云南高黎贡山赧亢白眉长臂猿春季食谱及活动时间分配初探

从2007年3月9日至4月14日,调查了高黎贡山赧亢的白眉长臂猿的食性和时间分配,旨在为该物种的栖息地保护和食物资源的管理提供指导.观察时,将白眉长臂猿的行为分为取食、移动、休息3种活动类型,利用瞬时扫描取样法取样记录,并记录取食种类及部位.白眉长臂猿春季取食植物种类共有10种,其中果实类植物3种,果汁类植物1种,嫩叶类植物6种.相对其它灵长类而言,其春季的食物多样性较低.白眉长臂猿移动、休息和取食的时间分配分别为33%、35%和32%,较叶猴属动物休息少,移动多.赧亢的白眉长臂猿1天中有3个觅食高峰期,9:00～10:00为第1个觅食高峰;11:00～13:00为第2个觅食高峰;16:00～17:00为第3个觅食高峰.而孟加拉国 Lawachara 的白眉长臂猿仅在早上有两次觅食高峰.这种差异可能是不同区域的白眉长臂猿对环境的适应结果.     

邦亮东黑冠长臂猿日食性与活动节律的季节性变化

日食性变化和活动节律是动物行为的重要方面,通过对日食性变化与活动节律的研究,可以了解食物、温度和光照时间等环境因素的变化对动物行为的影响,以及动物在行为上的应对策略。2009 年1 -12 月,在广西靖西县邦亮东部黑冠长臂猿自治区级自然保护区内,采用瞬时扫描取样法对2 群东黑冠长臂猿觅食行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果显示,东黑冠长臂猿的活动和食性在旱季和雨季都具有明显的节律。鸣叫只发生在12:00之前,但旱季的鸣叫时间偏晚。在日节律上,东黑冠长臂猿在离开过夜树后和进入过夜树前各有一个取食高峰,07:00 喜欢取食果实和无花果,16:00 也选择更多的果实,但无花果较少,13:00 - 15:00 取食更多的叶和芽。在10:00 - 12:00,其用于休息和社会活动的时间增加。在雨季,东黑冠长臂猿以果实和无花果为主要食物,并且花大量时间觅食无脊椎动物;但在旱季,其食物以叶和芽为主。与之相适应,东黑冠长臂猿在旱季通过减少移动增加休息来节约能量开支和应对低温,同时它们增加取食的时间以获得等价的能量和营养。雨季时社会行为的比例明显高于旱季,而且其高峰出现在08:00 - 10:00,但旱季社会行为主要出现在11:00 - 14:00。在雨季东黑冠长臂猿没有出现休息高峰,相反在旱季10:00 左右出现一个明显的休息高峰。上述行为节律体现了东黑冠长臂猿对环境季节性变化的良好适应,使其能够在寒冷并且退化的喀斯特森林中生存繁衍。     

西黑冠长臂猿隔离小种群栖息地植被特征与其食性及生境利用

由于长期的捕猎及森林破坏,许多西黑冠长臂猿群体生活于零散的小型生境片段中。在云南南部芭蕉河地区,利用55个样方测量了西黑冠长臂猿一个隔离小种群栖息地植被,共记录乔木28科57属85种,其中壳斗科、樟科及省沽油科占优势地位,植被组成与结构在不同的森林片段、地形及干扰程度区域中差异显著。利用瞬时扫描法在两个年周期中的系统观察发现,与连续森林中的群体相比,芭蕉河长臂猿更加依赖对桂北木姜子、大果山香圆等优势乔木树种的取食,在乔木果实缺乏的季节,其并未取食更多叶类,而是进入次生植被搜寻藤本果实。可能受人为干扰及植被结构的影响,长臂猿未取食无花果类植物。原始林中植被结构并未对长臂猿生境利用造成明显影响,但其在不同森林片段间表现出显著的选择性。通过对芭蕉河、大寨子、平河及新平茶马古道四地的比较发现,西黑冠长臂猿栖息地植被特征存在较大的地区差异,其生态与行为可能因此表现出较强的适应性,但这需要更大时空尺度的研究予以验证。     

