北京地区外来入侵植物分布特征及其影响因素

为研究北京地区入侵植物扩散与分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对北京郊区12区县入侵植物分布情况进行了实地调查,分析了北京地区入侵植物的水平分布格局和其随海拔梯度的变化规律,并对影响入侵植物种数和分布的各类因子进行了相关分析。结果表明:北京地区共有外来入侵植物47种,不同区县入侵植物物种数量差别较大,通州、门头沟等外来入侵植物分布较多;并形成3个明显的集中分布区域。入侵植物在不同海拔高度都有分布,其数量随海拔梯度的变化规律表现出线形关系,低海拔区域100—900 m是外来入侵植物分布数量较多的海拔范围。通过对不同影响因子与入侵植物物种多度相关分析表明,进口额、一级公路密度与外来入侵植物数量显著负相关,而与林木覆盖率显著正相关,这些结论与入侵植物分布与扩散一般规律相悖,这与北京地区森林起源与以及人类活动对于植被干扰多样性和不确定性形成的景观破碎化有关,多样性干扰为更多植物入侵提供了可能性。入侵植物分布格局和多样性人为活动的干扰使其防控难度加大。     

云南高黎贡山怒族对植物传统利用的初步研究

采用民族生物学和文化人类学等方法,广泛调查和研究了云南西北部高黎贡山地区怒族对植物的传统利用形式。结果表明：怒族对植物的传统利用主要表现在食用、药用、观赏、宗教祟拜和文化利用等方面。讨论了怒族的传统文化在当地植物多样性利用和管理中的作用和意义,并探讨了在植物多样性管理中传统管理和现代管理之间的关系以及在我国利用文化多样性进行自然生态环境保护的可能性、必要性和可行性。此外,面对优秀的传统文化知识和文化多样性逐渐消失的现实,作者建议加以拯救和广泛的研究。     

生物多样性知多少（一）

“生物多样性”一词如今已在社会上广泛传播，成为各种传媒经常采用的时尚词条。但是，对这一名词概念中的许多深刻含义和复杂的相互关系，还远未被人们所理解与认识。为了使广大读者对它有更深刻的了解，我们尽量用通俗的语言和具体事例加以说明，以期得到大家更普遍的关注，并积极参与到生物多样性的保护、研究和持续利用的实践中去。一、何谓生物多样性？生物多样性是指在地球不同生境中的植物、动物和微生物等生命有机体与其变异性，及其环境构成各种生态复合体的总称。生物多样性包括物种、基因和生态系统多样性三个不同层次。物种多样…     

合肥市不同类型湿地植物群落的物种多样性及群落特征研究

运用样地和样方相结合的调查方法,对合肥市不同演替进程的湿地类型进行调查研究,通过计算湿地植物的重要值与群落植物的α多样性与β多样性的相关指标分析了其群落多样性与群落特征.结果表明:合肥市典型的人工型湿地共有植物22科41属47种;半人工半自然型湿地共有植物10科21属21种;自然型湿地共有植物37科65属70种.湿地植物的多样性以及其群落特征与其人工性和自然性有关;在不同的外界干扰下,湿地的类型也不同,湿地处于不断的演替过程中.其群落的稳定性与物种多样性之间关系复杂,两者之间并非简单的正相关关系.在进行湿地群落和生态研究时,不仅要考虑其群落物种的多样性,也要考虑群落优势物种的组成,优势物种的优势度以及群落的演替趋势等因素.     

