1新种,命名为同乐贝尔蛛Belisana tongle sp.nov..模式标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.     

中国重庆洞穴喀蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,球体蛛科)

记述了采自中国重庆洞穴内的球体蛛科喀蛛属1新种,心形喀蛛Karstia cordata sp.nov.,模式标本保存在四川大学自然博物馆(SCUM).心形喀蛛,新种Karstia cordata sp.nov.(图1～18)新种与上扬子喀蛛K.upperyangtzica Chen,2010相似,但它们的区别在于:前者具1插入器附片,后者缺失;前者插入器突不分叉,后者多分叉;前者中突表面呈具细齿锉刀状,后者光滑;前者雌性生殖板呈心形,后者为近三角形,前者纳精囊宽且长,后者窄而短.正模♂,产自中国重庆市武隆县土地乡天生村硝洞(29.53°N,107.85°E;海拔1050 m),2010-10-17.副模:1 ♂,3♀ ♀,采集信息同正模;2 ♂♂,10♀ ♀,产自四川省华蓥市洋河镇盐井沟村垛子石洞(30.29°N,106.77°E),2010-10-16,均为林玉成和窦亮采集.词源:新种种名源自拉丁词语cordatus(心形的),意指该种雌性生殖板形状;形容词.     

中国广西贝尔蛛属一新种记述(蜘蛛目,幽灵蛛科)

记述了中国幽灵蛛科贝尔蛛属1新种:张氏贝尔蛛Belisana zhangi sp.nov..新种种名依照采集者、鱼类学家张春光教授的姓氏命名.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,北京.     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

扬子鳄视觉器官组织学研究

本文用光镜和电镜研究了扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)的组织学,同时测量了其眼球的一些光学参数.扬子鳄眼球呈扁圆球形,角膜径与球径的比值为1:1.44;晶状体与角膜的比值为1:1.40。角膜内具鲍氏膜;虹膜内的括约肌、睫状体内的睫状肌均属横纹肌,视细胞椭圆体内线粒体嵴突与线粒体长轴相平行,这与报道的其它鳄类不同。虹膜内未见扩瞳肌纤维,角膜缘缺巩膜小骨片,晶状体环垫薄,因而其视觉调节能力仍然很弱。视网膜中视细胞由视杆细胞、单锥细胞、双锥细胞组成,其中以视杆细胞占多数。视细胞与神经节细胞核比值平均为2.5:1,表明扬子鳄的组织结构与其弱光视觉相适应。     

大黄鱼精子的超微结构

大黄鱼的精子由头产和尾部两部分组成。头部结构较为独特,其腹侧有一较大的细胞核,背部有中心粒复合体。头部的后端是袖套。细胞核的腹面稍向外突出背面则稍向内凹。细胞核中的染以质浓缩成致密的团块状。团块状的染色质之间分布着松散的纤维状染色质。植入窝位于细胞核的背部表面,由细胞核背面向内凹陷而成,呈一沟状,其走向与精子的长轴平行。     

Studies on Morphology of Kingdonia uniflora Balfour f. et W. W. Smith. III. The Morphology and Anatomy of Flowers,Fruits and Seeds

In the present paper, the morphology and structure of the flower, fruit and seed of Kingdonia uniflora are reported. Each part of the flower is usually indefinite and is spirally arranged. The venation of the tepals is open-dichotomous and classified into three types. There are two types of the stamens, which have a solitary bundle; the sterile stamens bear nectaries in the ventral furrows of the apex, and the pollen sacs of the fertile ones are lateral-extrose. The carpel is differentiated into three parts, and is not completely closed in flower, which represents a half-opened type and is simillar to that of Coptis. The fruit is an achene. The embryo is at the stage of proembryo when the fruit is mature. The endosperm is copious. In this paper, some problems concerning morphological evolution are also discussed.     

糖、糖、“糖”——什么是糖?

糖类是自然界中最常见的一类生物分子,但是糖类因不同的人群可以有三种不同的理解.一是科学上的糖类,二是生活中的糖类,三是作为甜味剂的"糖"类.因为甜味是一个生理上的感觉,凡能与甜味受体相互作用的均是甜味剂,其中有些是糖的"糖",也有不是糖的"糖".     