群体大小和觅食环境变化对东黑冠长臂猿日移动距离的影响

日移动距离是反映动物觅食努力的重要指标之一,相关研究有助于了解动物对生境的适应策略,对濒危物种的保护至关重要。东黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus nasutus）是一种极度濒危的树栖小型类人猿,主要生活在一夫二妻制的群体中,平均群体大小6.3只,目前对于该物种的日移动距离仍然缺乏足够的科学研究。我们以广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内两群东黑冠长臂猿群作为研究对象,在2008年4月至2009年12月、2016年10月至2017年8月两个时期对其进行了157个全天跟踪,使用5 min间隔的瞬时扫描法记录长臂猿的取食行为和食物类型,每30 min记录长臂猿的位点,并使用轨迹法测算出日移动距离。结果发现东黑冠长臂猿在两个观察时期的不同食物类型取食比例有显著差异,全年的平均日移动距离为1 373 m （354~2 837 m）,相比于低纬度地区营一夫一妻制（平均群体大小3.8只）生活的长臂猿类群没有明显增加。这一结果说明,虽然群体更大,但是东黑冠长臂猿并没有增加每天的觅食努力,不符合生态限制模型的预测。更大的食物斑块、更小的种间竞争和低群体密度可能是支持东黑冠长臂猿无需付出更多的觅食努力来维持更大群体的原因。另外,我们还发现东黑冠长臂猿在人类干扰强度低的研究时期果实类取食比例提高,日移动距离更长,且在果实丰富的雨季日移动距离显著高于果实匮乏的旱季,表明它们可能采取能量保守的策略来应对高质量食物匮乏的环境。总的来说,本研究在更大数据量的基础上更加准确和详细地描述了东黑冠长臂猿的日移动距离,并以此探究长臂猿对高质量食物匮乏环境的响应,为该极度濒危物种的保护提供更多的科学信息。     

海南长臂猿食源植物的潜在物种丰富度分布格局

海南长臂猿(Nomascushainanus)是全球最濒危的灵长类动物之一,是唯一一种中国特有的长臂猿。该研究利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,基于海南长臂猿食源植物的分布数据和影响其分布的环境数据,模拟了海南长臂猿食源植物在海南岛的潜在分布。结果表明:(1)海拔、坡度和气温年较差是影响海南长臂猿食源植物潜在分布的重要环境因子,所有类别食源植物的潜在物种丰富度均与海拔和坡度呈正相关关系,与气温年较差呈负相关关系。(2)在海南岛,南部的10个县(市)是海南长臂猿食源植物的潜在集中分布区,海南长臂猿取食的果实类和叶类植物、旱/雨季取食和喜食植物的潜在物种丰富度南高北低,但取食的花类植物的潜在物种丰富度中间高四周低。(3)海南长臂猿食源植物的潜在丰富度热点区域最多占海南岛面积的25.50%,但在霸王岭片区,除爱取食的果实类、喜食的桑科和樟科植物外,其他类别食源植物的潜在丰富度热点区域面积均占霸王岭片区面积的40.00%以上。该研究提供了不同类别食源植物的潜在集中分布区和潜在丰富度热点区域,对海南长臂猿的保护和恢复具有一定的指导意义。     

云南思茅亚洲象对栖息地的选择与利用

以思茅市境内栖居的一个由5 头雌象(3 头成年体, 1 头亚成体, 1 头幼体) 组成的象群为研究对象, 利用痕迹追踪、样线调查和村庄调查等方法对野生亚洲象的栖息地选择和行为进行了初步研究。在栖息地中共记录到野生高等植物457 种, 组成5 种植被类型。旱季象群的活动区域面积是35.67 km² , 该活动区域中有3 个核心活动区, 面积分别是3.65 km² , 2.79 km² 和3.29 km² , 象群对此3 个活动核心区域循环利用; 在旱季亚洲象经常取食19种野生植物, 其中主要取食的有8 种, 还取食7 种农作物, 对农作物有一定依赖性, 这种依赖的程度随着农田周围森林中野生食物丰富程度的增加而降低; 在季雨林中亚洲象主要取食的植物种类最丰富。雨季象群的活动区域面积是18.42 km² , 该区域中只有1 个核心活动区, 面积9.08 km² 。雨季亚洲象只取食5 种野生植物, 另取食5 种农作物, 农作物为其雨季主要食物。研究结果表明, 思茅地区亚洲象栖息地中的野生食物可能不足, 人类活动对亚洲象的生存干扰较为严重, 亚洲象的行为表现出对栖息地内食物条件和人类干扰的适应。建议尽快遏止日益严重的栖息地片断化趋势, 恢复自然植被并为亚洲象提供充足的野生食物是保护该物种的关键。     