武夷山野外观花

正武夷山位于江西与福建西北部两省交界处,属典型的丹霞地貌,是世界文化与自然遗产地。武夷山西部是全球生物多样性保护的关键地区,保存了世界同纬度带最完整、最典型、面积最大的中亚热带原生性森林生态系统。植被类型垂直分布非常明显,随着海拔的递增,依次分布着常绿阔叶林带、针叶阔叶过渡带、温性针叶林带、中山草甸、中山苔藓矮曲林带、中山草甸几个植被带。武夷山的植物资源极其丰富,种子植物数量在中亚热带地区位居前列。可供观赏     

北京市高等植物种质资源信息查询系统的构建与特点

生物多样性信息学是生物多样性研究的重要内容,信息平台是生物多样性保护、生态教育和普及有效模式.目前,北京开展了大量的生物多样性资源的调查,但还缺少针对该区域系统而全面的物种资源信息化平台.针对北京地区生物多样性保护和生态教育的需要,基于2007～2009年开展的北京市高等植物种质资源全面系统的调查以及以往的研究数据,以物种多样性编目的数据库为框架,以计算机网络技术为支撑,构建北京市种质资源信息查询网络平台.该平台实现了高等植物种质资源信息的共享,用户可以准确查询到149科,61属,256种及变种的详细文字信息和图片信息,包括植物物种的分类、生态学特征、分布特点、濒危与保护状况、利用与人为干扰等.该平台的研建不仅为北京市植物物种资源的保护规划、外来物种的管理、资源利用等提供了重要信息支持,对科学研究和生态教育等也具有重要意义.     

鄂尔多斯蒙古族敖包文化和植物崇拜文化对保育生物多样性的贡献

结合民族生态学、文化人类学和样方调查方法,通过调查、访谈、搜集资料研究分析,评价了鄂尔多斯蒙古族敖包文化和植物崇拜文化对保育生物多样性的贡献.蒙古族敖包是受游牧文化保育的历史悠久的、天然的、原始的自然保护区.在鄂尔多斯高原有8个敖包的蒙古名直接反映出优势植物群落特征.鄂尔多斯蒙古族植物崇拜文化包括崇拜使用祭祀活动的植物,崇拜形状奇异、苍劲挺拔的乔木和崇拜寺庙附近的树木等3个内容.蒙古族敖包文化和树木崇拜文化在保育生物多样性中起到积极作用,她是在运用现代科学方法和技术进行生物多样性保育中值得发掘、研究和借鉴的传统生态文化.     

国家植物园植物文化建设与植物多样性保护和管理

生物文化对生物多样性保护具有重要意义,植物园的形成和发展在历史长河中处处体现着人类因物质和精神需求而形成的植物文化。现代植物园在植物迁地保护上虽然做出了卓越贡献,但其植物文化的建设稍显滞后。在全球生物多样性保护工作的开展过程中,传统文化对生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用的重要作用越来越被重视。在此背景下,该文探讨了生物文化多样性和生物多样性之间紧密联系、共同演化的关系,回顾了早期植物园和我国古典园林中植物文化的体现; 通过对全球3 085个现代植物园主要功能的分析,发现开展了民族植物学研究的植物园占比7.36%,开展了保护生物学研究的植物园占比11.18%,制定了植物保护计划的占比17.18%,从而揭示了现代植物园保护功能的提升和文化功能的弱化。基于当前植物园植物多样性有效保护中对植物文化建设的需求,该文进一步分析了我国植物园植物文化建设的不足,主要包括:(1)植物物种多样性信息中植物文化信息数据不足;(2)对生物多样性保护中传统知识惠益分享的考虑欠缺;(3)缺少以文化展现植物多样性的主题园。在此基础上,该文聚焦国家植物园植物多样性保护和管理的目标,从植物多样性保护和利用、惠益共享、公众参与3个层面对国家植物园体系中的植物文化建设提出了建议,以期为我国建设具有中国生态文明特色的国家植物园体系提供参考。     