临沂生生园复干银杏生长特性

产生复干是银杏个体发育过程中一个普遍现象。本研究以临沂生生园全国最大复干银杏群落为对象,采用每木检尺的方式对园内复干银杏进行调查。结果显示,生生园内银杏共385株,雌株379株,占98.41%;平均树高20.9m,总胸径0.93m,母干胸径0.33m,冠径在5.0-15.0m范围内,枝下高6.3m;17株无复干,复干率为98.58%,每株复干数平均为4.6个,最大复干高为12.5m,胸径0.18m,复干与母干距离为0.61m,复干与母干夹角为10.5?;34株无萌蘖,萌蘖平均株数为38株,萌蘖高1.11m,萌蘖与母干最大距离0.73m。该片银杏林原桩有240年历史,现存复干银杏系从原桩萌发形成,树龄53年。本文对生生园复干银杏的起源、性别比例、复干与银杏适应性的关系等进行了探讨。     

山西省种子植物多样性分布格局与环境关系的研究

采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对山西省12个区域的种子植物多样性及区系地理成分的分析表明,全省种子植物多样性格局可分为3类:第1类为山西省西部和北部山地,热量相对较低,海拔较高,降水随海拔升高而增加,气候垂直变化明显,小生境类型较多,分类强度大,区系成分中以北温带、旧世界温带属占绝对优势。第2类为山西中部地区,地势相对较低,水热条件中等,北温带成分仍为优势种,但旧世界温带分布属和泛热带分布属的比例增加。第3类为山西南部和东南部山区,降水量相对较高,但温度也高,蒸发量大,属的区系成分中以北温带成分为优势,但第二优势成分为泛热带亚洲成分,与前2类地区相比,热带成分明显增加。     

杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究

 本文根据我们严密设计的小集水区径流场连续6年的水文测定数据,进行了杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究。结果表明：集水区年平均降雨量1065.5mm, 在林冠作用面降雨量的分配中,林冠截留雨量264.6mm,截留率24.8%;穿透过林冠层的雨量799.82mm,树干径流量1.08mm,分别占降雨量的75.1%和0.1%。林内降水到达林地时,在枯枝落叶层这个作用面上净降水进行再分配,其中,地表径流量9.27mm,地下径流量203.00mm,总径流系数0.199。土壤蓄水量月变化较大,但年变化很小,占降雨量的1.2%。系统水量最大的输出是蒸散,每年以气态形式返回大气的水量866.03mm,占降雨量81.3%。在蒸散的水量中,林冠截留雨量的直接物理蒸发量为264.6mm,占总蒸散量的31.6%。     

Linear selection indices for non-linear profit functions

Summary Two methods of deriving linear selection indices for non-linear profit functions have been proposed. One is by linear approximation of profit, and another is the graphical method of Moav and Hill (1966). When profit is defined as the function of population means, the graphical method is optimal. In this paper, profit is defined as the function of the phenotypic values of individual animals; it is then shown that the graphical method is not generally optimal. We propose new methods for constructing selection indices. First, a numerical method equivalent to the graphical method is proposed. Furthermore, we propose two other methods using quadratic approximation of profit: one is based on Taylor series about means before selection, and the other is based on Tayler series about means after selection. Among these different methods, it is shown that the method using quadratic approximation based on Taylor series about means after selection is the most efficient.     

The ultrastructure of the microfilaria of Brugia, Nematoda: Filarioidea

The microfilaria of Brugia pahangi is a differentiated nematode larva. The basic nematode body plan is present showing cuticle, hypodermis, dorsal, ventral, and lateral cords, muscle cells, longitudinal nerves, papillary nerves, amphids and phasmids. Secretory granules are present in ganglionic cells and in axons in the nerve ring. There is no differentiated pseudocoelom. There is only a single row of muscle cells between each pair of cords. The excretory cell complex is similar in structure to the hypodermal gland cells of other nematodes. The alimentary canal of the microfilaria is very much modified. The pharyngeal cells are attached to the pharyngeal thread which is circular in cross section and there is no pharyngeal musculature. The intestine is represented by the solid mass of the inner body within paired intestinal cells. The intestine is separated from the rectum. The three rectal cells form a syncytium of villi in the anal vesicle. The structure in Brugia is related to the ultrastructure of other microfilariae and it is concluded that the evolution of the modifications of the basic larval structure is due to the small size of these nematodes as a consequence of their adaptation to a parasitic mode of life in the capillaries of the vertebrate host with transmission through an intermediate arthropod vector.