云南新平哀牢山西黑冠长臂猿分布与群体数量

西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)主要分布于中国云南,滇中哀牢山是其重要分布区之一.哀牢山地处三州(市)六县(市),其中新平辖区是至今尚未全面开展西黑冠长臂猿种群数量与分布调查的地区.2009年11月—2010年1月,结合2007年和2009年对具有狩猎、放牧、林下资源采集经历的社区人员进行的访问调查,采用鸣声记数法对辖区内可能分布有长臂猿的区域进行了实地调查.调查结果显示,滇中哀牢山新平县辖区内分布有西黑冠长臂猿124群,其中85群栖息于国家级自然保护区及与其接壤的国有林内、30群栖息于县级自然保护区,9群栖息于自然保护区与国有林外的集体林中.可见,滇中哀牢山新平县辖区是迄今为止西黑冠长臂猿种群数量最大、分布最集中的区域,对西黑冠长臂猿保护具重要意义.但西黑冠长臂猿在该区域也呈现出斑块状集中分布的格局,以及种群分布密度和海拔梯度分布出现北高南低的趋势.     

高黎贡山赧亢白眉长臂猿春季食物选择

2007年3月9日—4月28日,在高黎贡山赧亢跟踪观察白眉长臂猿(Hoolock hoolock)的春季食性及取食行为,将其行为分为食果、食果汁和食叶。采用瞬时扫描法记录白眉长臂猿的取食行为,取食的种类、部位和地点等。在其活动区域内,以取食树为中心设置20m×20m的利用样方和以随机方式设置同样大小的可利用样方各19个。在样方内收集与取食树及食物资源相关的6个因子的数据。统计食物种类和资源量、选择指数、取食点的选择性等。结果表明,赧亢白眉长臂猿春季取食的食物共10种,其中果实类植物3种,果汁类植物1种,嫩叶类植物6种。10种食物中,白眉长臂猿对印度木荷(Schima khasiana)的果实和缅甸木莲(Maglietia haokeri)的嫩叶呈弱选择,对其他8种食物资源均呈强选择。Mann-WhitneyU-检验结果表明,利用样方和可利用样方间的食物资源量及食物种类数均差异极显著,以利用样方的资源量大,每一样方食物种类较多。果实是赧亢白眉长臂猿春季的主要食物资源,而嫩叶是补充。呈强选择的食物并不一定是取食频次高的食物;反之,取食频次高的食物也不一定呈强选择。白眉长臂猿常选择易处理的果实和粗灰分含量少的嫩叶,且果实是它摄取水分的主要来源。白眉长臂猿通常选择食物资源和种类相对集中的区域取食,这可以减少动物因寻找食物所耗费的能量,同时获得多种食物,满足其生理对营养的需求。     

黑叶猴活动时间季节性变化

为全面了解黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)的生态习性和活动规律,从中探讨其对喀斯特石山生境的适应策略,从2001年3~12月,在广西扶绥珍贵动物保护区对一群黑叶猴进行了连续的跟踪观察,采用连续记录法收集相关的行为数据。结果表明,黑叶猴的日活动节律表现为上午和下午的觅食高峰,中午进入长时间的休息期。这可能与白天的温度和日照强度的变化有关。它们的活动节律具有明显的季节性变化,主要表现为雨季活动节律中的觅食高峰与旱季相比推迟1h出现;旱季觅食高峰中用于觅食的时间明显增加,且中午出现一个小的觅食高峰。在黑叶猴的活动时间分配中,平均65.4%的时间用于休息,19.6%用于觅食,9.9%用于移动,用于社会活动的时间平均仅占5.1%。它们的活动时间分配表现出明显的季节性变化。在旱季,用于觅食的时间明显多于雨季,而休息时间相应地减少。     

广西扶绥黑叶猴的主要食源植物及其粗蛋白含量

食物的营养物质是影响动物食物选择的生态因子。研究动物食物的营养组成及其对野生动物取食的影响对野生动物的保护具有重要的参考意义。为了研究喀斯特环境中食物粗蛋白对黑叶猴食物选择的影响,2006年1月-12月在广西扶绥自然保护区, 采用焦点动物取样法和连续记录法研究了片断化栖息地中黑叶猴的觅食行为,同时采集黑叶猴取食部位样本共40种190份,用凯氏定氮法测量其粗蛋白含量。结果表明,黑叶猴取食的食物包括嫩叶、成熟叶、花、果和种子等部位;食源植物的生活型包括了乔木、灌木、藤本和草本。食物的平均粗蛋白含量为12.7%,有明显的季节性变化。4月份样品的月平均粗蛋白含量全年最高,高达19.1%,而最低在6月份,仅为5.4%。食物的粗蛋白含量在前半年和后半年之间没有显著的差异（z= -1.28,p= 0.20）,在雨季和旱季之间亦无差异（z= -1.22,p= 0.22）;不同食源植物部位的平均粗蛋白含量不同,嫩叶的年平均粗蛋白含量最高,为13.7%,其次是成熟叶和花,分别是13.0%和12.1%,果实最低,仅为9.6%;不同生活型的食源植物粗蛋白含量不同,藤本的粗蛋白含量最高,为 14.1%,草本的最低,仅为10.1%,乔木和灌木分别是11.3%。不同食源植物的取食时间与其粗蛋白含量没有显著的相关关系（p>0.05）,粗蛋白含量不是影响黑叶猴取食的主要因素。     

