Ontogenetic patterns of leaf CO2 exchange, morphology and chemistry in Betula pendula trees

In order to explore ontogenetic variation in leaf-level physiological traits of Betula pendula trees, we measured changes in mass- (A _mass) and area-based (A _area) net photosynthesis under light-saturated conditions, mass- (RS_mass) and area-based (RS_area) leaf respiration, relative growth rate, leaf mass per area (LMA), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and macro- and micronutrient concentrations. Expanding leaves maintained high rates of A _area, but due to high growth respiration rates, net CO₂ fixation occurred only at irradiances >200 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1. We found that full structural leaf development is not a necessary prerequisite for maintaining positive CO₂ balance in young birch leaves. Maximum rates of A _area were realized in late June and early July, whereas the highest values of A _mass occurred in May and steadily declined thereafter. The maintenance respiration rate averaged ≈8 nmol CO₂ g^–1 s^–1, whereas growth respiration varied between 0 and 65 nmol CO₂ g^–1 s^–1. After reaching its lowest point in mid-June, leaf respiration increased gradually until the end of the growing season. Mass and area-based dark respiration were significantly positively correlated with LMA at stages of leaf maturity, and senescence. Concentrations of P and K decreased during leaf development and stabilized or increased during maturity, and concentrations of immobile elements such as Ca, Mn and B increased throughout the growing season. Identification of interrelations between leaf development, CO₂ exchange, TNC and leaf nutrients allowed us to define factors related to ontogenetic variation in leaf-level physiological traits and can be helpful in establishing periods appropriate for sampling birch leaves for diagnostic purposes such as assessment of plant and site productivity or effects of biotic or abiotic factors. Received: 29 December 1998 / Accepted: 26 July 1999     

油蒿叶片氮分配对其最大净光合速率季节变异的影响

植物最大净光合速率的季节变异性及其氮调控机制是近年来植物生理生态领域研究热点,对荒漠植物光合最大净光合速率季节动态及其叶氮影响,特别是叶氮分配对最大净光合速率调控机制的了解仍非常有限。2018年5-10月在宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地,对当地主要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)进行生长季原位观测,测定其叶光合光响应曲线(A-PAR)、CO₂响应曲线(A-Ci)和叶氮含量,结合环境观测数据,分析A-PAR关键参数最大净光合速率(A_max)的季节变异和叶片氮分配相关参数对A_max的调控。结果表明,油蒿叶片A_max在生长期季节变异系数(Cv)为14%,在完全展叶中期,光合氮利用效率(PNUE)有最大值11.82 μmolCO₂ gN^-1 s^-1,此时叶片氮素在光合系统中的分配比例最大,A_max有最大值29.48 μmol CO₂ m^-2s^-1,油蒿光合能力较强。在完全展叶末期,油蒿叶片氮在光合系统中的分配比例(P_p)有最小值0.21,此时叶氮分配更倾向于非光合系统,A_max较小,光合能力较弱,有利于油蒿延长叶片寿命。A_max与单位干重叶片氮含量(N_mass)、氮在捕光系统中分配比例(P_L)、氮在生物力能系统中分配比例(P_b)正相关(P<0.05),其中,P_L对A_max产生了最大的直接正向影响,氮在羧化系统中分配比例(P_c)主要通过P_b对A_max的产生了间接的正向影响,P_b对A_max季节动态的解释度最大(R²=0.49,P<0.01)。A_max与比叶重(LMA)负相关(P<0.05),即当有较高LMA时油蒿具有较低的光合速率,此时叶片光合能力较弱,叶片机械韧性较强。不同物候时期,油蒿叶片氮素分配的变化及叶片光合能力与结构性状之间的权衡关系,标志着荒漠植物对其生境的适应性调节。研究结果不但可提高荒漠灌木油蒿生态系统生产力预测的准确性,也是对植物光合适应机理认识的补充和深入。     

不同功能型植物叶氮含量与光合特性的关系研究

在山西南部的霍山七里峪林场,确定乔木、灌木和草本物种共26个,用Li-3000A叶面积测定仪测量了叶面积的大小、用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定了叶光饱和速率（A_area）,计算了比叶重（LMA）、单位重量的光饱和光合速率（A_mass）、单位面积叶氮含量(Narea)、单位重量叶氮含量(N_mass)及光合氮利用效率(PNUE),研究了它们之间的不同和相互作用关系。结果表明：不同功能型植物的N_mass、A_area、A_mass、N_area和PNUE差异显著(p<0.05),植物叶片氮含量与植物光合生理特性具有显著相关关系,N_mass与A_area、A_mass和PNUE呈线性显著的正相关(p<0.05);N_area与A_area、A_mass、PNUE之间呈极显著的负相关(p<0.01)。     