江苏省自然遗产地生态网络的构建与优化

自然遗产地是生物的重要栖息场所,而生态网络是连接自然遗产地的有效途径,如何有效和合理地构建自然遗产地之间的生态廊道,连接破碎生境,对保护自然遗产地生物多样性和区域生态安全具有重要意义。在Arc GIS 9.3的技术支持下,通过合理估算阻力阈值,采用最小耗费距离模型分析方法,构建江苏省省域范围内的自然遗产地生态网络保护体系,并在网络连通性指数分析方法的基础上对生态网络的连通性和有效性进行评价,针对性地提出自然遗产地生态网络的优化措施。研究结果表明:78.28%的林地、88.70%的滩涂滩地、94.37%的草地是自然遗产地生态网络的主要景观组成结构;自然遗产斑块本身对生态网络的构建有较大影响,其中面积较大、长条型的斑块对维持景观连通性的重要性程度贡献较大;研究区现状整体生态连通性指数仅0.001—0.003,连通性水平较差,通过构建生态网络,整体连通性水平可提高到0.044—0.046,可能连通性水平可达到0.074,表明自然遗产廊道的构建可提高景观的连通性水平;在现有生态网络结构的基础上,增加破碎斑块间的生态连接是优化生态网络体系的可行性策略。     

北京东灵山森林植物多样性的网络结构特征

一个群落可以看作是由物种相互连接的复杂系统,刻画其网络结构有助于深入揭示系统性质以及结构与功能之间的关系。在生态学中,复杂网络理论已被成功应用于食物网与互利网络的结构研究,但尚未检验其刻画生物多样性格局的能力。采用复杂网络理论研究了北京东灵山森林乔木层、灌木层、草本层植物关联关系的网络结构特征及其差异。结果表明,植物物种的共同出现是非随机的,并表现出一定的小世界模式;乔木层、灌木层、草本层植物共同出现的网络在结构特征上存在明显差异,草本层网络比乔木层和灌木层网络更松散且平均路径更长,灌木层和草本层网络的聚类系数高于乔木层且存在度的幂律分布。皆表明复杂网络理论具备反映不同层植物多样性格局差异的能力。     

Biodiversity conservation in a fast-growing metropolitan area in China: a case study of plant diversity in Beijing

As the capital of China, Beijing has experienced extensive urbanization in the past two decades. To explore the effect of urbanization on plant diversity, we investigated the vascular plant diversity of the whole Beijing Municipality in three different functional (urban, suburban and exurban) regions. For its geo-diversity, Beijing has a rather abundant vascular plant diversity (2,276 species), including 207 species of conservation concern such as endemic, threatened and protected species. The exurban region had not only the highest species diversity (1,998 species), but also the most species of conservation concern (194 species). Urban region possessed the maximum alien species in terms of both absolute number and proportional representation, while the suburban region had the least species diversity (1,026 species). Some problems, such as wetland shrink and biological invasions, were common in the whole Beijing Municipality. However, primary threats to biodiversity differed in the three functional regions. The urban and suburban regions mainly suffered from habitat loss and fragmentation due to urban sprawl, while the exurban region faced serious ecosystem degradation from increasing disturbance from both local and urban people. Based on our investigation, we put forward conservation strategies for the three regions: improving the structure and ecological function of green spaces in urban region, preserving as much remnant natural habitats in the suburban region, and restricting the rural tourism and establishing a biosphere reserve in the exurban region. In addition, improving public education and orientating that more to social aspects of conservation practice is strongly recommended.     