Influence of food availability and climate on behavior patterns of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) at Mt. Wuliang,Yunnan, China

Food abundance and climatic factors can significantly affect the behavior of animals and constrain their activity budgets. The population of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang lives in montane forest and is close to the northern extreme of the distribution for gibbons (Hylobatidae). Their habitats show remarkable seasonal variation in terms of food availability, temperature, and rainfall. To understand behavioral adaptations of western black crested gibbons to different sets of ecological conditions, we examined relationships among food availability, mean temperature, rainfall, and behavior patterns by observing two groups for 1 year each. Our results revealed that activity budget was affected by food availability and mean temperature. The gibbons spent more time eating flowers when that resource was more available and spent less time moving when fruit was more available. The gibbons spent less time feeding and more time resting, and spent less feeding time on fruit and leaves when the mean temperature was lower. These results suggest that the gibbons displayed a pronounced preference for flowers as a food resource and adopted a time minimizer strategy when high‐nutrient food items (i.e., fruit) were more available. In addition, the gibbons adopted an energy‐conserving strategy during periods of low temperature. The flexibility of behavioral patterns in responding to food availability and temperature may potentially improve the gibbons’ prospects of surviving and reproducing in a northern montane forest.     

Population and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) at Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan

The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is mainly distributed in Yunnan, China. Ailao Mountain is located in central Yunnan and divided into three prefectures and six counties. This mountain forms the principle distribution range for western black crested gibbon; however, there are no published data on the gibbon population inhabiting the Xinping administrative. Take the interview results conducted in 2007 and 2009 with local people as the reference, this study conducted an extensive field survey covering all possible habitats from November 2009 to January 2010 using call surveys. Among the one hundred and twenty-four gibbon groups which were confirmed across the Ailao Mountain, the largest known population of western black crested gibbons yet, 85 groups inhabit the national nature reserve and adjacent national forest, 30 groups inhabit the provincial nature reserve and nine groups inhabit the collective forest located outside the reserve and national forest. We found that the western black crested gibbons here have a patchy distribution pattern and occur at higher densities in certain areas. Moreover, the population distribution density and elevation gradient distribution decline from north to south. The results also demonstrated the importance of Ailao Mountain in the western black crested gibbon protection.     

Population differences and acoustic stability in male songs of wild western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan

Population differences and acoustic stability in male songs of the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, were investigated using data collected over 4 years. Detectable vocal differences were found between the western and eastern populations within Mt. Wuliang. Discriminant functions calculated using the phrases recorded in 2007-2008 correctly classified phrases recorded in 2009, and discriminant functions produced from phrases recorded in 2007-2009 could correctly classify phrases recorded in 2010 for 4 of 5 males. Results showed that the male songs of western black crested gibbons remain relatively stable over years. In light of the acoustic individuality in male songs of this gibbon species, which has recently been proved, and the acoustic stability shown in this research, we suggest that the song of male individuals may be useful in monitoring individuals or family groups of this species.     

Effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China

We studied the ranging behavior of a habituated group of black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in a high, seasonal habitat on Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China, between March 2005 and April 2006. Our results indicated that the total home range size for the study group was 129 ha, or 151 ha if the lacunae within the borders in which gibbons were not observed were included. This is a much bigger range size than that of other gibbon species. However, 69.7% of their activities occurred within 29 ha. The intensity of quadrant use was significantly correlated with the distribution of important food patches. The mean yearly daily path length was 1,391 m. Gibbons traveled farther when they spent more time feeding on fruit. To avoid often passing through ridges with little food, gibbons usually stayed in the same valley for successive days, and then moved on to another valley for another several days, which resulted in a concentrated ranging pattern.     

Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province,people's republic of China

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor), which inhabit the subtropical forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, have until now never been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological field study. This report presents the findings of a three-month field study of wild black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. The sites visited consisted of temperate, subtropical, broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Elaeocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, and Theaceae. Black-crested gibbons were documented from four sites visited and were found to be polygynous, with an average group size of seven to eight animals. The family groups were observed to comprise one adult male, from one to four adult females, and numerous offspring of various ages. Both sexes of this species emit interactive songs, and various features of this loud vocal behavior were analyzed and are discussed here. Since all other gibbon species were found to inhabit only tropical rain forests and live in strictly monogamous family groups, some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.     

黑长臂猿（Hylobates concolor）的配偶制及其与行为、生态和进化的关系

黑长臂猿是猿类中野外行为生态研究最少的一种,因而对其社群结构及配偶体制一直有着很大争议．本文基于近两年在无量山和哀牢山１０个月的野外工作,着重阐述了黑长臂猿的配偶体制,我们认为黑长臂猿是以一夫一妻和一夫多妻（至少是一夫两妻）的形式存在,并与其行为、生态及系统发育相关联．黑长臂猿的系统发育地位、成年雌性的领域性及群体的领域性不强和群体的领域较其它长臂猿类大得多可能是形成一夫多委的原因;而黑长臂猿在中国各分。布区的生境均受到不同程度的破坏,这在一定程度上也影响着其社群结构,特别是狩猎有着更直接的影响,活动范围的限制等,可能是形成一夫一妻的原因．     

Predation on giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis) by black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China

Predation on vertebrates is infrequent in gibbons. In a 14-month field study of the central Yunnan black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China, we observed gibbons attacking, killing and eating giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis). During 845 h of observation on one study group, the gibbons attacked giant flying squirrels 11 times, and succeeded in 4 cases. Although all members of the group attempted to attack the squirrels, all four successful attacks were made by the same adult female. The victims were infants in three cases and a juvenile or sub-adult in one case. Black crested gibbons also attacked adult giant flying squirrels by grabbing their long tails and throwing them from the canopy, but they failed to catch or kill the prey in three cases observed. Passive meat sharing occurred in three out of four successful cases. Besides hunting giant flying squirrels, the black crested gibbons also ate eggs or chicks in two birds’ nests and one lizard.     

Individuality in male songs of wild black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor)

This is the first study of vocal individuality in male songs of black crested gibbons. The sound recordings were carried out at two field sites, Pinghe, Ailao Mountains, and Dazhaizi, Wuliang Mountains, both located in Yunnan province, China. A total of 127 coda phrases of 38 male songs bouts of eight individual male gibbons were analyzed. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to examine the acoustic individuality of the males. We found that individuality among neighbors was very pronounced. Moreover, individuality within a site (i.e. among neighbors) is higher than among individuals between sites. Our finding suggests that black crested gibbons may actively increase their degree of vocal individuality against that of their immediate neighbors by vocal adjustment.     

黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护

黑长臂猿 (Hylobates concolor)是现生 1 1种长臂猿中其系统地位最低的灵长类。历史时期长臂猿曾广泛分布在我国南部的大部省区。自公元 4世纪以来 ,它们的分布发生了很大变化。分布区从北到南 ,从东到西急剧缩小 ,现黑长臂猿缩小到只在海南岛、云南南部和越南北部 ,已分化为 6个亚种。分布于我国的 5亚种中 ,海南亚种 (H . c. hainanus)现今仅20余只 ,是最濒危的一个亚种 ;.北部湾亚种 (H.c.nasutus) 50年代曾在广西西南部发现 ,60 -70年代已绝迹 ;指名亚种 (H.c.concolor)主要分布于越南北部、滇南和滇中哀牢山。滇南约有100余只 ,滇中哀牢山可能有40 - 60群 ,180 - 240只 ;景东亚种 (H . c. jingdongensis)为滇中无量山的特有亚种 ,现有100 - 116群 ,430 - 500只 ;滇西亚种 (H . c. furvogaster) ,只分布在滇西南的沧源、镇康、云县和耿马等地 ,约有 2 6-42群 ,100 - 150只。现今 ,黑长臂猿的分布区已不足1000Km2 ,总数量约1000只 ,为高度濒危的灵长类动物。造成黑长臂猿濒危的主要原因是 :热带和南亚热带原始森林的被破坏和缩小、人类活动的干扰使生境破碎和恶化、过度猎捕和长臂猿自身的生物学弱点。目前 ,中国的黑长臂猿已在 9个自然保护区中得到保护。