唐古特白刺叶功能性状沿气候梯度的变异特征

叶功能性状与植物的生长对策及资源利用效率密切相关,研究叶功能性状沿气候梯度的变异特征能为理解植物对气候变化的响应机制提供一种简便可行的测定指标。以我国西北荒漠地区广泛分布的唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）为研究对象,对其比叶面积（SLA）、单位质量和单位面积叶氮含量（N_mass、N_area）、单位质量和单位面积叶建成成本（CC_mass、CC_area）进行测定,分析这些叶功能性状及性状相关关系沿气候梯度的变异特征。结果表明,唐古特白刺叶功能性状（CC_area除外）在气候梯度下存在显著差异,其中,温度是决定唐古特白刺SLA变化的主要因子,SLA随着温度的增加而增加;降水和温度对唐古特白刺N_mass、N_area和CC_mass均有显著影响,N_mass和N_area随着降水和温度的增加而降低,而CC_mass呈增加趋势。沿气候梯度,唐古特白刺SLA-N_mass、CC_mass-N_mass和CC_area-N_area的线性正相关关系发生平移,导致在相同SLA、CC_mass和CC_area下,降水和温度较低的地区具有更高的N_mass和N_area。这一结果表明唐古特白刺能通过调节叶功能性状之间的关系来适应气候的变化,并形成性状间的最佳功能组合。     

不同城市化梯度下木荷(Schima superba)功能性状差异

城市化过程会引起周边环境要素的改变,而这种变化是否会对植物功能性状产生影响目前尚不清楚。选择我国亚热带常绿阔叶林优势树种木荷（Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.）为研究对象,分别在杭州市中心（HZ）、郊区（FY）及偏远地区（JD）3个位置采集阴生和阳生枝条样品进行植物枝条功能性状测定,并对各功能性状在3个区域间的差异性以及阴生阳生枝条功能性状间的差异性进行双因素方差分析（Two-way ANOVA）和多重比较（Tukey法）,对所有区域的功能性状与环境气象因子进行相关分析。结果表明,从JD到HZ,阳生枝条水力结构性状枝条密度（ρ）,叶片比叶面积（SLA）及叶枝比（A_L∶A_S）逐渐降低,而边材导水率（K_S）则逐渐增加。而阴生枝条除了A_L∶A_S不受影响以外,其他水力结构性状也存在相同的变化趋势。在叶片气体交换能力上,阳生枝条叶片最大净光合速率（A_n）,蒸腾速率（E_l）以及气孔导度（g_s）均从JD到HZ逐渐增加,其中HZ的阳生枝条E_l是JD的2.8倍,而水分利用效率（WUE）以及¹³C同位素丰度（δ¹³C）则逐渐降低。阴生枝条除了A_n不存在显著差异以外（P > 0.05）,其他与阳生枝条也具有相同的变化趋势。此外,阳生和阴生枝条的对比结果表明,除了WUE和δ¹³C,两者的各功能性状均存在显著差异,并且阳生枝条对于城市化的环境效应的敏感性更高。植物水力结构性状和叶片气体交换功能性状之间存在显著相关性（P<0.05）,尤其是K_S与叶片气体交换能力（A_n,E_l）。而3个区域温度（T_a）和水汽压亏缺（VPD）的变化对植物水力结构性状的影响较大。这些结果表明,城市化会导致植物的生存策略向高气体交换能力-低水力安全阈值转变。     

肺腺癌A549/DDP细胞周期变化及其多药耐药性

用Fura-2/AM标记药物敏感的肺腺癌细胞A₅₄₉和抗顺铂药物的肺腺癌细胞A₅₄₉/DDP两种细胞胞内游离Ca²⁺,用碘化丙锭(PI)标记细胞DNA,检测其胞内Ca²⁺的变化及两种细胞增殖能力和细胞周期.实验结果表明,抗药性细胞株A₅₄₉/DDP胞浆内游离Ca²⁺的浓度仅为药物敏感细胞株A₅₄₉的1/3左右,同时前者的细胞增殖能力较后者明显增强,而且细胞周期也明显缩短.当用BAPTA-AM和EGTA或A₂₃₁₈₇和Thapsigargin处理细胞以降低或升高其胞内自由Ca²⁺浓度时可改变细胞的生长周期,二者也呈现明显差别.这些结果表明,对顺铂产生耐药性的人肺腺癌A₅₄₉/DDP细胞胞内Ca²⁺浓度的降低,可能影响细胞的增殖,缩短细胞的生长周期,特别是影响起决定作用的G1期,从而有利于肿瘤细胞多药耐药特性的维持.     