北京维管植物编目和分布数据集

区域性维管植物编目对于该区域内植物多样性保护及植物资源可持续利用具有重要意义。北京作为中国首都, 尽管编目工作早在20世纪60年代就得以开展, 但近30年来没有进行系统更新。现有数据零散、不系统, 相关编目进展甚至已经落后于周边地区。本文在《北京植物志(1992年修订版)》的基础上, 结合多年实际野外调查, 通过系统检索文献资料对现有编目数据进行查漏补缺(补充新分类群、新记录)、修订名称(基于新分类修订成果)、更新分类系统(采用基于分子数据的新分类系统), 并添加物种等级、分布状态、生长状态、室内/室外、分布区、了解程度及保护状况等相关信息, 最终完成北京维管植物编目和分布数据集(分为本土植物和外来植物两个表单, 其中外来植物主要基于志书和文献记载)。截至2021年12月31日, 该数据集共有数据2,883条(本土1,680条, 外来1,203条), 其中包含北京本土野生维管植物134科611属1,597个类群(1,440种3天然杂交种46亚种97变种11变型), 与《北京植物志(1992年修订版)》相比增加3科26属173种4亚种28变种11变型, 其中列入《国家重点保护野生植物名录(2021)》的有16种(一级仅1种), 列入《北京市重点保护野生植物名录(2008)》的有90种3亚种4变种; 收录外来维管植物137科581属1,184个类群(含992种及其他种下等级), 其中栽培植物854种19杂交种15亚种29变种2变型87栽培品种38栽培群, 逸生植物132种1亚种, 归化植物77种2变种, 入侵植物27种。编目数据显示, 北京本土野生维管植物多样性整体上并不高, 主要以广泛分布的常见种为主, 特有种、狭域种以及珍稀濒危种数量不多; 同时, 北京存在大量的外来植物(许多种类在《北京植物志》各版中已经收录), 这些植物也是北京维管植物多样性的重要组成部分, 但现有数据尚不完整。     

保护区的分类系统与标准

保护区是一个泛称,根据建立的目的和本身的特点可以划分不同的类型,以利于管理工作的开展。每一个国家都应制订一个与本国资源和要求相适应的保护区分类系统。本文着重讨论按保护对象和保护区性质划分的保护区类型,以供判断每一个保护区的归属和管理重点。     

Assessment of Hebei flora against the IUCN Red List Criteria in China

Some plants of Hebei Province in China are under threat from human activities, such as over-herding and over-exploitation of wild medicinal plants and industrial plants, etc. To identify the plants in danger in the province and to inspect the quality of the environment encompassing Beijing and Tianjin, a red list of the threatened flora of Hebei Province was produced by using the IUCN Red List Criteria (version 3.1) and its guidelines (version 6.2). Some 262 species were assessed and the results were as follows: (1) the threatened flora include 211 species, accounting for 7.95% of the total native vascular plants. Among them, 44 are Critically Endangered, 80 Endangered and 87 Vulnerable; (2) the destruction of the habitat caused by human activities and the actual or potential exploitation of the plants themselves were the main threat factors of Hebei flora; (3) most of the threatened plants are located in the western, northern and northeastern mountainous regions, namely the key regions of Hebei plant diversity; the endemic and regionally endemic species are severely threatened. Consequently, the assessment not only presented the threatened status of Hebei flora but also indicated the relatively fragile health status of the environment of Beijing and Tianjin. Thus, it is suggested that the application of the IUCN Red List Criteria at the regional level, as an index, could reflect the health status of the local ecosystem. In addition, more concrete measures are needed to conserve the plant diversity and the natural ecosystem of Hebei Province and even the whole region encompassing Beijing and Tianjin.     

Assessment of Hebei flora against the IUCN Red List Criteria in China

Some plants of Hebei Province in China are under threat from human activities,such as over-herding and over-exploitation of wild medicinal plants and industrial plants,etc.To identify the plants in danger in the province and to inspect the quality of the environment encompassing Beijing and Tianjin,a red list of the threatened flora of Hebei Province was produced by using the IUCN Red List Criteria (version 3.1) and its guidelines (version 6.2).Some 262 species were assessed and the results were as follows:(1) the threatened flora include 211 species,accounting for 7.95% of the total native vascular plants.Among them,44 are Critically Endangered,80 Endangered and 87 Vulnerable;(2) the destruction of the habitat caused by human activities and the actual or potential exploitation of the plants themselves were the main threat factors of Hebei flora;(3) most of the threatened plants are located in the western,northern and northeastern mountainous regions,namely the key regions of Hebei plant diversity;the endemic and regionally endemic species are severely threatened.Consequently,the assessment not only presented the threatened status of Hebei flora but also indicated the relatively fragile health status of the environment of Beijing and Tianjin.Thus,it is suggested that the application of the IUCN Red List Criteria at the regional level,as an index,could reflect the health status of the local ecosystem,In addition,more concrete measures are needed to conserve the plant diversity and the natural ecosystem of Hebei Province and even the whole region encompassing Beijing and Tianjin.     

Natural regeneration potential of abandoned agricultural land in the southern Gadarif Region,Sudan: implications for conservation

The present study seeks to provide a contribution to the understanding of vegetation regrowth on abandoned agricultural land by investigating the impacts of the previous cultivation period and the duration of the fallow on the subsequent natural regeneration in terms of vegetation composition, structure and diversity. The results of the study show that both factors have significant effects on the subsequent regeneration of plant species and thus the vegetation development in the southern Gadarif Region, Sudan. The oldest abandoned farmlands were recolonized by tree/shrub species, whereas recently abandoned ones are covered with herbaceous vegetation. There is a general tendency regarding the number of species to decrease with an increase in the period of cultivation. The plant species diversity pattern shows domination of herbaceous species with some scattered woody species. Vegetation changes due to land abandonment may have implications for the conservation of plant species diversity and composition of fauna harboured in the region. Although natural regeneration could be recommended as means of restoring natural vegetation that previously dominated that region, the current regeneration capacity might not be sufficient to reach the climax vegetation except for some pockets, which received more regenerative resources.     

Native crop diversity in Aridoamerica: Conservation of regional gene pools

Scholars have seldom considered the native crop diversity in northwest Mexico and the U.S. Southwest as resources of the same cohesive ecological and cultural region. The term Aridoamerica is introduced to describe this overlooked center of plant domestication and diversification, which is distinct from centers of Mesoamerica and the Mississippi Valley. To understand why certain of its landraces are unique, the systematic relationships and gene-pool relations of crops found prehistorically and protohistorically in Aridoamerica are reviewed. Signifcant crop/ weed introgression continues where indigenous agriculture persists, but native fields are being rapidly abandoned or converted. In planning in situ and ex situ conservation efforts to maintain this diversity, both cultural factors and plant population genetics must be considered.     

甘肃省麦积山景区——生态过渡带自然和文化遗产杰出范例

直到现在,生物多样性管护的主要注意力放在热点地区,但T．B．Smith等生态学家提出,管护战略必须把注意力不仅放在热点地区。而且也耍放在相联系的过渡带。他们争论说后者区域可能保有许多种群之间的适应变异,并因而对于生物多样性的产生和保持很重要。虽然生态过渡带常常拥有高的物种丰富度,但它们大多数是广泛分布的物种,它们的分布范围在生态过渡带相遇。甘肃省的麦积山景区是我国生态过渡带的自然和文化遗产地的杰出代表。麦积山景区不仅具有温凉、半湿润、四季分明的气候和复杂的地质地貌与土壤条件,使它的生物多样性独特丰富,具有过渡的特点,为我国同纬度其它地区无法相比,它的古文化遗存也丰富多彩,在一定程度上展现了印度佛教文化向中国化的过渡。     

Natural plant species inventory of hotspot areas in Arabian Peninsula: Southwest Al-Baha region,Saudi Arabia

Plant hotspot areas are the areas that are very rich in plant species diversity. These areas have a priority for conservation. To highlight the plant diversity for nature conservation purposes a case study in Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia is presented, in which the importance of the natural vegetation and flora of one of the hotspot areas of Saudi Arabia is evaluated through the explanation of its natural plant species. A survey study has been conducted in an area of 167.6 km2, a 97 sample each with 20X20 m were laid out covering the whole ecological zones of the study site. Data of flora, vegetation cover and topography were gathered from each sample site. The study revealed about 319 plant species belonging to 228 genera and 75 families. Two species were found endemic to Saudi Arabia, 14 were endemics to Arabian Peninsula, and five were regional endemics that are only found in East Africa and Arabian Peninsula, while 39 species are rare and endangered.