早春短命植物鸢尾蒜和准噶尔鸢尾蒜的光合途径

该研究以鸢尾蒜属两种早春短命植物准噶尔鸢尾蒜(Ixiolirion songaricum)和鸢尾蒜(Ixiolirion tataricum)为对象,通过解剖结构、光合参数、稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C)和光合关键酶活性分析二者的光合途径。结果发现：(1)显微结构和超微结构显示,两种短命植物的叶脉维管束鞘细胞1层、排列较紧密,鞘细胞内含有较多叶绿体且多离心分布,类似C₄花环结构。(2)准噶尔鸢尾蒜和鸢尾蒜最大净光合速率分别为14.81和15.04 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;两者的CO₂补偿点较低,分别为3.57和2.54 μmol·mol^-1,δ¹³C分别为-25.36±0.55‰和-25.76±1.38‰,光合酶PEPC/Rubisco比值分为别0.244和0.322。(3)最大净光合速率、δ¹³C和PEPC/Rubisco比值均说明两种植物为C₃光合途径,但二者均具有类似C₄的维管束鞘结构、较低的CO₂补偿点和暗呼吸速率,并具有高于部分C₃和C₃ C₄中间型植物的PEPC/Rubisco比值,表明两种短命植物的光合途径并非典型的C₃途径,而是C₃ C₄中间型。     

油蒿叶片资源利用效率变化及其影响因素

植物资源(光、氮、水分)利用效率是反映生态功能适应气候变化的关键指示,然而鲜有研究综合考虑植物资源利用效率间的相对变化及其调控机制。选取宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地优势物种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象,于2017-2019年生长季对油蒿光合生理参数和环境因子进行原位监测,实验室测定叶片比叶面积(SLA)和叶氮含量(LNC),分析叶片光利用效率(LUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮利用效率(NUE)的相对变化特征及其生物和非生物影响因子,探讨油蒿叶片资源利用效率对环境的响应。结果显示:油蒿LUE和NUE的季节变化趋势基本一致,两者呈正相关(R²=0.17;P<0.01),且皆与WUE季节变化不同,无显著关系(P>0.05),WUE波动幅度最高(CV=48%),NUE最低(CV=39%);研究期间LUE、WUE和NUE月均值基本在夏季出现高峰值,分别为0.12 mol/mol,104.02 μmol/mol和11.49 μmol g^-1 s^-1。土壤含水量(SWC)>0.09 m³/m³,叶片资源利用效率不受其影响,而SWC<0.09 m³/m³,WUE和SWC关系为二次函数;SWC调节土壤氮含量(N_soil)和光合有效辐射(PAR)对叶片资源利用效率的影响。叶片资源利用效率与LNC无显著相关性;SLA与LUE显著负相关(P<0.01),与NUE显著正相关(P<0.01),与WUE相关性不显著(P>0.05)。LUE主要受SLA和N_soil影响,NUE主要受SLA和SWC影响,SWC和N_soil还可通过SLA和LNC间接影响LUE和NUE。结果表明水分和土壤氮含量是限制油蒿叶片资源利用效率的主要非生物因子,比叶面积则是调控其资源利用效率的关键生物因子,是深入探究荒漠植物群落对环境响应策略的重要补充。     

改进指数模型对紫茉莉光合-光响应及CO2响应适用性研究

五种模型分别运用于紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的拟合,研究其光合效率参数的变化,探讨紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应的最适模型。结果表明:(1)紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应改进指数模型拟合R²均为0.999,拟合效果优于非直角双曲线、直角双曲线和直角双曲线修正模型。其饱和光强和最大净光合速率分别为797.299和7.879 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,饱和CO₂浓度和最大光合能力分别为1 264.447和16.783 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,均与实测值最接近;(2)五个模型拟合和预测的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE),都是改进指数模型小于其他模型。改进指数模型为紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的最佳模型,实验结果可为紫茉莉的生理生态应用研究提供参考。     

修剪节位及修剪时期对四季蜜芒枝条生长及反季节开花的综合效应

五种模型分别运用于紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的拟合,研究其光合效率参数的变化,探讨紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应的最适模型。结果表明:(1)紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应改进指数模型拟合R²均为0.999,拟合效果优于非直角双曲线、直角双曲线和直角双曲线修正模型。其饱和光强和最大净光合速率分别为797.299和7.879 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,饱和CO₂浓度和最大光合能力分别为1 264.447和16.783 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,均与实测值最接近;(2)五个模型拟合和预测的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE),都是改进指数模型小于其他模型。改进指数模型为紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的最佳模型,实验结果可为紫茉莉的生理生态应用研究提供参考。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：